Functions Of Prepositions Research Articles

English Prepositions Expressing Temporal Limits: Semantic Features and Functioning

This article explores the semantics and usage of prepositions in the English that denote temporal limits of actions. A review of various lexicographical sources, reference literature, and grammars is conducted, highlighting that not all sources provide comprehensive information on the meanings and functioning of prepositions, often offering only general information. Practical material for the study is extracted from the British National Corpus, comprising approximately two thousand contexts. It is established that making a definitive conclusion about including a temporal limit within the timeframe allocated for an action is not always possible. This semantic ambiguity is noted in around 20% of the total number of analyzed contexts. The study demonstrates that to resolve ambiguity and ensure successful communication, addressees often resort to using clarifying elements or complete / partial paraphrasing of the message text. Clarifications are found to be most typical in texts of a scientific research nature, schedules, legal and economic documents. The article concludes on the necessity of further research related to the semantics and usage of prepositions.

Выражение категории предшествования предлогами и союзами в английском языке

In this article, a semantic-syntactic analysis of prepositions and conjunctions in the English language with the semantics of precedence is presented. The research objective is to determine the features of the functioning of prepositions and conjunctions in the English language involved in representing the category of precedence. A set of prepositions and conjunctions of temporal semantics implementing the studied meaning has been identified in the paper. The scientific novelty lies in identifying the dominant functions of a preposition or conjunction as non-verbal means of expressing temporality, particularly the meaning of precedence, in determining the temporal meaning of the statement. The obtained results revealed that in the English language, the potential for representing precedence by prepositions and conjunctions is determined by their combinability. Prepositions of precedence are differentiated by types of precedence: 1) immediate precedence (till and until); 2) distant precedence without obligatory localization (before); 3) precedence to a specific moment in time without a zone of distance (by). Prepositions more often express precedence to an explicit time interval, while conjunctions represent precedence to an event described in a subordinate clause, and implying an interval. The specificity of the English language lies in the homonymy of prepositions and conjunctions of precedence.

Problems of functional grammar: The use of prepositions with the reciprocal- reflexive pronoun in modern Russian

The study elucidates the functional regularities of the reciprocal-reflexive pronoun “друг друга” (each other) with non-derivative and derivative words, including compounds and prepositions. The wide basis of the National Corpus of Russian is employed to evaluate the variant use possibilities of prepositions in pre-, inter- and post-position. We propose a theoretical substantiation of various cases of interaction between reciprocal pronouns and prepositions; the article actively involves collected statistical data on the frequency of use of various forms at different temporal stages. We outline two opposite trends in the sphere of reciprocal-reflexive pronouns with prepositions. The first trend, towards the interpositional use of derivative prepositions, is determined by the process of their reception by the language system and their convergence with non-derivative prepositions. The second trend, towards the pre-positional use of derivative prepositions, is conditioned by an awareness of the integrity of the pronoun “друг друга” (each other) and is supported by the mechanisms of spoken language. The first trend determined the functioning of prepositions with reciprocal reflexive pronouns throughout the 20th century. The second trend has been actively developing in the last two decades. First of all, it supports the variability of unsettled prepositional-case constructions. We predict further growth of prepositional variants of prepositional-case constructions with the pronoun “друг друга” (each other), especially in colloquial speech.

SEMANTIC FUNCTIONS OF LOCAL AND TEMPORAL PREPOSITIONS IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE

The article is devoted to the functions of local and temporal prepositions in German. Space and time are fundamental concepts that exist in the human mind, which explains the importance of studying them. Understanding and describing spatial and temporal relations in different languages is of particular interest both in cognitive and linguistic terms. The study of prepositions that convey spatial and temporal relations makes it possible to identify the patterns of spatial and temporal perception of the world, refracted in the meanings of these language units, and helps to reveal the system of concepts with which a person comprehends the world around him, which is important for professional translators. The relevance of the study is that it is devoted to little-studied problematic semantics – the problematic meanings of spatial and temporary prepositions. The object of the research is the system of spatial and temporal prepositions of the German language. The subject of the research is the semantic functions of prepositions, expressive spatial and temporal relations. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of the spatial and temporal perception of the world by native speakers of the German language by describing and comparing the semantic functions of the spatial and temporal prepositions of the German language. The article considers the main aspects of the study of prepositions within the framework of modern linguistics in order to determine the basic theoretical postulates of the study, and also determines the specificity of the grammatical and lexical meanings of prepositions. The authors of the article analyzed research approaches to the study of the semantic structure and functionality of prepositions. In addition, the categories of space and time are considered in order to determine the place and role of prepositions in the expression of spatial and temporal relations. The article reveals the features of the spatial and temporal perception of the world by German speakers, which are reflected in the semantics of local and temporal prepositions.

"Beginning" and "le début" in the Service Units of the Russian and French Languages

Prepositions in all languages represent a limitless field for research and comparisons. The function of prepositions is to express various relations of objective reality. The subject of the research of the presented article is a detailed description of the functioning of the component "beginning" in phraseological prepositions in Russian and the component "le début" in phraseological prepositions in French. Prepositions have been the subject of study by many linguists T.I. Antonova, N.I. Astafieva, O.S. Akhmanova, A.M. Babkin, M.V. Binkovskaya, R.V. Boldyrev, V.S. Bondarenko, N.I. Bukatevich, M.S. Bunina, M.V. Vsevolodova, L.N. Zasorina, G.A. Zolotova, E.G. Kulinich, Yu.I. Ledeneva, T.A. Panteleeva, R.P. Rogozhnikova, E.T. Cherkasova, G.A. Shiganova and others. The study is conducted in a comparative manner. The novelty of the research undertaken lies in the fact that phraseological prepositions with the component "beginning" in Russian and the component "le début" in French represent the beginning of an action or phenomenon, limitation, following and preceding in time. Empirical material shows that the productivity of the formation of phraseological prepositions with the meaning of temporality is quite high both in Russian and in French. Having analyzed the internal organization of phraseological prepositions with the studied component, we come to the conclusion that the Russian language has a greater variety of structural organization schemes than in French, with all its analyticity.

FUNCTIONS OF THE PREPOSITION Z IN VASYL STEFANYK’S NOVELLAS

Mykola Lesiuk’s article «Functions of the preposition Z in Vasyl Stefanyk’s novellas» examines a fragment of the Language Dictionary of the fictional works of this outstanding Ukrainian novella author (Mykola Lesiuk. The Language Dictionary of Vasyl Stefanyk’s Fictional Works (a fragment). Ivano-Frankivsk : Misto NV. 2021. 384 p.), in particular the role of the preposition Z and its variants.
 The aim of the article – to show and illustrate how the dictionary entry on the functions of the preposition Z and its variants in V. Stefanyk’s fictional works is created, the richness of relations these or those words enter into thanks to this preposition. While creating the dictionary there were used the principles of compiling dictionaries of writers’ language, developed as far back as at the end of the previous century by Professor I. Kovalyk and somewhat renewed and perfected by the compiler of the Dictionary and the author of this article. The article traces how these principles are embodied in practice.
 The research methods lay in the exhaustive analysis of dictionary entries, the entry on the preposition Z in particular. The methods of creating the Dictionary foresaw the thorough examination of the writer’s texts in V. 1 of Vasyl Stefanyk’s academic edition(1949) and writing out word combinations with the preposition Z from them, establishing sense and grammar relations that appeared due to the preposition Z.
 The research results. Since the compilation of the dictionary of the writer’s language is too complicated and laborious work, meant for a group of people, there was created only a fragment of the dictionary consisting of seven letters, that, however, has a great practical significance because it can serve as the model for creating other similar dictionaries or a full dictionary of V. Stefanyk’s language, and the article on the preposition Z may serve as the pattern for describing functions of other prepositions or function words.
 The article’s scientific novelty does not arouse any doubt as in the Ukrainian linguistics there were no publications tracing the employment of the functional parts speech in works of a separate author.

CASES OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL ORIENTATION (ON THE MATERIAL OF LANGUAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPOLOGICAL AFFILIATION)

The purpose of this study is to identify the features of spatial and temporal perception of the world by native speakers of the Udmurt and German languages by describing the semantic functions of spatial and temporal prepositions. The paper considers the functioning of prepositions in free word combinations, where each structural element has its own lexical meaning. It is noted that the case system of the Udmurt language is not frozen, once and for all given. It underwent many changes in its development before linguists came to a consensus. The developed system of cases of the Udmurt language contributes to the manifestation of a tendency to specialization, monosemization of forms, in contrast to homonymy and polysemy of case forms of the German language. As for the system of German cases, there is no fixed form that would express spatial relations. Moreover, there are no cases of spatio-temporal orientation expressing both the values of time and space, which are quite widespread in the Finno-Ugric languages. Udmurt and German are languages of different typological affiliation. Thus, each language type reflects a particular conceptual content in its own way. The Udmurt language, being agglutinative, uses synthetic means (suffixes and endings) to express the phenomena under study, while the German (analytical-synthetic language) is characterized by analytical means - articles and prepositions.

CHALLENGES OF THE INTERFERENCE IN TEACHING FUTURE INTERPRETERS

Annotation. The article examines the problems that arise in the process of learning foreign languages by future translators, in particular the phenomenon of linguistic interference in oral and written speech. The aim of the work is to identify the peculiarities of overcoming linguistic interference in the process of teaching students by analyzing the causes of this phenomenon and effective methods of avoiding it. Based on the analysis of scientific works, it is established that interference can be viewed from three different points of view: as a result of the interaction of two or more systems, as a process of this interaction and as prerequisites for it.  It is emphasized that no languages interact by themselves as language systems, i.e., interference occurs in a certain social group, and the preconditions for certain processes and results of interference are largely determined by the properties of the members of this group. The authors used the methods of monitoring students studying English, German and Ukrainian as foreign languages, as well as the analysis of informants involving teachers of Ukrainian, German and English. Based on the results of observations of foreign and Ukrainian students studying a foreign language, the phonetic conditionality of phonological processes is established, which is manifested in the absence of a difference between the sounds of the native and foreign languages - possible errors are determined by the sensory and perceptual characteristics of the speaker; and with an adequate perceptual assessment, correct realization may stop working due to the influence of the properties of the articulation base of the native language - errors are of a motor nature. The article deals with orthographic, grammatical (morphological, syntactic and punctuation), lexical, semantic, stylistic and intra-linguistic interference. Orthographic interference is the negative influence of similar words in another language on the spelling of words in one language. The influence of the grammatical structure of the native language on the second language of a bilingual is manifested in mixed case values, in the function of prepositions, in the violation of word order, inconsistency of genders, numbers and cases. Lexical interference is defined as the borrowing of foreign language lexemes during bilingualism, which is expressed either in the transfer of phonemic sequence from one language to another, or in the violation of the structure of the meaning of a native language lexeme or in formations modeled on foreign language words.  Semantic interference is manifested at the level of word meaning. It is emphasized that in case of incorrect choice of a particular language situation, it is a stylistic interference.

EXPRESSION OF POSSESSIVE RELATIONS IN THE ARABIC LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS USING PREPOSITIONS

Problem statement: In contrast to the European languages in Arabic, the expression of possessive relations occurs in other ways, namely, well-known, and in the first place these are constructions with idafa (´iḍāfah), as well as constructions with prepositions. In our work, we consider constructions with the preposition li- and the preposition min, as one of the means of expressing possession in the Arabic language. Results. In the function of prepositions to express possessive relations, in addition to the mentioned prepositions, “improper prepositions” can be used, which are usually not used as independent names. Possessive relations in the Arabic language can be expressed by particles playing the role of prepositions (inda), and official words (siwa, gayra) are also used. A similar pattern is observed in Arabic dialects. In some (Moorish) old prepositions from literary Arabic are preserved. In others (Moroccan), this function is performed by service words (d, dyāl, mtāε). Conclusion. Thus, prepositions take an active part in the expression of possession in the Arabic language and its dialects. The functions of prepositions in the Arabic language are taken over by particles. With the help of particles and words playing the role of prepositions between the components of phrases, a possessive connection can be made. Syntactically and semantically, prepositions can be replaced by the genitive or idafa construct, but in some cases the prepositional group is preferable.

Prepositions Representing Space in English And Russian Proverbs

The article discusses the functioning of prepositions, representing space, in proverbs and sayings of the English and Russian languages. The category of space is one of the essential categories of the modern worldview and has been studied by scientists of various fields of knowledge for centuries. Space, along with time, is an integral attribute of the existence of all objects and processes of the surrounding reality, as well as one of the main categories of culture, which enables a person to perceive the world. In linguistics, spatial relationships are expressed by various means, lexical and grammatical (morphological and syntactic). This article deals with the expression of the category of space by lexical means, namely one of the service parts of speech, prepositions. The prepositions expressing the space are grouped in the article according to the meanings. Oriented and non-oriented prepositions are considered. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the prepositions representing the space in the paroemiological fund of heterogeneous English and Russian languages, determined the universal and unique characteristics of each of the compared languages.

The Types and Functions of Prepositions in P.S. I Love You Movie by Richard Lagravenese

A research is entitled The Types and Functions of Prepositions in P.S. I Love You movie by Richard LaGravenese. This paper is intended to analyze the types of prepositions and the functions of prepositions. The writer uses descriptive method to establish this research. The aims of the research are to know the types of preposition and to identify the preposition functions which are used in P.S. I Love You movie. The result of the research shows the types of prepositions that appear in the movie are the preposition of time, preposition of place, preposition of manner, and preposition of direction. Meanwhile, the functions of prepositions that appear in P.S. I Love You movie are the function as head of prepositional phrases, noun phrase modifier, noun phrase complement, adjunct and adverbial, and the fuction as particle.

Preposition Repetition in Phrases with Homogeneous Parts of a Sentence in Business Texts of the 18<sup>th</sup> Century

The question of dialect differences in the use of homogeneous parts of a sentence and prepositions in business texts of the 18th century is considered. Attention is paid to the factors that influenced the preposition repetition in such groups. The results of comparative analysis of peripheral (in particular, Chelyabinsk) and Moscow business texts of the 18th century are presented. The question is raised whether the syntactic role of words in the group under study affected the preposition repetition. Special attention is paid to the duplication of the preposition in a number of stable expressions typical for the business usage of the 18th century. For the first time, the task is to identify differences in the use of repeated prepositions in business texts that relate to different territories. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that it draws readers’ attention to a new aspect in the history of the formation of Russian language norms. It is proved that in the business texts of the 18th century, which have different origins, territorial affiliation was not a decisive factor. The author points out that along with the place where the document was written, the author’s preferences, the functioning of prepositions in formula expressions, the syntactic role of homogeneous members, and the genre of the document may have influenced the duplication of the preposition.

Functions of prepositions in Pular: e and ka1

AbstractThe article presents an overview of the functions of two prepositions in the Pular language of Guinea (Fula < Atlantic family < Niger‐Congo). These two prepositions, e and ka, stand out from other prepositions as they are the only two that have been neither grammaticalized nor derived. These two prepositions share some functions between them, such as forming a complex prepositional phrase with other prepositions and, to some extent, locative functions. The preposition e can only be used in a limited number of locative contexts (mainly describing interior as opposed to adjacency), and its true domain is numerous functions related to shared argument roles. These functions include sociative, comitative, and reciprocal. Also e can perform a coordinative conjunction function, whereas ka cannot. The latter also has a special, but rare, function, which is introducing addresative argument.

Relationality, Fidelity, and the Event in Sappho

This article considers the conceptual significance of relationality in Sappho. It argues that Sappho's poetry reconstitutes systems of relation by making evident exceptions to their explanatory capacity. These exceptions can be profitably understood through the rubric of the “event.” Drawing in particular on the relational function of prepositions and Alain Badiou's philosophical work on the event, the article examines how “thinking prepositionally” alongside Sappho reveals both the relations that make up the situational world of her poetry as well as those evental moments of non-relation through which that world is impossibly transformed. The article concludes with considerations of Sapphic fidelity—that is, how Sappho's poetry realizes the transformative potential of the event—and the poet's articulation of the event through figures of preeminence and comparison.

PREPOSITIONS AND THEIR SYNTACTIC USE IN ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH

A preposition is a word or set of words that indicates location or some other relationship between a noun or pronoun and other parts of the sentence. It refers to the word or phrase which shows the relationship between one thing and another, linking nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. They are abstract words that have no concrete meaning. They merely show the relationships between groups of words. Within a preposition, there are many different variations in meaning that are conveyed. The proper interpretation of prepositions is an important issue for automatic natural language understanding. Although the complexity of preposition usage has been argued for and documented by various scholars in linguistics, psycholinguistics, and computational linguistics, very few studies have been done on the function of prepositions in natural language processing (NLP) applications. The reason is that prepositions are probably the most polysemous category and thus, their linguistic realizations are difficult to predict and their cross-linguistic regularities difficult to identify. Prepositions play a major role in the syntactic structures of the English language and they often make an essential contribution to sentence meaning by signifying temporal and spatial relationships, as well as abstract relations involving cause and purpose, agent and instrument, manner and accompaniment, support and much more. They are sensitive linguistic elements that are culturally acceptable and very well known to all members of the same linguistic community. According to cognitive semantics, the figurative senses of a preposition are extended from its spatial senses through conceptual metaphors. In a pedagogical context, it may be useful to draw learners' attention to those aspects of a preposition's spatial sense that are especially relevant for its metaphorization processes. Prepositions have type restrictions on their arguments, they assign thematic roles, and they have a semantic content, possibly underspecified. The only difference with the other open-class categories like nouns, verbs or adjectives is that they do not have any morphology.

교육 영문법에서 전치사의 문법범주와 기능: L2 영문법의 학습가능성 향상을 위한 방안

교육 영문법에서 전치사의 문법범주와 기능: L2 영문법의 학습가능성 향상을 위한 방안

СИСТЕМА ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕДЛОГОВ НЕМЕЦКОГО ЯЗЫКА (КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫЙ ПОДХОД)

The article is devoted to the consideration of the features of the semantic functions of prepositions with spatial meaning in the German language from the point of view of the conceptual approach. The author gives a brief description of the system of prepositions expressing static and dynamic spatial relations in the German language, identifies semantic types of nouns in prepositional combinations. The focus of the work is on presenting ways to conceptualize spatial relations by native speakers. The paper suggests an algorithm for finding the necessary preposition of spatial meaning.

Производные предлоги сообразно и сообразно с как показатели отношений соответствия

The article is devoted to the description of derived prepositions soobrazno ( s ) ‘in accordance (with)’ within a system of means of expression the relations of comparison. The research urgency is caused by necessity of systematization of the arsenal of service words, marking certain types of relationships, by identifying their belonging to the core or the periphery of the system. The novelty of this work lies in the object of study: these prepositions were not systematically analysed. The study of the functioning of prepositions is carried out in accordance with a methodology allowing to identify syntagmatic and semantic properties of prepositions. The focus of the study is the specificity of the compatibility of the mentioned prepositions. The result is that the syntagmatic properties of soobrazno and soobrazno s allow to consider them as formal variants. Results are presented of a comparative analysis of co-occurrence possibilities of the mentioned prepositions and prepositions within the core of means of expression of the relationship of conformity. The work concludes about the fundamental difference between the syntagmatic properties of prepositions soobrazno and soobrazno s and v sootvetstvii s and coincidence is revealed of the syntagmatic properties of analyzed in this work prepositions and preposition sootvetstvenno . In the result, the conclusion is made about the presence of semantic specificity of the prepositions of one semantic group.

Deportation or Forgiveness in Hosea 1.6? Verb Valence Patterns and Translation Proposals

In order to render a verb consistently within the syntactic pattern in which it occurs, it is necessary to take into account the presence of a direct object (one, multiple, or none), the possibility of an idiomatic expression involving the direct object, the lexical characteristics of the elements in the construction, and the presence and particular function of prepositions in relation to the verb. Lexicons often provide a broad range of meanings for a single verb, but because a pattern might be affected by the combination with other elements, it is not always clear under which conditions a specific significance is applicable. Exegetes and translators sometimes take the liberty of choosing rather freely from the offered dictionary glosses, apparently not being sufficiently aware that elements present in the context could pose restrictions on the choice of rendering. Using examples containing the Hebrew verbs עשׂה, נשׂא, and שׂים, the significance of the specific patterns in which these verbs occur is explored. Variety in the translations of these verbs is presented and analyzed. The insights inform a procedure for identifying the signification of Hebrew verbs in which a series of questions guides one to a consistent rendering of the pattern in which the verb occurs.

Preposisi dalam Bahasa Kaili

Bahasa Kaili adalah bahasa yang digunakan di Sulawesi Tengah. Sebagai bahasa daerah, bahasa Kaili memegang peranan penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat Kaili. Oleh karena itu, bahasa Kaili sebagai bahasa daerah, perlu dipelihara dan dilestarikan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mendeskripsikan dan mengetahui bentuk preposisi dalam bahasa Kaili dan (2) mendeskripsikan fungsi preposisi dalam sebuah kalimat dalam bahasa Kaili. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode cakap dengan teknik dasar yaitu teknik pancing dan teknik lanjutan yaitu teknik cakap semuka. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa bentuk preposisi dalam bahasa Kaili terdiri atas dua macam, yaitu preposisi tunggal dan preposisi gabungan. Preposisi tunggal terdiri atas preposisi berupa kata dasar dan preposisi yang berprefiks. Preposisi gabungan terdiri atas preposisi yang berdampingan, preposisi yang berkorelasi, dan preposisi nomina lokatif. Fungsi preposisi dalam bahasa Kaili yaitu sebagai penanda hubungan tempat, penanda hubungan maksud, penanda hubungan cara atau alat, penanda hubungan waktu, penanda hubungan sebab, penanda hubungan tujuan, dan penanda hubungan perbandingan.