Function Of Oxygen Partial Pressure Research Articles

Exhaustive Study of Electrical Conductivity in the MNb2−x TixO6–0.5x (M = Mg, Ca, Zn; x = 0, 0.1, 0.2) Columbites

The CaNb2O6 and ZnNb2O6 columbites (Sp.gr. Pbcn) were studied as oxygen ion conductors both theoretically and experimentally. A theoretical approach included geometrical-topological analysis, bond valence site energy (BVSE) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The BVSE approach showed the possibility of pure oxygen ions diffusion with migration energies less than 0.45 eV in both compounds. However, DFT calculations indicated the possibility of diffusion of both anions and cations. The single-phases columbites were synthesized by the Pechini method for accurately determine charge carriers type and investigated by impedance spectroscopy, by the Tubandt method, which confirmed the absence of cationic conductivity, and measured the electrical conductivity as a function of oxygen partial pressures. The CaNb2O6 sample was characterized by the pure oxygen-ionic conductivity ∼2 × 10−6 S cm–1 at 800 °C (E a = 0.82 eV), while the ZnNb2O6 had a similar conductivity value due to mixed ionic-electronic contribution (E a = 0.83 eV). The electromotive force method also showed the predominance of the ionic type of conductivity in CaNb2O6, while ZnNb2O6 has a mixed conductivity with ion transport number of about 0.4. Additionally, we synthesized Ti-doped samples MNb2−x Ti x O6–0.5x (M = Mg, Ca; x = 0.1, 0.2) to study the doping effect on conducting properties.

Extensive research of conductivity in the fluorite-like KLn4Mo3O15F (Ln = La, Pr, Nd) rare earth molybdates: theoretical and experimental data.

The conductive properties of fluorite-like structures KLn4Mo3O15F (Ln = La, Pr, Nd: KLM, KPM, KNM) have been studied theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical studies included the geometrical-topological analysis of voids and channels available for migration of working ions; bond valence site energy calculations of the oxygen ions' migration energy; quantum-chemical calculations for the estimation of the oxygen vacancies formation energy. Experimental measurements of conductivity were made using impedance spectroscopy and as a function of oxygen partial pressure. The total conductivity was ∼10-3 S cm-1 for KLM and ∼10-2 S cm-1 for KPM and KNM at 800 °C. Measurements with changes in partial pressure proved the mixed nature of electric transport in KLM, KPM, and KNM phases, with predominantly ionic conductivity. The measured ion transference numbers in air reached approximately 0.9 at 800 °C for the KPM and KNM ceramics. Also, evaluated proton transfer numbers were less than 10%, indicating a small contribution to the total conductivity.

High-Temperature Piezoelectric Resonators: Electroacoustic Properties and Applications of Langasite-Type Crystals

Piezoelectric devices based on high-temperature stable single crystals are of increasing interest due to a wide range of potential applications, such as actuators and resonant gravimetric sensors. The latter require highly accurate resonant-frequency measurements at temperatures as high as 1000 °C, and this can only be achieved with narrow resonance peaks and correspondingly low acoustic loss at these temperatures. Relevant atomistic defects in langasite (La3Ga5SiO14, LGS) and catangasite (Ca3TaGa3Si2O14, CTGS) are reviewed with respect to their impact on electrical conductivity and acoustic loss. The focus on these crystals also enables a comparison of electroacoustic properties of partially disordered (LGS) and ordered (CTGS) crystals and the formulation of approaches for reducing acoustic loss and enhancing device performance.Starting with defect chemistry models for LGS and CTGS, electrical conductivities as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure are considered. One result of this analysis is that contributions of oxygen ions to the total conductivity are determined to be relatively small in the studied crystals. Temperature-dependent acoustic loss of LGS and CTGS crystals is also studied. Two independent techniques, contact resonant piezoelectric spectroscopy, and a contactless tone-burst excitation technique, are applied. Contributions to the measured acoustic loss are determined by fitting loss-related functions for point defects and conductivity-related relaxations. The extracted fit parameters, in particular the activation energies of the processes, are discussed and compared with that of the electrical conductivity. The losses are caused by a superposition of several mechanisms including conductivity-related relaxations, point-defect relaxations and intrinsic phonon-phonon loss.The long-term stability of the crystals is also evaluated at 1000 °C with respect to fundamental materials properties including electrical conductivity and resonant frequency.After one year of thermal treatment, the resonance frequency of CTGS resonators from different crystal sources is found to decrease by no more than 0.4 %. Thus, the applicability of CTGS as a piezoelectric resonator that operates for long periods at extreme temperatures, such as a resonant nanobalance, is demonstrated.Application examples to be presented include resonant nanobalances for in-situ monitoring of non-stoichiometry and phase transformations in thin films during growth at high temperatures. In this context, the key application properties of the sensors at high temperatures, such as mass sensitivity and resolution, are discussed. As an application example, the attached figure shows the oxygen non-stoichiometry x of thin praseodymium-cerium oxide films (Pr0.1Ce0.9O2-x) at 700 °C as a function of oxygen partial pressure determined by LGS and CTGS nanobalances, which agrees very well with literature data (chemical capacitance: D. Chen et al., Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 22, 6622–6627). Figure 1

Quantitative analysis of defect states in InGaZnO within 2 eV below the conduction band via photo-induced current transient spectroscopy

This work investigates the function of the oxygen partial pressure in photo-induced current measurement of extended defect properties related to the distribution and quantity of defect states in electronic structures. The Fermi level was adjusted by applying a negative gate bias in the TFT structure, and the measurable range of activation energy was extended to < 2.0 eV. Calculations based on density functional theory are used to investigate the changes in defect characteristics and the role of defects at shallow and deep levels as a function of oxygen partial pressure. Device characteristics, such as mobility and threshold voltage shift under a negative gate bias, showed a linear correlation with the ratio of shallow level to deep level defect density. Shallow level and deep level defects are organically related, and both defects must be considered when understanding device characteristics.

Phase Equilibrium studies in the system “FeO”–SiO2–Al2O3–CaO–MgO at 1200 °C and Po2 10-8atm

Iron oxides and silica are the major components of copper smelting slag. The oxides of aluminum, calcium and magnesium are also present in the slag that is introduced through copper concentrate, flux and refractories. Liquidus temperatures of the copper smelting slags are usually controlled by Fe/SiO2. The concentrations of Al2O3, CaO and MgO, and FeO/Fe2O3 in the slag can also affect the liquidus temperatures where FeO/Fe2O3 is a function of oxygen partial pressure. High temperature equilibration under controlled oxygen partial pressure followed by quenching and electron probe microanalysis were used to determine the compositions of the liquid and solid phases at 1200 °C and Po2 10-8 atm. The experimental results are presented in the forms of pseudo-ternary sections “FeO”-CaO-SiO2 at fixed 2, 4 and 6 wt pct MgO, and 2 + 2, 4 + 4 and 6 + 6 wt pct MgO + Al2O3. Spinel and tridymite are the major primary phases in the composition range investigated. In addition, CaSiO3, pyroxene, olivine, and melilite are also present. The isotherms in the spinel and tridymite primary phase fields move towards higher SiO2 concentration directions with increasing CaO, Al2O3, and MgO concentrations. The experimentally determined results are compared with the FactSage calculations.

Structural features and thermodynamic properties of Pr0.5Ba0.25Sr0.25MnO3–δ

The structure, oxygen non-stoichiometry, defect equilibrium, and thermodynamic properties of perovskite-type Pr0.5Ba0.25Sr0.25MnO3–δ manganite were studied. It was shown that the manganite can be air synthesized in one step at 1450 °C. Though having a disordered arrangement of Pr, Ba, and Sr atoms, the compound crystallizes with a tetragonal structure (S.G. I4/mcm) due to the regular tilts of MnO6 octahedra. The oxygen content in oxide as a function of oxygen partial pressure and temperature was measured by coulometric titration, and the data were used for the modeling of defect equilibrium. The oxygen content measurements show stability of the manganite at 973–1223 K and oxygen pressure decrease down to 10−16–10−12 atm. The equilibration of defects in Pr0.5Ba0.25Sr0.25MnO3-δ involves oxygen exchange with the gaseous ambient, intrinsic electron excitation, and oxygen disordering reactions. According to thermodynamic calculations, oxygen sites available for oxygen exchange are characterized by praseodymium-rich coordination. The disordering caused by the half substitution of barium by strontium leads to a lower energy of chemical bonding of the labile oxygen in Pr0.5Ba0.25Sr0.25MnO3–δ compared to the parent Pr0.5Ba0.5MnO3–δ manganite.

Proton and Oxygen-Ion Conductivity of the Pure and Lanthanide-Doped Hafnates with Pyrochlore Structure

In this work, a high-density ceramics Ln2Hf2O7 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) were synthesized by mechanical activation followed by high-temperature synthesis at 1600°C (3–10 h) and their transport properties were compared with those of Ln2.1Hf1.9O6.95 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Eu) doped solid solutions. The total conductivity of ceramics was studied using impedance spectroscopy and dc four-probe method; for Ln2Hf2O7 (Ln = Sm, Eu), by determining the total conductivity as a function of oxygen partial pressure. The maximum oxygen-ion conductivity was observed for Gd2Hf2O7 (~1 × 10–3 S/cm at 700°C); it was shown to approach the conductivity of Gd2Zr2O7 (~2 × 10–3 S/cm at 700°C) for the first time. Thus, the gadolinium hafnate can be a promising material for further doping in order to obtain highly conductive electrolytes. Among pure rare-earth hafnates, the proton conductivity was reliably observed for Nd2Hf2O7 only; however, ac measurements detected low-temperature proton conductivity in the Gd2Hf2O7 up to 450°С as well. With a decrease in the lanthanide ionic radius, the oxygen-ion conductivity increased in the Ln2Hf2O7 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Gd) series. Although the conductivity of samarium hafnate is an order of magnitude lower than that of Gd2Hf2O7, it has a wide range of oxygen-ion conductivity (~10–18–1 atm at 700, 800°C); there is no contribution from hole conductivity in air, in contrast to Eu2Hf2O7. Among doped Ln2.1Hf1.9O6.95 pyrochlore solid solutions (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Eu), the proton conductivity of ~8 × 10−5 S/cm at 700°C was shown in Ln2.1Hf1.9O6.95 (Ln = La, Nd). With a decrease in the lanthanide ionic radius, the proton conductivity disappeared; the oxygen-ion one, increased.

Current Leakage and Faradaic Efficiency Simulation of Proton-Conducting Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells

In this study, we simulated BZY electrolyte-supported proton-conducting solid oxide cell by coupling surface defect chemistry reaction with charged species transport. We validated the model parameters by concentration as a function of temperature, conductivity under dry and wet oxygen as a function of oxygen partial pressure and temperature. The results indicate that the high electron-hole mobility (diffusivity) is mainly responsible for the high leaking current under high temperatures. The Faradaic efficiency stays low or even negative under low operating voltage or high temperature and plateaus as the cell voltage increases. The model developed in this study is a useful tool to understand the leaking current in BZY electrolyte and provide design strategies to avoid/mitigate such significant inefficiency for water electrolysis operation.

Oxides Film Formed on Fe- and Ni-Based Alloys: An Ellipsometry Insight

UV-visible spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to study the thickness and composition of the oxidized zone in Fe- and Ni-based alloys as a function of oxygen partial pressure. In the case of AISI 304 stainless steel, the weathered thickness increases with oxygen partial pressure, whereas in the case of Inconel 600, it appears to be independent of oxygen pressure. This trend is confirmed by the AFM measurements. For both materials studied, the oxygen-modified zone consists of two layers as confirmed by glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES) measurements. The thicknesses of these two layers vary differently on either side of an oxygen partial pressure of 0.1 Torr. In the case of AISI 304 stainless steel, the thickness of the Fe-rich outer layer decreases in favor of the Cr-rich inner layer. In the case of Inconel 600, the trend is reversed. The Ni-rich outer layer increases significantly above this critical pressure, while the Cr-rich inner layer decreases slightly. The composition of each layer in the oxidized zone is discussed in terms of its dielectric function in relation to reference material. The use of UV-visible ellipsometry as a non-destructive tool to study the structure and composition of the oxide bilayer of absorbing systems such as the alloys under investigation is a first.

Europium and erbium co-doped yttria-stabilized zirconia as a potential dual-sensor for simultaneous oxygen partial pressure and temperature measurements

In this study, the phosphorescence properties of Eu3+ and Er3+ co-doped yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ: Eu3+, Er3+) as a function of oxygen partial pressure and temperature are investigated to explore the possibility of using this phosphor for pressure and temperature measurements at elevated temperature (up to 600 °C). The YSZ: Eu3+, Er3+ phosphors have a fixed Eu3+ concentration (1 mol%) and a varied Er3+ concentration (0.5–5 mol%). The phosphorescence intensity and lifetime of Eu3+ bands are sensitive to both oxygen partial pressure and temperature when temperature exceeds 400 °C. This oxygen/pressure sensitivity is related to the oxygen vacancy-induced non-radiative decay through charge transfer state (CTS), and is inversely correlated with Er3+ concentration. In contrast, the phosphorescence intensity and lifetime of Er3+ bands are temperature-sensitive but oxygen-insensitive, which is related to the dominant oxygen-independent 4S3/2 → 2H11/2 transition. Accordingly, two measurement strategies are proposed including an intensity ratio method and a lifetime method. The intensity ratio of the oxygen-sensitive Eu3+ bands and the oxygen-insensitive Er3+ reference bands is capable of 2D pressure measurement using a dual-camera system. But temperature-induced errors exist due to the temperature-sensitivity of intensity ratio. Simultaneous pressure and temperature measurements (point by point) can be achieved utilizing two PMTs that record the lifetimes of Eu3+ and Er3+, respectively. This method can resolve the issue of temperature sensitivity of Eu3+ and accurately correct the temperature-induced errors. The YSZ: Eu, Er phosphors show great potential for applications in high-temperature environment where the existing organic PSPs and TSPs cannot survive.

Red blood cell magnetophoresis as a function of oxygen partial pressure

Red blood cell (RBC) magnetophoresis is a function of the concentration of dissolved oxygen (O2) in normal RBCs measured by cell tracking velocimetry (CTV). The hemoglobin (Hb) magnetic susceptibility changes from diamagnetic (when fully oxygenated, oxyHb) to paramagnetic (when fully deoxygenated, deoxyHb) resulting in a small shift in the normal RBC diamagnetic susceptibility from lower to higher than that of water (-9.05 × 10-6). To date, the RBC magnetophoretic motion analyses have been limited to only two quaternary states of the Hb-O2 complexes, fully oxygenated RBCs (i.e. 100 % O2 saturation of Hb inside RBCs) and fully deoxygenated RBCs (0 % O2 saturation of Hb inside RBCs). In this work, the RBC magnetophoretic velocity is measured at small pO2 intervals for the entire physiological range of 0–160 mmHg. The changes in the RBC magnetophoresis as a function of the O2 partial pressure in solution (pO2) agreed with the theoretical predictions based on the RBC-O2 equilibrium curve (OEC, measured by Hemox Analyzer and Blood Oxygen Binding System, BOBS™) and the Adair O2-Hb cooperative binding theory. The results provide a scientific basis for future designs of a “magnetic filter” based on the precise control of the RBC magnetic moment by carefully controlling the pO2 of the RBC suspension.

Room temperature deposition of freestanding BaTiO3 films: temperature-induced irreversible structural and chemical relaxation

The room temperature aerosol deposition method is especially promising for the rapid deposition of ceramic thick films, making it interesting for functional components in energy, mobility, and telecommunications applications. Despite this, a number of challenges remain, such as an enhanced electrical conductivity and internal residual stresses in as-deposited films. In this work, a novel technique that integrates a sacrificial water-soluble buffer layer was used to fabricate freestanding ceramic thick films, which allows for direct observation of the film without influence of the substrate or prior thermal treatment. Here, the temperature-dependent chemical and structural relaxation phenomena in freestanding BaTiO3 films were directly investigated by characterizing the thermal expansion properties and temperature-dependent crystal structure as a function of oxygen partial pressure, where a clear nonlinear, hysteretic contraction was observed during heating, which is understood to be influenced by lattice defects. As such, aliovalent doping and atmosphere-dependent annealing experiments were used to demonstrate the influence of local chemical redistribution and oxygen vacancies on the thermal expansion, leading to insight into the origin of the high room temperature conductivity of as-deposited films as well as greater insight into the influence of the induced chemical, structural, and microstructural changes in room temperature deposited functional ceramic thick films.Graphical abstract

Structural Features and Defect Equilibrium in Cubic PrBa1-xSrxFe2O6-δ.

The structure, oxygen non-stoichiometry, and defect equilibrium in perovskite-type PrBa1−xSrxFe2O6−δ (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50) synthesized at 1350 °C were studied. For all compositions, X-ray diffraction testifies to the formation of a cubic structure (S.G. ), but an electron diffraction study reveals additional diffuse satellites around each Bragg spot, indicating the primary incommensurate modulation with wave vectors about ±0.43. The results were interpreted as a sign of the short-order in both A-cation and anion sublattices in the areas of a few nanometers in size, and of an intermediate state before the formation of an ordered superstructure. An increase in oxygen deficiency was found to promote the ordering, whereas partial substitution of barium by strontium caused the opposite effect. The oxygen content in oxides as a function of oxygen partial pressure and temperature was measured by coulometric titration, and the data were used for the modeling of defect equilibrium in oxides. The simulation results implied oxygen vacancy ordering in PrBa1−xSrxFe2O6−δ that is in agreement with the electron diffraction study. Besides oxidation and charge disproportionation reactions, the reactions of oxygen vacancy distribution between non-equivalent anion positions, and their trapping in clusters with Pr3+ ions were taken into account by the model. It was demonstrated that an increase in the strontium content in Pr0.5Ba0.5−xSrxFeO3−δ suppressed ordering of oxygen vacancies, increased the binding energy of oxygen ions in the oxides, and resulted in an increase in the concentration of p-type carriers.

The Gd2-xMgxZr2O7-x/2 Solid Solution: Ionic Conductivity and Chemical Stability in the Melt of LiCl-Li2O.

Materials with pyrochlore structure A2B2O7 have attracted considerable attention owing to their various applications as catalysts, sensors, electrolytes, electrodes, and magnets due to the unique crystal structure and thermal stability. At the same time, the possibility of using such materials for electrochemical applications in salt melts has not been studied. This paper presents the new results of obtaining high-density Mg2+-doped ceramics based on Gd2Zr2O7 with pyrochlore structure and comprehensive investigation of the electrical properties and chemical stability in a lithium chloride melt with additives of various concentrations of lithium oxide, performed for the first time. The solid solution of Gd2−xMgxZr2O7−x/2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) with the pyrochlore structure was obtained by mechanically milling stoichiometric mixtures of the corresponding oxides, followed by annealing at 1500 °C. The lattice parameter changed non-linearly as a result of different mechanisms of Mg2+ incorporation into the Gd2Zr2O7 structure. At low dopant concentrations (x ≤ 0.03) some interstitial positions can be substituted by Mg2+, with further increasing Mg2+-content, the decrease in the lattice parameter occurred due to the substitution of host-ion sites with smaller dopant-ion. High-density ceramics 99% was prepared at T = 1500 °C. According to the results of the measurements of electrical conductivity as a function of oxygen partial pressure, all investigated samples were characterized by the dominant ionic type of conductivity over a wide range of pO2 (1 × 10–18 ≤ pO2 ≤ 0.21 atm) and T < 800 °C. The sample with the composition of x = 0.03 had the highest oxygen-ion conductivity (10−3 S·cm−1 at 600 °C). The investigation of chemical stability of ceramics in the melt of LiCl with 2.5 mas.% Li2O showed that the sample did not react with the melt during the exposed time of one week at the temperature of 650 °C. This result makes it possible to use these materials as oxygen activity sensors in halide melts.

Influence of CaO on the thermodynamic and transport properties of cobaltous oxide

The electrical conductivity of Ca-doped Co 1-xO single crystals was measured as a function of oxygen partial pressure, over the temperature range 1273–1673 K. The results were analyzed using Seebeck coefficient measurements, microstructural characterizations, EELS and X-ray diffraction experiments. From this set of results, we have shown that the influence of calcium on the thermodynamic and transport properties of cobaltous oxide is due to the reducing behavior of these solute cations, leading to both the shift of the Co/CoO phase boundary to higher PO2 and the formation of singly ionized cobalt cations (Co+) in the stability range of CoO.

A high-temperature 57Fe Mössbauer study of (Ba0.5Sr0.5)(Co0.8Fe0.2)O3−δ

An in-situ 57Fe Mössbauer study of mixed ionic electronic conducting (Ba0.5Sr0.5)(Co0.857Fe0.08Fe0.12)O3−δ (BSCF5582) has been made at temperatures up to 1000 °C. In the paramagnetic high-temperature phase (T ≥ 315 °C), quadrupolar interactions show that local symmetry at iron sites is lower than cubic. At 700 °C, 850 °C, and 1000 °C, spectra have been measured as a function of oxygen partial pressure, PO2 (1·10−5 ≲ PO2/bar ≤1). The high-temperature Mössbauer center shifts and their independence of oxygen partial pressure are discussed in respect to the average oxidation state and average local coordination of iron. The latter information has been derived from a thermodynamic analysis of the defect chemistry of BSCF5582 accounting for different types of oxygen vacancies as well as for multiple oxidation states of the transition metal cations. The isothermal decrease of high-temperature signal intensity observed with decreasing PO2 is attributed to changes in the vibrational properties of the highly oxygen-deficient material which have been analyzed in the framework of the Grüneisen model.

Specific interrelations of magnetic, thermodynamic and structural properties in highly non-stoichiometric PrBaMnFeO6−δ double perovskite

The complex oxide PrBaMnFeO6−δ (PBMF) was successfully synthesized through the organo-metallic precursor’s combustion. At high temperatures the obtained perovskite was shown to crystallize either in cubic or in tetragonal phase depending on external conditions applied. Magnetic studies additionally confirmed the significant difference of these phases. The coulometric titration method was carefully implemented in order to define the equilibrium values of oxygen content in PBMF as a function of oxygen partial pressure in a 973–1223 K temperature region. The obtained data revealed the existence of the transitory area between cubic and tetragonal phases enabling their mutual presence in a narrow range of oxygen partial pressures. The comprehensive analysis of defect structure was carried out by the development of independent thermodynamic models involving different sets of defect formation processes. As a result, the defect structure of the tetragonal phase was shown to be governed by averaged B-site cation reduction and oxygen disordering while independent iron and manganese reduction reactions occur to be dominant in the highly-symmetric cubic oxide. Based on the obtained data the equilibrium concentrations of point defects, as well as thermodynamic functions of weakly-bonded oxygen were calculated. Defect concentrations determined were further used to explain chemical deformation of manganites studied which revealed a positive impact of iron doping on lattice expansion of PBMF at reduction. A combination of elevated stability of the reduced phase and high values of stored heat compared to analogous oxides suggests PBMF can be considered as perspective oxygen and energy storage material.

Understanding Chemical Expansion in Pr-Based Mixed Conducting Perovskites PrGa0.9Mg0.1O3 and BaPr0.9Y0.1O3

Chemical expansion is a strain induced by a change in stoichiometry, such as oxygen loss, and it can have a significant impact on device performance and lifetime. While large coefficients of chemical expansion (CCE) are needed for high displacements in an actuator, the same, large CCE can be deleterious to device longevity in a fuel cell where large chemical potential gradients exist across very small thicknesses. The breadth of CCE values needed in various devices calls for the development of design rules to tailor CCE for optimal material response, so our work targets the establishment of such structure-property insights.Oxygen-loss-induced, stoichiometric chemical expansion in oxides involves the formation of an oxygen vacancy; when oxygen leaves the lattice, charge compensating electrons are left behind and can localize on nearby multivalent cations. As cations are reduced, their atomic radii and the surrounding lattice expand. An empirical formula describing the pseudo-cubic lattice constant of perovskite materials has been developed [1] which relates the lattice parameter to the ionic radii of cation and anion components. This equation predicts that changes in the B-site cation size will have a larger effect on the lattice parameter than an equal change at the A-site. If the multivalent cation is the only one changing size during redox processes, this equation suggests that its placement on the A or B site will have a significant effect on the magnitude of the overall lattice strain during oxygen loss or gain.In an effort to develop and understand design rules to tailor CCE, two compositions, PrGa0.9Mg0.1O3 (PGM) and BaPr0.9Y0.1O3 (BPY), have been synthesized. These compositions allowed for a comparison between A and B-site multivalent Pr (nominally 3+/4+); however, we found that the empirical model did not adequately predict the differences in CCEs on this basis. Other factors including crystal symmetry, charge localization, and location of charge (anion or cation) were instead found to be significantly impactful for both compositions [2]. Values of CCE have been determined by characterizing isothermal changes in stoichiometry with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and corresponding changes in strain with dilatometry and in situ, high temperature XRD (HTXRD) as a function of oxygen partial pressure (pO2). The degree of charge localization has been interpreted from impedance measurements of the temperature dependence of conductivity, and the experimental results have been compared to density functional theory (DFT+U) calculations. Over the pO2 and temperature range studied, PGM and BPY have low CCEs, therefore making them of potential interest for fuel/electrolysis cell electrodes. The effects of the abovementioned design rules are discussed to provide insights into rational material design for tailored CCE.[1] Marrocchelli, D., Perry, N. H., & Bishop, S. R. (2015). Understanding chemical expansion in perovskite-structured oxides. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17(15), 10028-10039.[2] Ricote, S., Hudish, G., O’Brien, J. R. & Perry, N. H. Non stoichiometry and lattice expansion of BaZr0.9Dy0.1O3-δ in oxidizing atmospheres. Solid State Ionics (2019) doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2018.12.006.

Study of the electronic structure of Ce0.95Fe0.05O2-δ thin film using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

In the present work, the effect of the oxygen partial pressure (OPP) has been studied on the electronic structure of the Ce0.95Fe0.05O2-δ thin film (TF) through Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The varying OPP, from 200 mTorr to 1 mTorr, was observed to vary the oxidation conditions during TF deposition. The oxygen valency was estimated to be reduced along with the generation of oxygen vacancies as determined via Raman analysis. The AFM analysis revealed the lowered values of the roughness parameters which indicated that reduction in OPP is associated with the smoothness of the film surface. The film surface was found to be reduced, as characterized by XPS investigation, as a result of the change in valency of Ce from +4 to +3 due to reduced OPP. The concentration of Ce3+ state was estimated to increase from 19.5% to 33% with reducing OPP. This evidently supports the formation of oxygen vacancies since the reduction of the valence state of Ce is known to be accompanied by the generation of oxygen vacancies. The O1 s spectra confirmed the oxygen non-stoichiometry as a function of OPP, whereas, Fe 2p suggested the mixed-valence state of Fe (Fe2+/Fe3+) in Ce0.95Fe0.05O2-δ (TF). To put in brief, the variation in OPP affects the chemical composition of the material by modifying its electronic structure via controlling the exchange interactions in the core structure of the compound.

Correlation of Surface Oxidation and Mg-Based Intermetallic Phases in Grain Boundaries of Al–Mg Alloys Containing Third Elements

In this study, the correlation of surface oxidation and Mg-based intermetallic phases in the grain boundary in Al-Mg alloys containing third elements was investigated. The experimental results were examined by phase diagrams plotted as a function of oxygen partial pressure determined by thermodynamic calculation. The addition of Si and Cu as third elements into the Al-7 mass%Mg alloy formed Mg-based secondary phases during solidification. The 1 mass% Cu addition formed three different types of Mg-based intermetallic compounds. From weight gains by oxidation, all samples exhibited their weight gains depending on time. The Si-added alloy showed a considerably lower weight gain and maintained a nearly constant weight, while the weight gain of the Al-7 mass%Mg-1 mass%Cu alloy was significantly greater than those of other alloys. MgO and MgAl₂O4- spinel were the main oxides that formed the oxide scale in all examined alloys. Si addition formed the multi-element oxide including Mg and Si.