Functional Abdominal Pain Syndrome Research Articles

Синдром функциональной абдоминальной боли: обзор литературы

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION. About 40–60% of adult patients with complaints of abdominal pain suffer from functional gastrointestinal disorders. Currently, functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are associated with disturbances in the gut-brain interaction. Abdominal pain syndrome can be one of the leading manifestations of irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia syndrome and abdominal migraine. The exclusion of organic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract is an essential condition for the diagnosis of functional disorders. The basic principles of the treatment of functional abdominal pain syndrome should be aimed at correcting the psychological disorders involved in the formation of pain sensation. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A review of the literature on this topic was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Research Gate, Elsevier. The following phrases were used to search for literature: “Functional abdominal pain syndrome”, “Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract”. DISCUSSION. Functional abdominal pain syndrome is a rather complex and ambiguous disease, which is based on complex cerebroabdominal connections (direct and reverse). This diagnosis is an exception, in other words, the diagnosis takes place when there are no obvious organic causes of the disease. The diagnosis of the functional abdominal pain syndrome is long and complex and includes various instrumental and laboratory methods of examination. Various methods are used in the treatment of the functional abdominal pain syndrome, ranging from non-drug methods (cognitive behavioral therapy, hypnotherapy) and ending with the use of medicines (antidepressants). It is important to keep in mind that the diagnosis and treatment of the functional abdominal pain syndrome requires the active participation of doctors of different specialties who are able to build a personalized diagnostic and therapeutic route using a biopsychosociocultural approach. CONCLUSION. Functional abdominal pain syndrome attracts special attention in the diagnostic and therapeutic aspect. Although the exclusion of organic diseases is an essential condition for the diagnosis of the functional abdominal pain syndrome, it is necessary to take into account the connection and involvement of mental factors in the phenomenon of abdominal pain. Taking into account the complexity of the mechanisms involved in the development of functional gastrointestinal diseases, the basic principles of functional abdominal pain syndrome treatment should be aimed at correcting psychological disorders involved in the formation of pain sensation. KEYWORDS: functional abdominal pain syndrome, disturbances in the gut-brain interaction, interaction

Nutraceuticals and Pain Disorders of the Gut-Brain Interaction in Infants and Children: A Narrative Review and Practical Insights.

Different nutraceuticals are often considered by parents of infants and children with abdominal pain and disorders of the gut-brain interaction. Herb extracts and natural compounds have long been used in traditional medicine, but clinical pediatric trials are very limited. This narrative review based on relevant studies identified through a search of the literature in Pubmed and Medline updated to October 2023 focused on the effect of nutraceuticals in infantile colic, functional abdominal pain, and irritable bowel syndrome in children and adolescents. Significant reductions in colic episodes and crying time were reported in two studies on fennel (seeds oil or tea), in three studies on different multiple herbal extracts (all including fennel), in one study on Mentha piperita, and in at least two double-blind randomized controlled studies on Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12 (108 CFU/day for at least 21 days) in breast-fed infants. Compared to a placebo, in children with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome, a significant reduction in pain was reported in two studies supplementing peppermint oil capsules or psyllium fibers, and in one study on corn fiber cookies, partial hydrolyzed guar gum, a specific multiple herbal extract (STW-5), or vitamin D supplementation. To date, there is moderate-certainty evidence with a weak grade of recommendation on Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (108 CFU/day) in reducing pain intensity in children with functional abdominal pain and for Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (1-3 × 109 CFU twice daily) in reducing pain frequency and intensity in children with IBS. Further large and well-designed pediatric studies are needed to prove the efficacy and safety of different herbal extracts and prolonged use of studied products in infants and children with pain disorders of the gut-brain interaction.

Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklarda Gastrointestinal Sistem ve Uyku Sorunları: Bunların Problemli Davranışlarla İlişkisi

Objective: The purpose of this research is to investigate sleep and gastrointestinal problems in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their relationship with each other, autism severity and problematic behavior. Material and Methods: The children who were admitted to outpatient clinics of child psychiatry at our hospital in a 3-months period and had diagnosis of ASD according to DSM-5 were included. The parents filled Aberrant Behavior Checklist (AbBC), Rome-3 Diagnostic Questionnaire for Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Parent Report Form (QPGS-RIII), Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) and sociodemographic data form. The clinician applied Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Results: Ninety-seven children with ASD were included. According to QPGS-RIII, 38.1% of the cases had probable functional gastrointestinal problems. Those were 26.8% (n=26) functional constipation, 8.2% (n=8) nonretentive fecal incontinence, 2.1% (n=2) aerofaji, 3.1% (n=3) rumination syndrome, 4.1% (n=4) irritable bowel syndrome, 1% (n=1) functional abdominal pain syndrome, 1% (n=1) functional dyspepsia, 3.1% (n=3) functional abdominal pain, 1% cyclic vomiting and 1% (n=1) abdominal migraine. According to CSHQ 58.8% of the cases had sleep problems. ASD patients with functional gastrointestinal problems, had higher total scores of CSHQ, ABC and AbBC, compared to children with no functional gastrointestinal problems. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that frequency of gastrointestinal and sleep problems were high in children with ASD. It is appropriate to evaluate patients with ASD in terms of gastrointestinal and sleep problems especially if behavioral problems accompanies. And treating gastrointestinal and sleep problems might decrease challenging behaviors that seen in ASD.

Home-based guided hypnotherapy for children with functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in primary care: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

IntroductionChildren often present to primary care with functional abdominal pain (FAP) or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and around half still have abdominal complaints 1 year later. Hypnotherapy is an evidence-based...

Probiotics for management of functional abdominal pain disorders in children.

Probiotics for management of functional abdominal pain disorders in children.

Effect of comorbid benign joint hypermobility and juvenile fibromyalgia syndromes on pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders

ABSTRACT Objectives Musculoskeletal pain has a considerable frequency in pediatric outpatients. Benign joint hypermobility (BJHS) and juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome (JFMS) are non-inflammatory causes of musculoskeletal pain. In these syndromes, pain is often accompanied by various symptoms such as fatigue, sleep difficulties, mood disorders, cognitive dysfunction, dizziness, headaches, abdominal pain, irritable bowel syndrome, and restless legs syndrome. Functional dyspepsia, functional vomiting, functional abdominal pain, functional constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome all together are termed functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. We aimed to evaluate the functional gastrointestinal disorders association of BJHS and JFMS. Methods Patients aged 10–18 years who were diagnosed with functional GI disorder in the pediatric gastroenterology department were included in the study. The findings of BJHS and JFMS were evaluated by the pediatric rheumatology department. Scales for anxiety, somatization, and depression were administered by a child psychiatrist. COMPASS 31 scoring was used in autonomic dysfunction. Results The prevalence of JFMS and BJHS was 64% and 32%, respectively in children with a functional GI disorder. Retrosternal chest pain, dysphagia, early satiation, nausea, vomiting, and regurgitation were common in JFMS (p = 0.007; p = 0.005; p = 0.018; p = 0.002, p = 0.013; p = 0.014, respectively). Gastrointestinal symptoms did not differ with BJHS. One hundred six (88.3%) and 99 (82.5%) had orthostatic intolerance and reflex syncope, respectively. One hundred three (85.6%) had anxiety symptoms, 101 (84.2%) had somatization symptoms, and 102 (85%) had depression symptoms. Conclusions Functional GI disorders, JFMS, and BJHS are complex intertwined disorders influenced by emotional distress. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary for the diagnosis and treatment process.

The Cost-Effectiveness of a Dance and Yoga Intervention for Girls with Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders.

Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) affect children worldwide, being more prevalent among girls. The individual and societal burdens of the disease are substantial, and evidence-based interventions are needed. Non-pharmacological treatments have generally produced promising results, with dance and yoga specifically having potential as an effective treatment option. Beside efficacy, the cost-effectiveness of interventions is important when prioritizing and allocating public resources. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of an 8-month dance and yoga intervention for girls with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome, based on a randomized control trial called 'Just in TIME'. The intervention, performed in Sweden, was studied using a decision analysis tool, i.e., a decision tree within the trial followed by a Markov model with a time horizon of 10years. The base case considered healthcare costs as well as productivity losses, measuring the effects in gained quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and presenting an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). The basecase results show that the intervention, compared with current practice, was the dominant strategy from both the 12-month and long-term perspectives. The sensitivity analyses indicated that the long-term, but not the short-term, findings were robust for different assumptions and changes in parameter estimates, resulting in ICERs similar to those of the basecase scenario. Offering dance and yoga to young girls with FAPDs generates small QALY gains and monetary savings compared with standard healthcare and is likely cost-effective. These findings make a valuable contribution to an area where evidence-based and cost-effective treatment interventions are needed. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02920268; Name: Just in TIME-Intervention With Dance and Yoga for Girls With Recurrent Abdominal Pain.

Parasympathetic control of gastrointestinal motility and cross-branch actions of parasympathetic neuromodulation.

Parasympathetic control of gastrointestinal motility and cross-branch actions of parasympathetic neuromodulation.

Telehealth for Pediatric Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

A retrospective chart review was completed to examine psychological treatment duration and response among pediatric patients with a disorder of gut-brain interaction including functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was delivered via telehealth with a licensed psychologist or supervised psychology trainee embedded in a pediatric gastroenterology clinic. Participants were 22 youth (mean age = 14.36 years) who received CBT via telehealth between February and September of 2021, after completing an initial evaluation between February and July of 2021. Patients completed reliable and valid self-report measures of functional disability and pain during treatment. A unique CBT model was employed with an initial focus on psychoeducation and function regardless of level of severity of functional impairment. Consistent with study hypotheses, nonparametric statistical analyses demonstrated statistically significant reductions in functional disability and pain following implementation of the CBT model via telehealth. Contrary to predictions, there was no relation found between severity of functional impairment and duration of treatment.

Functional Gastrointestinal Diseases and Dietary Practices among Pakistani Children-A Schools Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Functional gastrointestinal diseases (FGIDs) are an important yet highly under explored area among public health issues. FGIDs' complex etiology makes them of interest along with their prevalence in children steadily increasing, especially in the developing world. We aimed to determine the burden FGIDs pose on school-going children, and to determine its association with the dietary intake patterns in Pakistani children. The study included 385 school-children from public and private schools in Pakistan through multistage random sampling, from March to August 2022. We used the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and Rome IV Criteria for a comprehensive exploration of the issue. Associations between the FGIDs and dietary factors were analyzed using chi-square and Fischer's exact tests in SPSS version 26.0. Females constituted 77.4% (n = 298) of all respondents, while 44.9% (n = 173) of the total reported a family history of gastrointestinal diseases. FFQ analysis showed varying consumption frequencies for different food groups. Functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were the highest reported FGIDs with a prevalence of 38.7% (n = 149) and 24.9% (n = 96), respectively. Statistical associations were found between different FGIDs and gender, age, household income, family members, and dietary variables such as fruit, vegetable, beverage and pulse consumption. FGIDs were found to be associated with a number of socio-demographic and dietary factors which calls for small scale and large scale attention to the issue. Results from the current study and further studies may help develop guidelines to manage these disorders in Pakistan.

Long-Term Follow-up of Individual Therapist Delivered and Standardized Hypnotherapy Recordings in Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome or Functional Abdominal Pain.

Objectives:We previously showed that standardized home-based gut-directed hypnosis exercises with compact disc (CD) is non-inferior to individual hypnotherapy (iHT) by a therapist in the treatment of children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional abdominal pain (syndrome) (FAP(S)). Aim of this follow-up study was to investigate the long-term effects of standardized-hypnosis-recordings at home in comparison to iHT.Methods:All participants from our previous randomized controlled trial were invited to complete: 1) an online standardized abdominal pain dairy, on which pain frequency and intensity were scored, and 2) an online questionnaire including adequate relief (AR), anxiety/depression scores, somatization, quality of life (QOL), pain beliefs, school and/or work absenteeism and health care utilization.Results:227 out of 250 (91%) participants completed this study. After a median duration of 6 years follow-up (5.8-6.2), 80.0% in the CD group vs 86.6% in the iHT group reported AR of their abdominal complaints (P=.22). Compared to the 1-year follow-up, AR percentages were stable. Treatment success was seen in 67.6% in the CD group vs 71.3% in the iHT group (P=.66). Anxiety and depression scores, somatization, pain beliefs, health care utilization and school/work absenteeism also improved significantly in both study groups compared with baseline. No differences were found in QOL-scores.Conclusions:Both home-based treatment with standardized-hypnosis-recordings and iHT given by a therapist show persisting positive results in more than 80% of children with IBS and FAP(S) after 6 years of follow-up. These results support the rationale for implementation of this easy-to-use, widely available and cost-effective home-treatment in daily practice.

Open-Label Placebo in Children With Abdominal Pain or IBS

Source: Nurko S, Saps M, Kossovsky J, et al. Effect of Open-label placebo on children and adolescents with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial [published online ahead of print January 31, 2022]. JAMA Pediatr. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.5750Investigators from multiple institutions conducted a prospective crossover randomized trial to assess the effectiveness of open label placebo (OLP), ie, honestly prescribed placebo, in reducing pain in youths with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Study participants were children 8-18 years old, with either functional abdominal pain or IBS, defined by Rome III criteria, who were enrolled at 3 children’s hospitals in the US between 2015 and 2018. During a 7-day observation period, study patients assessed their pain daily using a 0 to 100 mm visual analogue scale. Following the observation period, those with a mean daily pain scale of 25 mm were randomized to either OLP for 3 weeks or the control period. After 3 weeks, each participant crossed over to the other treatment group. A standard script was used during clinical encounters, with an explanation of placebos provided when a study child began OLP treatment. OLP was an inert suspension containing 85% sucrose, citric acid, water, and methyl paraben as a preservative, and patients were instructed to take 1.5 mL twice daily. Participants were allowed to take hyoscyamine dissolvable tablets as needed as a rescue pain medication. During the 6-week treatment period, study children recorded their daily pain using the visual analogue scale, which was the primary outcome. Differences in mean daily pain scores when participants were taking OLP or in the control period were compared using repeated-measures analysis of covariance; the model included mean pain score during the observation period and accounted for order of treatment. The main secondary outcome was number of hyoscyamine tablets used, with use during the OLP or control periods compared with a t-test.Data were analyzed on 30 patients, including 16 (53.3%) with functional abdominal pain and 14 (46.7%) with IBS. The mean age of study participants was 14.1 ±3.4 years, and 80% were female; the mean daily pain score in these youths during the 7-day observation period was 45.8 ±2.8 mm. Mean daily pain scores in study participants were 39.9 ±18.9 mm during the OLP period and 45.0 ±14.7 mm during the control period (difference, 5.2 mm; 95% CI, 0.2, 10.1; P = 0.03). Overall, 21 (70%) patients had higher daily pain scores during the control period than during the OLP period. Participants also took significantly more hysocyamine tablets during the control period than while receiving OLP (mean, 3.8 ±5.1 and 2.0 ±3.0 tablets, respectively; P = 0.001).The authors conclude that youths with functional abdominal pain or IBS experienced less pain during the OLP period than during the control period.Dr Rosenthal has disclosed no financial relationship relevant to this commentary. This commentary does not contain a discussion of an unapproved/investigative use of a commercial product/device.Disorders of gut-brain interaction such as functional abdominal pain and IBS often are chronic and difficult to treat due to a lack of identified organic targets.1 These disorders often are characterized by disabling symptoms, a poor quality of life, and high use of health care resources.2 In several double-blind studies of medications in children with these disorders, a high rate of favorable response among those receiving placebo has been observed.3 Due to ethical concerns about patient deception, the use of deceptive placebos as only treatments largely has been discouraged. However, recent data in adults suggest that use of OLP can achieve positive results.4In the current study, the authors utilizing OLP were able to significantly reduce pain in children and adolescents with disorders of gut-brain interaction as well as decrease their use of rescue medication. They concluded that OLP may provide an ethical way to harness the placebo effect as a therapeutic tool in the clinic. This is the first study in children that confirms the findings in adults suggesting that OLP can be used without compromising the therapeutic effect.There were several limitations to the current study; these included bias with a lack of treatment blinding, non-conscious expectations (the children’s desire to please the researchers), and the crossover design potentially contributing to carryover effects since the study lacked a washout period in which no “active treatment” was being used, and a short follow-up period.How can the current study results be explained? The exact nature of the response is still not known, but understanding the process and the mechanism behind the positive response may allow its use in routine clinical care in the future. Importantly, a non-pharmacologic therapy shows promise in treating functional abdominal pain and IBS.An OLP may reduce pain in children and adolescents with functional abdominal pain and IBS. (See AAP Grand Rounds. 2017[4]:43.)5

Effect of Open-label Placebo on Children and Adolescents With Functional Abdominal Pain or Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Although it is widely believed that concealment or deception is required to elicit a placebo response, recent studies with adults suggest that open-label placebo (OLP) (ie, honestly prescribed placebos) can yield significant benefits. No studies of OLP have been performed with children. To evaluate the efficacy of OLP for the treatment of children and adolescents with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome. This multicenter crossover randomized clinical trial was conducted from July 1, 2015, to June 15, 2018, at 3 US centers among children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome defined per Rome III criteria. Statistical analysis was performed from March 1, 2019, to September 30, 2020, on an intention-to-treat basis. Patients completed 1 week of observation prior to randomization to 1 of 2 counterbalanced groups: OLP for 3 weeks followed by a 3-week control period or control period for 3 weeks followed by OLP for 3 weeks. During the OLP period, participants took 1.5 mL of an inert liquid placebo twice a day. A standardized method for explaining the OLP was used, and the interaction with clinicians had the same duration and style for both time periods. Hyoscyamine was allowed as a rescue medication. The primary outcome was the mean daily pain score during each of the interventions, measured on a 0- to 100-mm visual analog scale, where higher scores indicated greater pain. The number of rescue medications taken during each intervention served as an objective secondary measure. Thirty patients (mean [SD] age, 14.1 [3.4] years; 24 female participants [80.0%]; 16 [53.3%] with functional abdominal pain and 14 [46.7%] with irritable bowel syndrome) completed the study. The mean (SD) pain scores were significantly lower during OLP treatment compared with the control period (39.9 [18.9] vs 45.0 [14.7]; difference, 5.2; 95% CI, 0.2-10.1; P = .03). Patients took nearly twice as many hyoscyamine pills during the control period compared with during the OLP period (mean [SD] number, 3.8 [5.1] pills vs 2.0 [3.0] pills; difference, 1.8 pills; 95% CI, 0.5-3.1 pills). During OLP, patients with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome reported significantly less pain and took significantly fewer pain medications. Open-label placebo may be an effective treatment for children and adolescents with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02389998.

Diagnostic algorithm of centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome — does it need changes? According to the materials of Rome IV Criteria

The article discusses the algorithm for diagnosing of centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome (CAPS), formerly called functional abdominal pain syndrome, contained in the Rome Criteria of the IV revision (2016). Recommendations for the diagnosis of CAPS, mainly based on the compliance of the signs available in patients with the developed diagnostic criteria with a minimum of additional laboratory tests, are criticized, since such an approach is fraught with possible errors. The author considers the diagnosis of CAPS as a “diagnosis of exclusion”, which can be made only after a thorough examination of patients using laboratory and instrumental research methods (including ultrasound and endoscopic), confi rming the absence of organic diseases in patients.

Identification of a Pain-Specific Gene Expression Profile for Pediatric Recurrent Abdominal Pain.

Objectives: Functional Abdominal Pain (FAP) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) are common recurrent abdominal pain diagnoses with the hallmark, lack of inflammation. To identify a biological signature for IBS/FAP in the colon, this study used genetic profiling to uncover gene expression changes associated with IBS/FAP and abdominal pain.Methods: Patients (8 to 17 years) newly diagnosed with IBS or FAP were enrolled in the study. At diagnostic colonoscopy, three rectal biopsies were collected, and gene expression analysis was performed using a Qiagen PCR Array. Relative fold difference in gene expression for 84 pain-associated genes was calculated using the 2-ΔΔ Cq method compared with pain-free controls. Factors affecting pain burden (Pain Burden Interview; PBI) were analyzed, including age, sex, rectal inflammation, and gene expression. Data were analyzed using multiple stepwise linear regression and 2-tailed t tests (P ≤ 0.05).Results: Of the 22 total patients in the study, 19 were diagnosed with either IBS-Constipation (frequency of 5.26%), IBS-Diarrhea (47.37%), IBS-Mixed (10.53%), or FAP (36.84%). IBS/FAP patients reported significantly higher pain burden at the time of diagnosis compared to pain-free controls (p < 0.001), as well as significantly higher abdominal pain (p = 0.01). Of the 84 genes, expression of GRIN1 (p = 0.02), MAPK3 (p = 0.04), P2X4 (p = 0.04), and PTGES3 (p = 0.02) were all significantly associated with PBI score.Discussion: Abdominal pain associated with IBS/FAP in pediatric patients may be linked to the expression of GRIN1, MAPK3, P2X4, and PTGES3, pointing to potential novel therapeutic targets for management of recurring abdominal pain.

Функциональная абдоминальная боль у детей

Абдоминальная боль является одной из самых распространенных жалоб детей в практике педиатра и семейного врача. В большинстве случаев причиной хронической боли в животе является неорганическая, функциональная абдоминальная боль (ФАБ) без объективных признаков основного органического расстройства. В настоящее время среди различных групп спазмолитиков при лечении функциональных расстройств пищеварительного тракта отдают предпочтение селективным миотропным спазмолитикам — блокаторам быстрых натриевых каналов клеточной мембраны миоцита (мебеверин). В клинической практике при лечении пациентов с абдоминальной болью заслуживает внимания мебеверина гидрохлорид (СПАРК®, ПАО «Фармак»). Изучение эффективности применения мебеверина СПАРК® при ФАБ у детей проводилось на базе гастроэнтерологического отделения детской клинической больницы № 19 г. Харькова. Под наблюдением находилось 44 ребенка в возрасте от 10 до 18 лет с ФАБ. В структуре функциональной патологии зарегистрированы: функциональная диспепсия (ФД) — 54,1 %, синдром раздраженного кишечника (СРК) — 20,8 %, функциональные расстройства билиарного тракта (ФРБТ) — 79,2 %; ФД + ФРБТ — 34,1 %, ФД + СРК — 16 %, ФРБТ + СРК — 8,3 %. Диагноз был верифицирован согласно унифицированным протоколам лечения. Пациенты получали комплексную патогенетическую терапию и селективный спазмолитик СПАРК® по 1 капсуле два раза в день на протяжении семи дней. Оценка болевого синдрома проводилась на момент обращения и ежедневно в течение периода наблюдения. Для оценки интенсивности боли использовалась цифровая рейтинговая шкала боли. При наблюдаемой тенденции к купированию абдоминальной боли у всех пациентов из группы наблюдения уже с 5-го дня от начала терапии не отмечали абдоминальной боли дети с незначительно выраженной болью, а с 6-го дня — с умеренно выраженной болью. Более длительно, до 7 суток, сохранялась боль у детей с выраженной болью. Таким образом, абдоминальная боль — одна из наиболее часто встречаемых и сложных проблем в практике врача. Наиболее часто она возникает при функциональных расстройствах желудочно-кишечного тракта. Применение селективных миотропных спазмолитиков (мебеверин) для купирования абдоминальной боли патогенетически обосновано. Полученные результаты показали эффективность препарата СПАРК® при лечении функциональной абдоминальной боли у детей. Побочных эффектов и аллергических реакций при приеме препарата не отмечалось. Мебеверин (СПАРК®) может быть препаратом выбора и рекомендован при абдоминальной боли у взрослых и детей в возрасте от 10 лет.

Centrally Mediated Abdominal Pain Syndrome

Centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome (CAPS), known as functional abdominal pain syndrome in the Rome III criteria of functional gastrointestinal diseases, has a reported population prevalence of between 0.5% and 2.1%, with a female preponderance. The pathogenesis of CAPS has not been completely established, and various studies are being conducted. On the other hand, central nervous system sensitization with disinhibition of the pain signaling pathways appears to play a more important role than the up-regulation of peripheral afferent neuronal excitability. The diagnosis of CAPS is based on the Rome IV criteria (2016) and is established around the gastrointestinal symptoms combination. Various new treatment trials and effective patient-physician relationships showed progressive results.

Risk factors of recurrent abdominal pain in adolescents

Background Recurrent abdominal pain is 2-4% of all cases encountered by pediatricians. Risk factors vary among countries. There is no data on prevalence and risk factors of recurrent abdominal pain in adolescents in Indonesia.&#x0D; Objective To evaluate prevalence and risk factors of recurrent abdominal pain in junior high school students.&#x0D; Methods A cross-sectional study was performed among junior high school students in South Jakarta who experienced recurrent abdominal pain according to Roma III criteria. Students allowed by their parents to participate to this study were asked to complete a Roma III questionnaire. Data about sociodemographic and history of recurrent abdominal pain among the parents were also collected using a questionnaire.&#x0D; ResultsThree hundred ninety-six adolescents participated in this study, 17.2% among them experiencing recurrentabdominal pain. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was the most common type (42.6%), followed by functional dyspepsia (30.9%), functional abdominal pain syndrome (11.8%), functional abdominal pain (10.3%), and abdominal migraine (4.4%). The risk factor most responsible was anxious personality (OR 3.86; 95%CI 2.05 to 7.29, P&lt;0.001). Other risk factors that contribute were female, age &gt; 13 years, and middle to lower family income.&#x0D; Conclusions Prevalence of recurrent abdominal pain in adolescents is 17.2%. Irritable bowel syndrome is the most common type. The risk factors are anxious personality, female, age &gt; 13 years, and middle to lower family income.

Social Media Use in Adolescents With Functional Abdominal Pain

Social media use is increasing in children in the U.S., which could be related to the high prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in this population.Objective: To investigate the relationship of social media use with the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with a functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome diagnosis.Study Design: We administered a questionnaire to collect information about screen time, demographics, and a modified Validated Varni PedsQL Gastrointestinal symptom scale which assesses the severity of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.Results: We surveyed a total of 59 subjects, which included 26 subjects with functional abdominal pain and 33 age-matched healthy controls. The median score across all 8 scales was about a third less for cases (median: 63; IQR: 55–78) than controls (median: 93; IQR: 83–95) (p < 0.001). Mean screen time in the study group (341 min/day) was very similar to that in the control group (331 min/day). There was no statistically significant association between screen time per day and the number of platforms used for either the cases or controls. YouTube (92%) and Instagram (88%) were the first and second most popular platforms used by the children with functional abdominal pain; Instagram (97%) and Snapchat (82%) were the most popular platforms in the healthy controls. Interestingly, social media were more often used for entertainment, reading, and productivity by the children with functional abdominal pain (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The amount of screen time/day and the number of social media platforms used does not correlate with the severity of abdominal pain and other GI symptoms in adolescents with FGID. Further research will be needed to confirm if the platforms are used differently by children with functional gastrointestinal disorder.

Self\u2013reported specific learning disorders and risk factors among Hungarian adolescents with functional abdominal pain disorders: a cross sectional study

BackgroundDespite its increasing clinical significance and diagnostic challenges, little is known about functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) in Central-Eastern Europe. In this paper, the prevalence and potential sociodemographic correlates of FAPDs among Hungarian adolescents are explored.MethodsA cross-sectional, nationwide, questionnaire study in a representative sample of 657 adolescents has been conducted. With a response rate of 80.2%, 522/527 (99.1%) questionnaires were eligible for data analysis (N = 267, 51.1% girls, mean age 14.8, SD 2.4 years). The questionnaire included sociodemographic variables (age, sex, place of residence, marital status of the parents, family income, religion, educational level of parents), questions regarding self–reported specific learning disorders and the Questionnaire for Paediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rome ΙΙΙ Edition.ResultsThe prevalence of FAPDs was 11.9% (N = 62). FAPDs were significantly associated with female sex. Living in a county town showed a negative correlation with FAPD. Adolescents with self–reported arithmetic learning disorders had an 8.7-fold likelihood of FAPD (OR, 8.7; 95% CI (3.5–21.9). Adolescent girls reported pain in all subtypes of FAPDs more frequently than adolescent boys except functional abdominal pain syndrome. The most prevalent FAPD was abdominal migraine (N = 32, 6.1%), followed by irritable bowel syndrome (N = 24, 4.6%).ConclusionsThe prevalence of FAPDs in Hungary is similar to that reported worldwide, however, contrary to international data, abdominal migraine is the most frequently encountered FAPD in Hungary. In addition to well-known correlates of FAPDs, such as female sex and place of residence, arithmetic learning disorders have also been identified as correlating with the prevalence of FAPDs. Our results suggest culture-specific differences in the distribution of FAPDs, and confirm the significance of school performance indicators such as specific learning disorders as a correlate of FAPDs.