Functional Types Research Articles

Optogenetic Control of Phosphate-Responsive Genes Using Single-Component Fusion Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Blue light illumination can be detected by light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) photosensing proteins and translated into a range of biochemical responses, facilitating the generation of novel optogenetic tools to control cellular function. Here, we develop new variants of our previously described VP-EL222 light-dependent transcription factor and apply them to study the phosphate-responsive signaling (PHO) pathway in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, exemplifying the utilities of these new tools. Focusing first on the VP-EL222 protein itself, we quantified the tunability of gene expression as a function of light intensity and duration and demonstrated that this system can tolerate the addition of substantially larger effector domains without impacting function. We further demonstrated the utility of several EL222-driven transcriptional controllers in both plasmid and genomic settings, using the PHO5 and PHO84 promoters in their native chromosomal contexts as examples. These studies highlight the utility of light-controlled gene activation using EL222 tethered to either artificial transcription domains or yeast activator proteins (Pho4). Similarly, we demonstrate the ability to optogenetically repress gene expression with EL222 fused to the yeast Ume6 protein. We finally investigated the effects of moving EL222 recruitment sites to different locations within the PHO5 and PHO84 promoters, as well as determining how this artificial light-controlled regulation could be integrated with the native controls dependent on inorganic phosphate (Pi) availability. Taken together, our work expands the applicability of these versatile optogenetic tools in the types of functionalities that they can deliver and the biological questions that can be probed.

Layered nanoarchitectonics for condensed hard matter, soft matter, and living matter.

Nanotechnology has elucidated scientific phenomena of various materials at the nano-level. The next step in materials developments is to build up materials, especially condensed matter, based on such nanotechnology-based knowledge. Nanoarchitectonics can be regarded as a post-nanotechnology concept. In nanoarchitectonics, functional material systems are architected from nanounits. Here, this review would like to focus on layered structures in terms of structure formation. The unit structures of layered structures are mostly two-dimensional materials or thin-film materials. They are attractive materials that have attracted much attention in modern condensed matter science. By organizing them into layered structures, we can expect to develop functions based on communication between the layers. Building up layered functional structures by assembling nano-layers of units is a typical approach in nanoarchitectonics. The discussion will be divided into the following categories: hard matter, hybrid, soft matter, and living object. For each target, several recent research examples will be given to illustrate the discussion. This paper will extract what aspects are considered important in the creation of the layered structure of each component. Layering strategies need to be adapted to the characteristics of the components. The type of structural precision and functionality required is highly dependent on the flexibility and mobility of the component. Furthermore, what is needed to develop the nanoarchitectonics of layered structures is discussedas future perspectives.

Evidence for widespread thermal acclimation of canopy photosynthesis.

Plants acclimate to temperature by adjusting their photosynthetic capacity over weeks to months. However, most evidence for photosynthetic acclimation derives from leaf-scale experiments. Here we address the scarcity of evidence for canopy-scale photosynthetic acclimation by examining the correlation between maximum photosynthetic rates (Amax,2,000) and growth temperature ( ) across a range of concurrent temperatures and canopy foliage quantity, using data from >200 eddy covariance sites. We detect widespread thermal acclimation of canopy-scale photosynthesis, demonstrated by enhanced Amax,2,000 under higher , across flux sites with adequate water availability. A 14-day period is identified as the most relevant timescale for acclimation across all sites, with a range of 12-25 days for different plant functional types. The mean apparent thermal acclimation rate across all ecosystems is 0.41 (-0.38-1.04 for 5th-95th percentile range) µmol m-2 s-1 °C-1, with croplands showing the largest acclimation rates and grasslands the lowest. Incorporating an optimality-based prediction of leaf photosynthetic capacities into a biochemical photosynthesis model is shown to improve the representation of thermal acclimation. Our results underscore the critical need for enhanced understanding and modelling of canopy-scale photosynthetic capacity to accurately predict plant responses to warmer growing seasons.

Topographic–Vegetation Interactions on an Incipient Foredune Field Post-Tropical Storm

Sand dunes protect the most important economic and ecologically critical landscapes from coastal hazards (storms and high-tide flooding). The characteristics of the dune affect their protective ability. This paper qualitatively and quantitatively assesses the relationships between pre- and post-storm conditions for vegetation and the morphology of an incipient dune system along the South Carolina coast. Field-based dune vegetation and morphology measurements were obtained before and after tropical storm Dorian (2019). Vegetation is assessed with respect to distribution and functional type, and subgroups are introduced to categorize land cover transitions. At the quadrat scale (0.2 m2) following the storm, there was a shift from stabilizer to builder, a decrease of sand (2%), and the vegetation remained consistent at around 61% of the land cover. Transect-level analysis (0.2 m × 1.0 m) revealed distinct variability concerning post-storm morphology change in the extreme study site extents. Dorian resulted in approximately 10% volumetric loss over the entire study site (101 m2). This study demonstrated changes to a dune system following a tropical storm with wind as the dominant forcing factor. This study revealed that vegetation presence is not broadly correlated with reduced levels of post-storm erosion.

Reduced primary productivity and notable resilience of phytoplankton community in the coastal water of southern China under a marine heatwave

Increasing frequency, intensity and duration of marine heatwaves (MHWs) are supposed to affect coastal biological production in different regions to different extents. To understand how MHWs impact coastal primary productivity and community succession of phytoplankton and assess the changes in resilience of phytoplankton communities, we conducted a mesoscale enclosure experiment simulating a marine MHW in the coastal water of southern China. After 8 days of the MHW (+3 oC) treatment, community biomass was significantly lower than the control’s, and primary productivity per volume of water was reduced by about 56%. Nevertheless, the phytoplankton community retrieved its biomass and primary productivity after the temperature was subsequently reset to that of the control. Although the MHW treatment decreased the abundance of diatom and increased the percentages of Synechococcus and Prasinophytes, the main phytoplankton functional types showed positive resilience that allowed the recovery of the phytoplankton community after the MHW. Our results indicate that key phytoplankton functional types in the southern coastal waters of China exhibited significant resilience, recovery, and temporal stability under the influence of the marine MHW by 3 oC rise. However, reduced primary productivity during the MHW period, along with decreased biomass density, might significantly influence secondary producers. In addition, the altered phytoplankton community structure may affect coastal food web processes at least during the MHW period.

Representational drift in barrel cortex is receptive field dependent.

Cortical populations often exhibit changes in activity even when behavior is stable. How behavioral stability is maintained in the face of such "representational drift" remains unclear. One possibility is that some neurons are more stable than others. We examined whisker touch responses in layers 2-4 of the primary vibrissal somatosensory cortex (vS1) over several weeks in mice stably performing an object detection task with two whiskers. Although the number of touch neurons remained constant, individual neurons changed with time. Touch-responsive neurons with broad receptive fields were more stable than narrowly tuned neurons. Transitions between functional types were non-random: before becoming broadly tuned, unresponsive neurons first passed through a period of narrower tuning. Broadly tuned neurons in layers 2 and 3 with higher pairwise correlations to other touch neurons were more stable than neurons with lower correlations. Thus, a small population of broadly tuned and synchronously active touch neurons exhibits elevated stability and may be particularly important for behavior.

New insights into the functional group influence on CO2 absorption heat and CO2 equilibrium solubility by piperazine derivatives

Piperazine(PZ) derivatives which have been widely used in CO2 capture technology exhibit stable physicochemical properties, such as resistance to thermal degradation and low regeneration energy consumption. Both two parameters of CO2 absorbents, low CO2 absorption heat(ΔHabs) and large CO2 equilibrium solubility(αe), are important to CO2 capture performance. However, the influence of functional group types of PZ derivatives on their CO2 capture performance remained unclear. This research aimed to study the functional group influence on the ΔHabs and αe by PZ derivatives with two amines using experimental and quantum chemical methods. The results indicated that PZ derivatives with the ethyl side chain had larger ΔHabs and αe than those with the methyl side chain. The presence of the hydroxy group in PZ derivatives reduced the ΔHabs and the αe. The presence of cyclic methyl side chains on the N atom of PZ derivatives decreased the ΔHabs and increased αe at the same time. The findings show that PZ derivatives with cyclic methyl side chains, steric hindrance effect, and no hydroxy group are favorable for CO2 capture. Among the eight PZ derivatives, TEDA with lower ΔHabs(48.99 kJ/mol) and higher αe(0.917 mol CO2/mol amine) is an excellent absorbent. The results of this study are very important for screening efficient and low-energy consumption absorbents for CO2 capture.

The Multi-Functional Use of Large Tree Cavities by Arboreal Vertebrates in a Temperate Broadleaved Forest of Eastern Europe.

Tree cavities offer protected shelters and resources for arboreal vertebrates worldwide. In general, cavities with larger openings are better accessible for predators and are avoided by smaller species for breeding, but can still be attractive for occasional use. The current study explores the diversity of functional use types and species interactions at the largest available tree cavities (entrance width ≥ 10 cm) in a temperate European forest with a low number of large cavity-breeding species. Year-round camera observations at 9 cavities (range 0.7-3.5 years) revealed 34 visiting species of birds and mammals, including non-cavity-breeding species. The top predator threatening other large-cavity users was European pine marten (Martes martes), which regularly visited each cavity year-round, on average every 0.7 months. Tawny owl (Strix aluco) was the only species successfully breeding in cavities, arguably because of its ability to defend the nests. However, other species visited cavities at an average rate of 1.5 visits per day, making predominantly short visits (less than 30 s) interpreted as exploration, searching for food, or inspecting for the presence of owls (mobbing). Making short visits and time segregation with predators was a behavioural strategy to exploit cavities for most species. These results confirm that, similarly to other keystone structures (large arboreal nests, ground burrows, etc.), large tree cavities attract a significant part of the arboreal vertebrate community and enrich their habitats. To sustain these functions in wooded ecosystems, management should provide a surplus of available cavities and diversity of their characteristics even when the apparent number of breeding species is low.

Does every public open space (POS) contribute to sustainable city development? An assessment of inefficient POS in Beijing

Public open space (POS) plays a crucial role in influencing the urban environment, ecology, public health, and economic vitality. However, not every POS is being efficiently utilized, while the inefficient POSs occupy large areas and can negatively affect socio-economic development, thus posing a threat to sustainable city development. Existing studies evaluate POSs solely based on benefit outcomes, but ignore POS functional types and contextual environments. To address this issue, a categorized, integrated, and relative evaluation method, i.e., utilization efficiency (UE), is proposed to identify inefficient POSs, where essentially measures the ratio from benefit outcome to resource occupation of each POS. We firstly classify POSs into five types by considering their core functions, then measure their UEs to extract efficient and inefficient POS, and finally visualize key causes of different types of POS. Our results reveal 3,138 inefficient out of 10,943 POSs in Beijing, and show the inefficient POSs that are concentrated in the southern Beijing and northern regions between the 5th and 6th ring roads, mainly affected by local population density and environmental resource. Drawing on the features of inefficient POSs, it is suggested to increase small green spaces and sky gardens in the downtown areas, improve service facilities and basic tourism infrastructure in the suburbs. Accordingly, this study firstly incorporates POS functional types and resource occupation into the utilization efficiency evaluation, providing spatial optimization recommendations of POSs to facilitate sustainable city development.

Embracing Tradition and Modernity: Tendencies of Interwar (1918–1940) Wooden Architecture in Lithuanian Resorts

Summary The emergence of leisure culture in Lithuania began in the late 19th century, gradually giving rise to resort towns. Although in some cases, recreational architecture can be associated with relatively luxurious examples that follow the European resort tradition, the article argues that the dominant type of Lithuanian resort architecture manifested itself as a subtle synthesis of local traditions and external influences. The balance between architectural traditionalism and the constantly changing social demand is particularly well represented by wooden architecture. The modernising society of inter-war Lithuania brought significant changes to the development of resort architecture. Not only did new functional types, such as seaside restaurants characteristic of resorts, took shape, but private residential architecture also acquired specific features. The article presents the phenomenon of wooden resort architecture which has not been sufficiently explored and illustrates how resort architecture has influenced the most cost-effective segment of construction, which is also the segment most closely linked to tradition. The text assumes that this layer of the resort environment was as important a part of resort life as more modern and expensive brick construction.

Global Temperature Dependency of Biogenic HCHO Columns Observed From Space: Interpretation of TROPOMI Results Using GEOS‐Chem Model

AbstractTemperature is the principal driver of global atmospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) and its primary oxidation precursor biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). We revisit such a temperature (T‐) dependency globally, leveraging TROPOMI HCHO column data. We find substantial variations in the T‐dependency of biogenic HCHO across plant functional types (PFTs), with the highest over Broadleaf Evergreen Tropical Trees (doubling every 6.0 K ± 4.1 K) and lowest over Arctic C3 Grass (doubling every 30.8 K ± 9.6 K). The GEOS‐Chem model interprets HCHO columns' T‐dependency at the PFT level (r = 0.87), with a 16% discrepancy on average. The discrepancy can be explained by BVOC emissions T‐dependency for Broadleaf Evergreen Tropical Trees and Warm C4 Grass and can be attributed to the insensitivity of HCHO columns to BVOC emissions for other PFTs. Our findings underscore a potentially magnified variation of BVOC emissions by GEOS‐Chem and MEGAN therein, particularly in regions experiencing greater temperature variations.

Drivers of plant biodiversity on cemeteries in the Ruhr Metropolitan Region (W Germany)

Cemeteries are biodiversity hotspots in urban areas, while the drivers of their floristic diversity are poorly understood. We investigated 153 cemeteries in the western Ruhr Metropolitan Region and generated comprehensive species lists of wild plants. Altogether, we found 964 species, equivalent to 53.6% of the flora known from the region. Cluster analysis revealed five distinct cemetery types based on their species composition and prevalence. Subsequently, we used ANOVAs to relate the most effective environmental descriptors identified with a CCA to the five clusters, thus revealing the drivers of species composition. Two of the main clusters had clear regional foci, which could be explained by soil types, while the third main cluster included most of the large cemeteries with many different habitat types, and encompassed sites from the entire study region. Here, the number of species is highest. Two smaller clusters included old historic and Jewish cemeteries, respectively, which were characterized by a smaller number of neophytes and heat indicators. Through the various functional types, the cemeteries contribute to the biodiversity of urban areas like the Ruhr Metropolitan Region and thus counteract the floristic homogenization of cities.

Laser-induced reconfigurable wavefront control with a structured Ge2Sb2Te5-based metasurface

Phase change materials have been widely exploited in active metasurfaces due to their large index contrast. Despite recent advances in phase-change metasurfaces, it remains a challenge to integrate diverse reconfigurable optical functionalities into a single metasurface. Here, we demonstrate an effective strategy to realize reconfigurable wavefront control by combining a Ge2Sb2Te5-rod array with laser writing technology. Through arbitrarily modifying the position and power of laser source, the laser writing process helps to realize site-selective and multi-level phase change of Ge2Sb2Te5 rods. Due to multi-level switching for optical properties of Ge2Sb2Te5 material, the Ge2Sb2Te5-rod array offers complete phase control and high amplitude modulation. Subsequently, various optical devices are designed in numerical simulation, including a phase-only hologram, dynamic meta-deflectors, a grayscale image and a perfect absorber. The structured Ge2Sb2Te5-based metasurface with the combination of laser writing technology offers an effective way to explore various types of optical functionalities in the same device.

Bottom–up propagation of synoptic wind intensification and relaxation in the planktonic ecosystem of the South Senegalese Upwelling Sector

ABSTRACT Synoptic intensification or relaxation of upwelling favorable winds are major sources of variability in eastern boundary upwelling systems. This study aims to investigate their impact on the planktonic ecosystem of the South Senegalese Upwelling Sector (SSUS), located south of the Cape Verde peninsula over a wide and shallow continental shelf. Numerical experiments using a three-dimensional coupled physical–biogeochemical model with four plankton functional types simulated the response of the coastal planktonic ecosystem to idealized synoptic (∼10 days) wind intensification and relaxation of the same amplitude. We find that these perturbations induce spatio-temporal oscillations of plankton concentrations. Zooplankton response occurred with a time lag that manifests itself in space as an equatorward/downstream shift in distribution relative to phytoplankton. Overall, the transmission of the synoptic perturbation from the physics to zooplankton is characterized by a damping in relative anomalies. All these elements and the weakness of the asymmetries in the biogeochemical/planktonic ecosystem responses between intensification and relaxation events support the hypothesis that synoptic variability has limited impact on the climatological state of low–latitude upwelling systems such as the SSUS. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY In some coastal regions of the world such as off Senegal, winds preferentially blow alongshore and induce subsurface, cold and nutrient rich waters to rise to the surface layer and favor the development of plankton blooms. These so-called upwelling favorable winds are not steady. Their fluctuations produce dynamical and biogeochemical variability over a broad range of scales. Here, we studied the biogeochemical effect of 10-day (i.e. weather or synoptic) wind fluctuations over the southern Senegal continental shelf. We used a numerical model with a simplified planktonic ecosystem consisting of two phytoplankton and two zooplankton size classes. The wind perturbations modulate ocean physics, the enrichment of the sun-lit surface layer in nutrients and the planktonic ecosystem. The plankton’s response to wind fluctuations exhibited oscillations more complex and relatively less intense than those of the wind. The modest effect of the studied short-term wind fluctuations on plankton found in this study may be specific to low-latitude coastal oceans with wide continental shelves.

AIGD-PFT: the first AI-driven global daily gap-free 4 km phytoplankton functional type data product from 1998 to 2023

Abstract. Long time series of spatiotemporally continuous phytoplankton functional type (PFT) data are essential for understanding marine ecosystems and global biogeochemical cycles as well as for effective marine management. In this study, we integrated artificial intelligence (AI) technology with multisource marine big data to develop a spatial–temporal–ecological ensemble model based on deep learning (STEE-DL). This model generated the first AI-driven global daily gap-free 4 km PFT chlorophyll a concentration product from 1998 to 2023 (AIGD-PFT). The AIGD-PFT significantly enhances the accuracy and spatiotemporal coverage of quantifying eight major PFTs: diatoms, dinoflagellates, haptophytes, pelagophytes, cryptophytes, green algae, prokaryotes, and Prochlorococcus. The model input encompasses (1) physical oceanographic, biogeochemical, and spatiotemporal information and (2) ocean colour data (OC-CCI v6.0) that have been gap-filled using a discrete cosine transform–penalized least squares (DCT-PLS) approach. The STEE-DL model utilizes an ensemble strategy with 100 residual neural network (ResNet) models, applying Monte Carlo and bootstrapping methods to estimate the optimal PFT chlorophyll a concentration and assess the model uncertainty through ensemble means and standard deviations. The model's performance was validated using multiple cross-validation strategies – random, spatial-block, and temporal-block methods – combined with in situ data, demonstrating STEE-DL's robustness and generalization capability. The daily updates and seamless nature of the AIGD-PFT data product capture the complex dynamics of coastal regions effectively. Finally, through a comparative analysis using a triple-collocation analysis (TCA) approach, the competitive advantages of the AIGD-PFT data product over existing products were validated. The complete product dataset (1998–2023) can be freely downloaded from https://doi.org/10.11888/RemoteSen.tpdc.301164 (Zhang and Shen, 2024a).

Biotic and abiotic properties mediating sediment microbial diversity and function in a river-lake continuum.

A river-lake system plays an important role in water management by providing long-term and frequent water diversions. However, hydrological connectivity in the system can have a profound effect on sediment microbial communities through pH, nutrient concentrations, and benthos invertebrates. Consequently, identifying the key environmental factors and their driving mechanisms is vital for microbial adaptation strategies to extreme environments. In this study, we analyzed the significant difference in sediment bacterial and fungal community structures and diversity indices among Dongting Lake and its tributary rivers, which worked as a typical river-connected lake ecosystem. There were significant differences in biotic and abiotic environments in the sediment habitats of Dongting Lake and its tributary rivers. Random forest analysis revealed that pH and Mollusca were found to be the most important abiotic and biotic variables for predicting both bacterial and fungal community structures, respectively. The beta diversity decomposition analyses showed that the bacterial and fungal community compositional dissimilarities among different sections were dominated by species replacement processes, with more than half of the OTUs in each section being unique. Notably, both biotic and abiotic factors affected the number and the relative abundance of these bacterial and fungal unique OTUs, leading to changes in community composition. Mollusca, pH, TP, NO3-N, and NH4-N were negatively related to the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, and Ascomycota, while Annelida and ORP were positively related to the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes. Additionally, PICRUSt analysis revealed that the functional dissimilarity among lakes and rivers was strengthened in unique species compared to all species in bacterial and fungal communities, and the changes of functional types helped to improve the habitat environment in the main Dongting Lake and promote the process of microbial growth. From our results, the role of macrozoobenthos and physicochemical characteristics in driving the sediment microbial community spatial variations became clear, which contributed to further understanding of the river-lake ecosystem.

Thematic Relations

This study explores the processing of noun-prep-noun combinations in prepositional phrases in Brazilian Portuguese, focusing on the syntactic-semantic relationship marked by prepositions, implies the semantic sense in which the noun is being modified. We chose to contrast particularly two types of thematic relationships like 'made of' and 'made for’, categorized as: material and function (e.g. ‘toalha de crochê’, crocheted cloth vs. agulha de crochê, crochet needle). To do so, we conducted two psycholinguistic experiments: Experiment 1 consisted of a self-paced reading/picture matching task to investigate the impact of semantic relationship on processing time; and Experiment 2 employed a cloze task (e.g. ‘toalha de ______’) and Likert scale likelihood judgments to norm the stimuli and assess cognitive preferences for the types of relation explored (i.e., material or function). Our results revealed slower reading times for the function type relation, suggesting a higher processing demand, possibly due to covert semantic computations required for this relation. Cloze completions and likelihood ratings also indicated a cognitive preference for this type of relationship. We attribute these observed patterns to the robust syntactic-semantic relationship inherent to functional type relations, coupled with a broader range of potential response options. In contrast, material type relations demonstrated a higher level of convergence among participants for cloze responses, likely due to more restricted response options and, consequently, increased probability. Future EEG studies are proposed to identify specific moments in the cognitive processing of the constituents of these structures and assess possible anticipatory effects of prepositional phrase modifiers. These discoveries make a meaningful contribution to the broader literature on language processing, aligning with analogous patterns observed in different languages with a cognitive distinction between thematic relations and feature-based (i.e., telic and constitutive relations), such as in Wisniewsky & Love, 1998; Estes et al., 2003, 2011; Pustejovsky et al., 2016; Flick et al., 2021.

Charge Mediated Changes to the Intrinsic Viscosity of Biopolymer Systems

A theoretical approach is presented to quantify the effect of ionic strength on the swelling and shrinkage of the hydrodynamic coil size of a generic biopolymer. This was conducted in view of extraction methods that often utilize acids and alkali combinations and, therefore, invariably impact the levels of salt found in commercially available biopolymers. This approach is supplemented by intrinsic viscosity measurements for the purpose of validation across a variety of biopolymer architectures, type of functionalization, as well as the quoted molar mass. By accurately capturing the magnitude of change in the coil size, it is discussed how a biopolymer coil size is far more sensitive to changes in the ionic strength than it is to the molar mass (or contour length) itself. In turn, it is highlighted why the current characterization strategies that make use of weight-averaged molar mass are prone to errors and cannot be used to establish structure—property relationships for biopolymers. As an alternative, the scope of developing an accurate understanding of coil sizes due to changes in the “soft” interactions is proposed, and it is recommended to use the coil size itself to highlight the underlying structure—property relationships.

Differences in Urban Vibrancy Enhancement among Different Mixed Land Use Types: Evidence from Shenzhen, China

Mixed land use has the advantages of promoting the economic and intensive utilization of land and improving the efficiency of land use, which can help alleviate the current urban problems and promote the sustainable development of cities. Existing studies have usually used quantitative indicators to reflect complex and diverse mixed land use situations, and the conclusions obtained usually cannot provide a basis for functional selection in mixed land use practices. Therefore, this study took Shenzhen as the study area to explore whether there are differences in the urban vibrancy enhancement among different mixed land use types. First, the block-scale mixed land use dataset of the study area was constructed. Second, the spatial distribution characteristics of the main functional types and urban vibrancy in the study area were explored. Finally, the impact of mixed land use types on urban vibrancy was explored by using a multiple linear regression model and setting land use type as the dummy variable. The results show that the number of mixed-function blocks in Shenzhen is relatively small, and the mixed land use degree still needs to be improved. Among the 12 main land use types in the study area, those containing industrial land are usually clustered in the northern industrial area of Shenzhen, those containing public or commercial service land are usually clustered in the city center, and those containing residential land are widely distributed in the study area. From the perspective of urban vibrancy, there is a phenomenon of “jobs–housing mismatch” in Shenzhen, as well as a problem of low urban vibrancy in the peripheral areas of the city. In addition, the urban vibrancy intensity of mixed land use types including residential or commercial land is higher, such as “administration+residential”, “residential+commercial”, “industrial+residential+commercial”, and “administration+residential+commercial” land, which includes residential or commercial land, is stronger, while. However, the urban vibrancy stability of mixed land use types including industrial land is higher, such as “industrial+residential” and “industrial+administration” land. The results of this study can provide a basis for future mixed land use practices in terms of land use type selection. For the urban central areas and subcenters in urban peripheral areas, mixed land use types such as “administration+residential”, “residential+commercial”, and “administration+residential+commercial” can be selected to enhance the urban vibrancy stability of the area. For industrial parks in urban peripheral areas, mixed land use types such as “industrial+residential”, “industrial+commercial”, “industrial+administration+residential”, and “administration+residential+commercial” can be selected to enhance the urban vibrancy intensity of the area.

Semantic-Type-Guided Bug Finding

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in tools that establish incorrectness rather than correctness of program properties. In this work we build on this approach by developing a novel methodology to prove incorrectness of semantic typing properties of functional programs, extending the incorrectness approach to the model theory of functional program typing. We define a semantic type refuter which refutes semantic typings for a simple functional language. We prove our refuter is co-recursively enumerable, and that it is sound and complete with respect to a semantic typing notion. An initial implementation is described which uses symbolic evaluation to efficiently find type errors over a functional language with a rich type system.