Objective To investigate the changes and clinical significance of helper T cells (Th)22, Th17, Th1 and regulatory T cells (Treg) in the peripheral blood before and after antiretroviral treatment (ART) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infected patients. Methods Forty HIV-infected patients were recruited into this study, and 30 healthy subjects were recruited as controls. Peripheral blood of the patients was collected at baseline and after 3 months of ART treatment. The frequencies of Th22, Th17, Th1 and Treg were detected by flow cytometry. Tests for homogeneity of variance and paired t test for comparison was adopted. Spearman rank test was used for correlation analysis. Results The frequencies of peripheral Th22, Th17, Th1 and Treg from HIV-infected patients before treatment were significantly decreased compared to the healthy controls ([0.59±0.47]% vs [1.65±0.56]%[t=8.544, P 0.05). However, the Th1 frequency showed no difference compared to the baseline. The frequency of Treg in the HIV infected patients was significantly increased compared with the healthy controls ([10.76±3.76]% vs [7.01±1.88]%, t=5.003, P<0.01). However, it gradually decreased along with the ART treatment ([9.22±2.56]% after 2 months; [8.57±2.36]% after 3 months), which was still higher than that of healthy controls (t=2.984, P=0.004). The ratios of Th22/Treg, Th17/Treg and Th1/Treg of the HIV-infected patients were significantly decreased in comparison with the healthy controls (0.05±0.03 vs 0.25±0.10, t=11.69, P<0.01; 0.46±0.27 vs 1.07±0.42, t=7.728, P<0.01; 1.56±0.89 vs 3.37±1.02, t=7.052, P<0.01), and those were significantly increased after 3 months of treatment (0.17±0.10[t=6.852, P<0.01], 0.81±0.46[t=4.253, P<0.01] and 2.31±1.27[t=3.030, P<0.01]). Correlation analysis showed that the ratio of Th17/Treg of the HIV-infected patients was positively correlated with the peripheral CD4+ T cell count (r=0.312 5, P=0.049 6), and negatively correlated with HIV RNA viral load (r=-0.474 7, P=0.002 0). The ratio of Th1/Treg of the HIV-infected patients was positively correlated with the peripheral CD4+ T cell count (r=0.333 5, P=0.035 5). Conclusions Th22, Th17, Th1 and Treg cells in the peripheral blood of HIV-infected patients are closely related to CD4+ T cell count. ART can partially recover immune imbalance, and help to rebuild immune function of HIV-infected patients. Key words: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Antiretroviral therapy; T-Lymphocytes, regulatory; Th22; Th17; Th1