Function Of Relative Speed Research Articles

Regularized friction and continuation: Comparison with Coulomb's law

Periodic solutions of systems with friction are difficult to investigate because of the non-smooth nature of friction laws. This paper examines periodic solutions and most notably stick–slip, on a simple one-degree-of-freedom system (mass, spring, damper, and belt), with Coulomb's friction law, and with a regularized friction law (i.e. the friction coefficient becomes a function of relative speed, with a stiffness parameter). With Coulomb's law, the stick–slip solution is constructed step by step, which gives a usable existence condition. With the regularized law, the Asymptotic Numerical Method and the Harmonic Balance Method provide bifurcation diagrams with respect to the belt speed or normal force, and for several values of the regularization parameter. Formulations from the Coulomb case give the means of a comparison between regularized solutions and a standard reference. With an appropriate definition, regularized stick–slip motion exists, its amplitude increases with respect to the belt speed and its pulsation decreases with respect to the normal force.

Synthesis and Characterization of Antifriction Magnetorheological Fluids for Brake

Magnetorheological (MR) fluids are smart materials with shear strength ranging between zero to 100 kPa under the influence of magnetic field. The present paper discusses the synthesis of MR fluid and its application in brake. In MR brake, gap between stator and rotor is filled with low (off-state) viscosity MR fluid. On the application of magnetic field, MR fluid changes its state from liquid to semi-solid by aligning magnetic particles in chains. Due to such chaining action, yield strength of fluid increases, friction between stator and rotor increases and fulfils the braking function. The strength of magnetic particle is a function of relative speed between stator and rotor, applied magnetic field, and volume percentage of magnetic particle. In this study antifriction (off-state) and strong chain (onstate) CI based MR fluid has been prepared by mixing oleic acid as antifriction additives and tetramethylammonium hydroxide as surfactant to reduce the agglomeration of the MR fluid. Yield strengths of the synthesized MR fluid in on-state and off-state have been compared with commercially available MRF 241ES fluid. A flywheel based MR brake experimental setup has been developed to analyze the performance of designed and developed MR brake. Results show that synthesized MR fluid is stronger and faster in response compared to MRF 241ES fluid.

Maximum sustainable speed, energetics and swimming kinematics of a tropical carangid fish, the green jack Caranx caballus

Maximum sustained swimming speeds, swimming energetics and swimming kinematics were measured in the green jack Caranx caballus (Teleostei: Carangidae) using a 41 l temperature-controlled, Brett-type swimming-tunnel respirometer. In individual C. caballus [mean ±s.d. of 22·1 ± 2·2 cm fork length (L(F) ), 190 ± 61 g, n = 11] at 27·2 ± 0·7° C, mean critical speed (U(crit)) was 102·5 ± 13·7 cm s⁻¹ or 4·6 ± 0·9 L(F) s⁻¹. The maximum speed that was maintained for a 30 min period while swimming steadily using the slow, oxidative locomotor muscle (U(max,c)) was 99·4 ± 14·4 cm s⁻¹ or 4·5 ± 0·9 L(F) s⁻¹. Oxygen consumption rate (M in mg O₂ min⁻¹) increased with swimming speed and with fish mass, but mass-specific M (mg O₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹) as a function of relative speed (L(F) s⁻¹) did not vary significantly with fish size. Mean standard metabolic rate (R(S) ) was 170 ± 38 mg O₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹, and the mean ratio of M at U(max,c) to R(S) , an estimate of factorial aerobic scope, was 3·6 ± 1·0. The optimal speed (U(opt) ), at which the gross cost of transport was a minimum of 2·14 J kg⁻¹ m⁻¹, was 3·8 L(F) s⁻¹. In a subset of the fish studied (19·7-22·7 cm L(F) , 106-164 g, n = 5), the swimming kinematic variables of tailbeat frequency, yaw and stride length all increased significantly with swimming speed but not fish size, whereas tailbeat amplitude varied significantly with speed, fish mass and L(F) . The mean propulsive wavelength was 86·7 ± 5·6 %L(F) or 73·7 ± 5·2 %L(T) . Mean ±s.d. yaw and tailbeat amplitude values, calculated from lateral displacement of each intervertebral joint during a complete tailbeat cycle in three C. caballus (19·7, 21·6 and 22·7 cm L(F) ; 23·4, 25·3 and 26·4 cm L(T) ), were 4·6 ± 0·1 and 17·1 ± 2·2 %L(T) , respectively. Overall, the sustained swimming performance, energetics, kinematics, lateral displacement and intervertebral bending angles measured in C. caballus were similar to those of other active ectothermic fishes that have been studied, and C. caballus was more similar to the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus than to the kawakawa tuna Euthynnus affinis.

Speed Dependence of Pressure Broadening in Molecular Rotational Spectra Using a Novel Technique.

The line shape of a mm-wave rotational transition of ${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}\mathrm{I}$ in an excited vibrational state is observed for molecules in different velocity classes. The collisional self-broadening is measured as a function of relative speed by a novel experimental approach and clear evidence of speed dependence is observed. This result confirms the failure of an oversimplified model, which however is still widely used. We discuss it in detail, and we also show that the rotational temperature of the perturbing molecules has a large influence on the pressure broadening coefficient.

Variation of the polarization ratio for rotationally inelastic collisions with laser selected velocity

We extend the technique of velocity selection by narrow linewidth laser excitation by measuring the polarization of emission following energy transfer as a function of selected velocity. We apply this to rotationally inelastic collisions in A1ΣuLi2–Xe and find that for most transitions, there is a noticeable decrease in the circular polarization ratio at the center of the Doppler profile. We speculate as to whether the reason for this is dynamical, geometrical, or a combination of the two. We are able to deconvolute cross sections for the transfer of orientation as a function of relative speed which can then be compared with cross sections for the transfer of population.

Theory of Collisionally Aided Radiative Excitation in Three-Level Systems: New Interference Effect.

Abstract : Collisionally Aided Radiative Excitation in a three-level atomic system is investigated using a stationary phase method for the case of large atom-field detunings and weak incident fields. It is found that collision-induced coherent phase interference effects can give rise to oscillatory structure in the total absorption cross section as a function of relative speed (energy). An example is given for a specific interatomic potential, indicating that experimental observation of such an effect is feasible. (Author)

Theory of Collisionally Aided Radiative Excitation in Three-Level Systems: New Interference Effect

Collisionally aided radiative excitation in a three-level atomic system is investigated with use of a stationary-phase method for the case of large atom-field detunings and weak incident fields. It is found that collision-induced coherent phase-interference effects can give rise to oscillatory structure in the total absorption cross section as a function of relative speed (energy). An example is given for a specific interatomic potential, indicating that experimental observation of such an effect is feasible.