Functional Endoscopic Surgery Research Articles

Fungal sinusitis of the maxillary sinus

The retrospective study included a group of 36 patients, 20 women and 16 men with an average age of 40 years in the period 2016— 2021, in which the diagnosis of fungal sinusitis was established and confirmed postoperatively with the postoperative surveillance period not less than 5 years. The patients were divided into two research groups. The first group consisted of 16 patients, aged between 24 and 58 years, who underwent the radical Caldwell–Luc maxillary sinus cure. The second group consisted of 20 patients, aged between 25 and 58 years, of which 5 men and 15 women operated by means of functional endoscopic surgery of the maxillary sinus. The comparative analysis of MSM treatment methods proved that both FESS and CL treatment methods show equal efficiency, they can be used in certain clinical situations at the discretion of specialists.

Evaluation of the efficacy of endoscopic posterior nasal neurectomy with pharyngeal neurectomy of allergic rhinitis combined with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

Objective:To investigate the effect of posterior nasal neurectomy（PNN） with pharyngeal neurectomy （PN） on chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps （CRSwNP）complicated with perennial allergic rhinitis （PAR）. Methods:83 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis combined with chronic group-wide sinusitis with nasal polyps who attended our hospital from July 2020 to July 2021 were selected. All patients underwent conventional functional endoscopic sinusitis surgery（FESS）+ nasal polypectomy. Patients were divided according to whether they underwent PNN+PN. 38 cases in the experimental group underwent FESS combined with PNN+PN; 44 cases in the control group underwent conventional FESS alone. All patients underwent the VAS, RQLQ, and MLK before treatment, and at 6 months and 1 year after surgery. Meanwhile, other relevant data were collected and the preoperative and postoperative follow-up data were collected and analyzed to assess the differences between the two groups. Results:The total postoperative follow-up period was 1 year. The recurrence rate of nasal polyps at 1 year postoperatively and the nasal congestion VAS score at 6 months postoperatively were not statistically significant in the two groups（P>0.05）. However, the patients in the experimental group had statistically significantly lower effusion and sneezing VAS scores, MLK endoscopy scores and RQLQ scores at 6 months and 1 year postoperatively, and nasal congestion VAS scores at 1 year postoperatively compared to the control group（P<0.05）. Conclusion:For patients with perennial AR complicated with CRSwNP, the combination of the PNN+PN in FESS can significantly improve the short-term curative effect, and PNN+PN is a safe and effective surgical treatment.

Efficacy of various surgical methods in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: A network meta-analysis.

We often use surgery to treat allergic rhinitis (AR) patients who have failed drug treatment, but there is currently no clear gold standard for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Using network meta-analysis, we evaluated the efficacy of different surgical methods in the treatment of AR. PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CBM, Wan Fang Data, and CNKI databases were searched to collect clinical randomized controlled trials of AR with different surgical methods that met the inclusion criteria. After two investigators independently screened literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of included studies, R software was used to evaluate inconsistency using the node splitting method, and Stata15.1 was used to estimate the ranking probability of treatment. A total of 47 randomized control studies involving 17 surgical schemes and 4144 participants were included. The results showed that after excluding surgical methods that did not form a closed loop, in AR patients without chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps, surgical efficiency and symptom score ranked the same, which were posterior nasal neurectomy (PNN), Vidian neurectomy (VN), anterior ethmoid neurectomy (AEN), nasal septal reconstruction (NSR), and bilateral inferior turbinoplasty (BIT). In AR patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, the effective rate (OR = 5.06; 95% CI = 2.75-9.32) and symptom and sign scores (MD = -3.80; 95% CI = -6.50-1.09) of PNN + FESS (functional endoscopic sinusitis surgery) were higher than FESS, and there was a significant difference. Our findings suggest that PNN is the best single operation for patients with AR and without chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps, and the combination of multiple procedures may be better than a single operation. FESS + PNN is more effectual in AR patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Aspirin desensitization in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory exacerbated respiratory disease: The first prospective cohort in Chile.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD) is characterized by the Samter triad: chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, asthma, and nonallergic hypersensitivity to NSAIDs. Its diagnosis is based on a complete clinical history and an aspirin (ASA) challenge test. Medical treatments include biological drugs and ASA desensitization. This study aims to evaluate the clinical response of patients with N-ERD undergoing functional endoscopic surgery (FES), followed by ASA desensitization and maintenance treatment, being the first prospective cohort study carried out in Chile. We conducted 1-year follow-up of 12 patients with N-ERD treated with FES, desensitization, and maintenance with ASA. For each control, the medication score, sinonasal symptomatology (SNOT-22), PEF (peak expiratory flow), nasal polyposis (Lildholdt score), and the appearance of adverse effects were recorded. Computed tomography (CT) of the paranasal cavities was performed at baseline and at the 12-month follow-up to calculate the Lund-Mackay score. Patients presented a reduction of SNOT-22 after the FES, which was maintained at 12 months (p = 0.002); the symptoms that showed the greatest reduction were feeling embarrassed and nasal obstruction. The Lildholdt score was also significantly reduced (p = 0.001); in only three patients, the nasal polyps recurred, and all were small. The PEF showed a slight nonsignificant increase of 3.3%. In total, 75% of patients had an adverse effect, the most frequent being abdominal pain (66.7%), but none of the 12 patients required discontinuation of aspirin treatment in 1-year follow-up. The Lund-Mackay score had a significant reduction of 6.6 points (p < 0.001). ASA desensitization is safe and effective in reducing upper and lower respiratory symptoms in patients with N-ERD and delays the reappearance of nasal polyps, although it is not exempt from adverse effects, with the vast majority being mild.

Oral Corticosteroid Burden and Healthcare Resource Utilization (HCRU) in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP) Undergoing Functional Endoscopic Sinonasal Surgery (FESS): A Real-World Retrospective Cohort Study

Oral Corticosteroid Burden and Healthcare Resource Utilization (HCRU) in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP) Undergoing Functional Endoscopic Sinonasal Surgery (FESS): A Real-World Retrospective Cohort Study

Radiographic and Histologic Evaluations of Peri-implantitis on the Grafted Maxillary Sinus: A Report of Two Cases.

Management of peri-implantitis is becoming an increasing issue for implantologists and periodontists. The need for bone augmentation is more and more frequent, especially in the posterior maxilla requiring sinus augmentation. Peri-implantitis represents a real danger for implants, but to this day, the available literature concerning the impact of this disease on regenerated bone and on maxillary sinus pathology is very limited. This report presents two cases showing bone alterations due to peri-implantitis and its possible impact on maxillary sinus health. In both cases, the causal implant was removed regardless of prior functional endoscopic surgery to restore sinus health, and it was not necessary to implement any reconstruction procedure because bone regeneration occurred naturally. Further research will be necessary to confirm these initial findings.

Chronické rinosinusitidy odontogenní etiologie

Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common disease of the nose and paranasal sinuses. We note diseases of dental origin occurring with an increasing regularity. This cause tends to be overlooked. Treatment is longer and more complicated compared to rhinogenic sinusitis due to the higher prevalence of anaerobic bacteria. The treatment can be divided into two main steps. The first is to remove the cause of the odontogenic infection itself, followed by the remediation of secondary nasal cavities using functional endoscopic surgery (FESS). In order to treat this disease properly, inter-disciplinary cooperation between an otorhinolaryngologist and a dentist or oral surgeon is necessary. Conclusions of this paper is to highlight the idea of treating these two seemingly separate issues and procedures into one functional unit that will be most effective and least burdensome for the patient. From my point of view, it seems ideal to address this issue comprehensively. This shortens the treatment time and eliminates the need for the patient to move between different departments. Keywords: apical periodontitis – odontogenic sinusitis – oroantral fi stula – maxillary sinusitis of dental origin – endoscopic sinus surgery – root canal infection

Exploration of Predictive Biomarkers for Postoperative Recurrence in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps Based on Serum Multiple-Cytokine Profiling.

Background Functional nasal endoscopic surgery (FESS) is an effective treatment approach for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) patients, but some patients still suffer from postoperative recurrence. This study is aimed at investigating the expression of multiple cytokines in CRSwNP and revealing their relationships with postoperative recurrence. Methods A total of 72 patients with CRSwNP, including 36 primary and 36 recurrent patients, were enrolled. Serum samples were obtained, 30 cytokine levels were measured by multiplex analysis, and the association between cytokine levels and recurrence was assessed. The most potential cytokines were further validated in another independent cohort with 60 primary and 60 recurrent CRSwNP patients. Results The results of multiple cytokine profiling exhibited that the levels of eotaxin, G-CSF, IFN-α, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-5, MCP-1, and RANTES were vastly changed in the recurrent group in comparison with the primary group. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves highlighted that serum levels of eotaxin, IL-17A, and RANTES were strongly predictive of postoperative recurrence (area under the curve (AUC) > 0.7, P < 0.05). Further validation results showed that elevated serum eotaxin, IL-17A, and RANTES levels were enhanced in the recurrent group. The ROC curve showed that serum eotaxin (AUC = 0.729, P < 0.001) and RANTES (AUC = 0.776, P < 0.001) exhibited stronger ability than serum IL-17A (AUC = 0.617, P = 0.027) in predicting CRSwNP recurrence. Conclusion Our data suggested that serum multiple cytokine profiling was associated with postoperative recurrence of CRSwNP, and eotaxin and RANTES might serve as potential biomarkers for predicting postoperative recurrence. These results might contribute to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of recurrence and provide novel clues for precision therapy in CRSwNP.

Dexmedetomidine reduces oxidative stress in patients with controlled hypotension undergoing functional endoscopic surgery

To observe the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on oxidative stress in patients who underwent controlled hypotension in functional endoscopic surgery. Sixty patients undergoing controlled hypotension in unilateral functional endoscopic surgery were randomly divided into control group and DEX group. The controlled hypotension was administered in both groups. The serum samples in two groups were used to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels with methods of thiobarbital colorimetry and xanthine oxidase. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) of patients were recorded at five time points. Compared with control group, the SOD activity of DEX group were increased and MDA concentration were significantly decreased at T0, T2, and T4 (P < 0.05). The blood pressure (BP) and HR between the two groups have no statistically significant difference. The BP and HR of the DEX group were lower than the preoperative parameters, and the SAS score was lower and the Ramsay score was higher at T3 (P < 0.05). The incidence of postoperative bleeding in DEX group was significant reduced (P < 0.05). DEX combined with nitroglycerin is safe and effective in patients with controlled hypotension undergoing functional endoscopic surgery, which can relieve their restlessness and reduce the oxidative stress response.

Sinonasal Papilloma and Its Associated Malignancy: Study from a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Indonesia

Background&#x0D; Sinonasal papilloma is a benign tumor arising from Schneiderian epithelia in sinonasal mucosa. It has the propensity towards malignant transformation. This preliminary study aims to report clinicopathological aspects of sinonasal papilloma and its malignant transformation rate.&#x0D; Methods&#x0D; A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in Anatomical Pathology Department, FKUI/RSCM over a period of 2014-2019) A total of 127 histologic specimens with diagnosis of sinonasal papilloma obtained from 80 cases.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; The prevalence of sinonasal papilloma among all sinonasal neoplasms is 17.6%. Inverted papilloma was the most common histologic type 91.3%, exophytic papilloma 6.3% and oncocytic papilloma 2.5%, among male (70%), age rate 50 years old. Malignant transformation of squamous cell carcinoma 12.5%, and recurrence 21.3%, nasal congestion was the most complaint 50%. Cases were usually in T3 of Krouse stage 37.5% and managed with functional sinus endoscopic surgery 51.3%. Histological parameters were grade II 54.4%, surface keratinization 17.5%, bony trabeculae 41.3%, nasal polyps 20% and dense lymphocytic infiltrates 53.8%, foam cell infiltrates 2.5%. Mild to moderate dysplasia 8.8% and severe dysplasia 18.8%.&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; Sinonasal papilloma was rare sinonasal benign tumor. Inverted papilloma type was local aggressive, recurrence, dysplastic and malignant transformation, among male, age 50 years old, main complaint of nasal congestion, in Krouse stage T3, and managed by Functional Sinus Endoscopy Surgery (FSES

Efficacy of Endoscopic Posterior Nasal Neurectomy in Treating Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Objectives: Recent guidelines have revealed that eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) exhibits a strong tendency for recurrence after surgery and impairs quality of life. Neuropeptides play an important neuroimmunological role. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of posterior nasal neurectomy (PNN) for the treatment of ECRS by inhibiting type 2 cytokine expression. Methods: Forty-six patients were divided into group A and group B according to a random number table. Group A underwent conventional functional endoscopic sinusitis surgery (FESS) combined with PNN, and group B underwent conventional FESS alone. The subjective and objective symptoms included a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS), 22-item SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) score, nasal speculum Lund-Kennedy score, and paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) Lund-Mackay score at the 1-year postoperative follow-up. Results: Postoperative VAS (10.33 ± 2.18 vs. 8.38 ± 2.11, p < 0.01) and Lund-Kennedy score (1.95 ± 1.32 vs. 3.14 ± 1.35, p < 0.01) were significantly improved. The rhinorrhea score (1.76 ± 0.83 vs. 2.90 ± 1.14, p < 0.001) in the VAS and the discharge (0.43 ± 0.51, vs. 0.95 ± 0.67, p < 0.01) and edema (0.57 ± 0.60 vs. 0.95 ± 0.59, p < 0.05) scores in the Lund-Kennedy score were observed to have improved significantly in group A compared with those in group B. Conclusions: FESS combined with PNN suppresses edema symptoms, which might significantly decrease the surgical recurrence rate of ECRS in the long term.

Evaluation of an image enhancement system for the assessment of nasal and paranasal sinus diseases

PurposeDysplasia and cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract are characterized by significant neoangiogenesis. This can be recognized by optical methods like the Storz Professional Image Enhancement System (SPIES). Up to now, there are no reports of using this novel technique for examining nasal diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of SPIES during sinus surgery to help differentiate various nasal pathologies and determine their extension. MethodsPatients (n = 27) with different pathologies in the region of the paranasal sinuses were operated via functional endoscopic surgery using a 2D-HD-camera with white light and SPIES. In addition, 10 healthy individuals were examined. The system was evaluated using two different questionnaires. ResultsThe handling and operation of SPIES was intuitive and easy. Use of SPIES did not prolong the procedure. There was no disturbing image distortion. SPIES seemed to improve the visualization, differentiation and evaluation of vascularization of paranasal pathologies and allowed for precise and accurate surgery. Compared to examination with the 2D-HD-camera and white light alone, SPIES appeared to facilitate the identification of mucosal pathologies. ConclusionSPIES could be a promising adjunct tool to evaluate nasal pathologies intraoperatively. Especially in the case of vascularized tumors the enhanced image endoscopy seemed to be clearly superior to standard white light alone. In our study, the system facilitated the assessment of tumor extension and vascularization as well as the differentiation of healthy mucosa. Future randomized studies will be necessary to prove the potential of integrating this novel technique into the clinical routine for the differentiation of nasal pathologies and the improvement of resection margins during nasal tumor surgery.

Functional Endoscopic Orbital Decompression Surgery in Acute Rhinosinusitis with Orbital Complication : A Case Report

&lt;div class="WordSection1"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Orbital complications secondary to acute rhinosinusitis can cause permanent vision loss and death if not treated promptly and appropriately. The prevalence of orbital complications due to rhinosinusitis is more common in children than adults, occurring in 3-4% of children with acute rhinosinusitis. Lamina papyracea in children has many dehiscences, the nasal cavity tends to be narrower and the mucosa is softer than in adults, therefore causing the spread of infection more easily from the sinuses to the eyes. Clinical presentation: a 4-year-old child presented with eye swelling and pus discharge in the right eye for 5 days before being admitted to the hospital, for which she was treated with medication and did not improve. On physical examination, there is a narrow nasal cavity, inferior turbinate edema, and hyperemia, mucopurulent discharge. CT scan and MRI revealed contrast enhancement in intraorbital with suspected intraorbital abscess with orbital cellulitis, right pansinusitis, and buccal abscess. Functional endoscopic orbital decompression was done immediately.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Orbital complications due to acute rhinosinusitis are uncommon but potentially lead to more fatal complications. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment of immediate functional endoscopic sinus surgery and antimicrobial therapy have a good outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Creation and validation of a radiological checklist for functional endoscopic sinonasal surgery. A YO-IFOS initiative

BackgroundFunctional endoscopic sinus surgery might lead to dangerous complications. Studying and analysing preoperative CT scans provides surgeons with a precise knowledge of their patient's anatomy, thus reducing the risk of potential complications. Checklists highlighting key anatomical areas have been published and proven useful. However, none of these are widely accepted or systematically used in daily practice. ObjectiveIn this paper, the rhinology group of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Otorhinolaryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) aim to create and validate a new checklist designed to be fast and user friendly for daily practice. MethodsTwo CT sinonasal scans were selected as test cases. Forty otolaryngologists were selected from five tertiary referral hospitals. It was a cross-sectional study; each participant was their own control. All participants completed a questionnaire after the analysis of both CT scans to prevent learning bias. The evaluation included ten items critical in endoscopic sinus surgery according to previous publications. ResultsThere were 80 evaluations. There was a significant increase in the number of correctly identified critical structures with the use of the checklist (p=.009). There was a statistically significant difference in low- experience evaluators, while it was not statistically significant for experienced surgeons. The most unanswered structures were suprabullar recess, dangerous v2 nerve, anterior ethmoid artery, dangerous vidian nerve and Onodi cell. The most wrongly identified structures were Keros type, septal deviation and cribiform middle turbinate. ConclusionThe YO-IFOS radiological checklist has proven a useful tool for correctly studying sinonasal anatomical variations. There is a clear learning component in the use of the checklist although it does not in any way exempt specialists from thorough study of sinonasal anatomy. Given the risk-benefit ratio, we strongly suggest the routine use of the checklist to systematically assess CT-scans prior to endoscopic sinonasal surgery.

Study to Determine the Incidence of Allergic Fungal Sinusitis among Patients with Nasal Polyps and Its Related Risk Factors

Aim: To govern the incidence of allergic fungal sinusitis in patients with nasal polyposis. Various anatomical risk factors were also investigated, including turbinate hypertrophy, deviated nasal septum and comorbidities such as asthma and diabetes. Study Design: This is a Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study:The study was conducted at ENT Head &amp;Neck Surgery department, Lady Reading Hospital MTI, Peshawar and Azra Nahid Medical College, Lahore for the duration of six months from May 2020 to October 2020. Methods: 110 patients with nasal polyps were evaluated and operated on. Samples were sent for histopathological examination and culture. All patients were assessed with clinical examination and detailed history. Laboratory tests were performed including complete blood counts, urea, electrolytes, ECG and chest radiographs for the suitability of general anesthesia as a prerequisite for surgery. In 95% of cases, computed tomography was recommended to check for sinus involvement, bone erosion, osteo-hypertrophic complex, turbinate hypertrophy, nasal septal deviation, and intracranial and intra-orbital enlargement. MRI examinations were also recommended in cases of suspected intraocular and intracranial disease (5%). Data was scrutinized on a computer using SPSS version 22.0. Results:Of the 110 patients, 65 were male and 45 were female, with a mean age of 1and ranged from 7 to 80 years. All patients had nasal polyps. The incidence of AFS was approximately 29.1% and the remaining 78 had a different pathology. Major deviation of the nasal septum and bilateral hypertrophy of the inferior turbinate’s were observed in 6 (18.7%) and 4 (12.5%) patients, respectively. Unilateral nasal polyps were observed in 7 (21.9%) patients and bilateral nasal polyps in 18 (52.3%). 19/32 (59.4%) of the cases underwent functional endoscopic surgery of the paranasal sinuses, and in 6 (18.7%) external fronto-ethmoidectomy. Two patients underwent nasal ethmoidectomy. Septoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery were performed in a total of 3 (9.37%) cases. Key words:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS).

ANTROSTOMIA MAXILAR MEDIANTE AO ACESSO DE CALDWELL-LUC: RELATO DE CASO

Although well reported in the literature, endoscopic antrostomy cannot provide full access to the maxillary sinus, a fact that raises some controversy about its extension. Caldwell-luc access antrostomy has been performed for more than 120 years, under general or local anesthesia, managing to ensure greater visibility of the area being explored. A 40-year-old female patient attended the maxillofacial service of the Hospital do Oeste - Barreiras (BA) for evaluation. She claims to be suffering from chronic sinusitis for approximately one year after undergoing endodontic treatment, with constant nasal obstruction on the right side and failing to reach a considerable improvement with the medication use. The proposed treatment was the maxillary antrostomy with Caldwell-luc approach, under general anesthesia, followed by the installation of a rigid drain for direct irrigation in the maxillary sinus through an opening in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity on the affected side. Caldwell-luc approach is a classic procedure in the literature and has remained as a hegemonic surgical technique for the treatment of sinusitis until functional endoscopic surgery has emerged, which has made a less invasive technique possible. However, the advances in endoscopic surgery find a barrier in the limitation of the area accessed by this type of procedure. Despite the possible complications regarding the technique, the Caldwell-luc approach remains as a plausible method for the treatment of maxillary sinus morbidities.

Creation and validation of a radiological checklist for functional endoscopic sinonasal surgery. A YO-IFOS initiative

BackgroundFunctional endoscopic sinus surgery might lead to dangerous complications. Studying and analysing preoperative CT scans provides surgeons with a precise knowledge of their patient's anatomy, thus reducing the risk of potential complications. Checklists highlighting key anatomical areas have been published and proven useful. However, none of these are widely accepted or systematically used in daily practice. ObjectiveIn this paper, the rhinology group of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Otorhinolaryngological Societies (YO-IFOS) aim to create and validate a new checklist designed to be fast and user friendly for daily practice. MethodsTwo CT sinonasal scans were selected as test cases. Forty otolaryngologists were selected from five tertiary referral hospitals. It was a cross-sectional study; each participant was their own control. All participants completed a questionnaire after the analysis of both CT scans to prevent learning bias. The evaluation included ten items critical in endoscopic sinus surgery according to previous publications. ResultsThere were 80 evaluations. There was a significant increase in the number of correctly identified critical structures with the use of the checklist (p=.009). There was a statistically significant difference in low- experience evaluators, while it was not statistically significant for experienced surgeons. The most unanswered structures were suprabullar recess, dangerous v2 nerve, anterior ethmoid artery, dangerous vidian nerve and Onodi cell. The most wrongly identified structures were Keros type, septal deviation and cribiform middle turbinate. ConclusionThe YO-IFOS radiological checklist has proven a useful tool for correctly studying sinonasal anatomical variations. There is a clear learning component in the use of the checklist although it does not in any way exempt specialists from thorough study of sinonasal anatomy. Given the risk-benefit ratio, we strongly suggest the routine use of the checklist to systematically assess CT-scans prior to endoscopic sinonasal surgery.

Advances in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Technique: The Impact of Technological Breakthroughs

Messerklinger initially characterized sinonasal mucociliary clearance patterns in the 1950’s using India ink particles and hypothesized that inflammatory disease within the sinuses, as well as anatomic variants, could obstruct mucus outflow. He introduced use of the endoscope for diagnostic evaluation, as well as surgical principles known as the Messerklinger technique [1]. In the following 70 years his technique, known as Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (ESS), was refined and popularized by Stammberger, Kennedy, and others [2,3]. Both emphasized the preservation of normal anatomic structures and re-establishment of natural mucociliary clearance patterns. Towards that end, Kennedy viewed the surgery as a functional and minimally invasive procedure, adding the term “functional” to ESS, with the procedure now widely known as Functional Endoscopic Surgery (FESS) [4]. Since then, minimally invasive endoscopic techniques have been further refined by a multitude of talented multi-disciplinary physicians, too numerous to name here [5].

Combined local flap and antrostomy in recurrent oroantral fistula and chronic maxillary atelectasis: a case report

Introduction: Chronic maxillary atelectasis refers to a persistent volume decrease of the maxillary sinus by inward bowing of its walls. When associated with hypoglobus or enophthalmos, some authors use the term “silent sinus syndrome”. We aimed to report a case of accidental diagnosis of chronic maxillary atelectasis while investigating and treating a recurrent oroantral fistula. Observation: CT imaging showed a large bone defect and stage II chronic maxillary atelectasis. Closure of the oroantral fistula was performed with a combined surgical approach: functional endoscopic surgery and buccal fat pad flap. The follow up at 2 months showed no signs of recurrent oroantral fistula. Commentaries: Chronic maxillary atelectasis is separated into three stages, membranous deformity (stage I), bony deformity (stage II), and clinical deformity (stage III). The term silent sinus syndrome should be abandoned for stage III chronic maxillary atelectasis to allow for better collaboration between medical practitioners. Recurrent oroantral fistulas should be treated with a combined approach including endoscopic antrostomy and local flap. Conclusion: The association of functional endoscopic surgery and buccal fat pad flap were the key to success in this case allowing for oroantral fistula closure and treatment of chronic maxillary atelectasis.

A clinical study of complications of functional endoscopic surgery (FESS) at a tertiary hospital

A clinical study of complications of functional endoscopic surgery (FESS) at a tertiary hospital