Function In Coronary Artery Disease Research Articles

Multifaced roles of adipokines in endothelial cell function.

Obesity significantly contributes to the progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and elevates the risk of cardiovascular mortality. Atherosclerosis, the primary pathogenic process underlying CVDs, initiates with vascular endothelial dysfunction, serving as the cornerstone of vascular lesions. Adipokines, bioactive molecules secreted by adipose tissue that regulate metabolic and endocrine functions, play a pivotal role in modulating endothelial function during atherosclerosis. This review comprehensively examines the distinct roles of various adipokines in regulating endothelial function in atherosclerosis. We categorize these adipokines into two main groups: protective adipokines, including adiponectin, FGF21, CTRP9, PGRN, Omentin, and Vaspin, and detrimental adipokines such as leptin, Chemerin, Resistin, FABP4, among others. Targeting specific adipokines holds promise for novel clinical interventions in the management of atherosclerosis-related CVDs, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for cardiovascular disease treatment strategies.

Nitrated Fatty Acids as early modulators of monocyte function in Atherosclerosis

Nitrated Fatty Acids as early modulators of monocyte function in Atherosclerosis

Neuroimaging Findings From Cerebral Structure and Function in Coronary Artery Disease.

An increasing number of evidence suggests that bidirectional communication between the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system (CNS), known as the heart-brain interaction, is crucial in understanding the impact of coronary artery disease (CAD) on brain health. The multifactorial role of CAD in the brain involves processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal activity, neuroendocrine imbalances, and reduced cerebral perfusion, leading to various cerebral abnormalities. The mechanisms underlying the relationship between CAD and brain injury are complex and involve parallel pathways in the CNS, endocrine system, and immune system. Although the exact mechanisms remain partially understood, neuroimaging techniques offer valuable insights into subtle cerebral abnormalities in CAD patients. Neuroimaging techniques, including assessment of neural function, brain metabolism, white matter microstructure, and brain volume, provide information on the evolving nature of CAD-related cerebral abnormalities over time. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiological mechanisms of CAD in the heart-brain interaction and summarizes recent neuroimaging studies utilizing multiparametric techniques to investigate brain abnormalities associated with CAD. The application of advanced neuroimaging, particularly functional, diffusion, and perfusion advanced techniques, offers high resolution, multiparametric capabilities, and high contrast, thereby allowing for the early detection of changes in brain structure and function, facilitating further exploration of the intricate relationship between CAD and brain health. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.

Vitamin D and Atherosclerosis: Unraveling the Impact on Macrophage Function.

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in preventing atherosclerosis and in the regulation of macrophage function. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the clinical evidence regarding the impact of vitamin D on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, and associated risk factors. Additionally, it explores the mechanistic studies investigating the influence of vitamin D on macrophage function in atherosclerosis. Numerous findings indicate that vitamin D inhibits monocyte or macrophage recruitment, macrophage cholesterol uptake, and esterification. Moreover, it induces autophagy of lipid droplets in macrophages, promotes cholesterol efflux from macrophages, and regulates macrophage polarization. This review particularly focuses on analyzing the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways through which vitamin D modulates macrophage function in atherosclerosis. It claims that vitamin D has a direct inhibitory effect on the formation, adhesion, and migration of lipid-loaded monocytes, thus exerting anti-atherosclerotic effects. Therefore, this review emphasizes the crucial role of vitamin D in regulating macrophage function and preventing the development of atherosclerosis.

SphK1 deficiency ameliorates the development of atherosclerosis by inhibiting the S1P/S1PR3/Rhoa/ROCK pathway

Background and aimsS1P is an important factor regulating the function of the vascular endothelial barrier. SphK1 is an important limiting enzyme for the synthesis of S1P. However, the role of the SphK1/S1P-mediated vascular endothelial barrier function in atherosclerosis has not been fully revealed. This study explored the roles and mechanisms of SphK1 on atherosclerosis in vivo and in vitro. MethodsIn vivo, ApoE−/− and SphK1−/−ApoE−/− mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce atherosclerosis. In vitro, ox-LDL induced HUVECs to establish a cell model. Aortic histological changes were measured by H&E staining, Oil Red O staining, EVG staining, Sirius scarlet staining, immunofluorescence, and Evans Blue Assay. Western blotting was performed to explore the specific mechanism. ResultsWe validated that deficiency of SphK1 resulted in a marked amelioration of atherosclerosis, as indicated by the decreased lipid accumulation, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, aortic plaque area, inflammatory factor infiltration, VCAM-1 expression, and vascular endothelial permeability. Moreover, deficiency of SphK1 downregulated the expression of aortic S1PR3, Rhoa, ROCK, and F-actin. The results of administration with the SphK1 inhibitor PF-543 and the S1PR3 inhibitor VPC23019 in vitro further confirmed the conclusion that deficiency of SphK1 reduced S1P level and S1PR3 protein expression, inhibited Rhoa/ROCK signaling pathway, regulated protein expression of F-actin, improved vascular endothelial dysfunction and permeability, and exerted anti-atherosclerotic effects. ConclusionsThis study revealed that deficiency of SphK1 relieved vascular endothelial barrier function in atherosclerosis mice via SphK1/S1P/S1PR signaling pathway.

Abstract 1041: Loss Of The ETS Transcription Factor ERG Disrupts Fate-defining Programs In The Aortic Endothelium And Promotes Expansion Of Endothelial Lineage Cells In Atherosclerotic Plaque

Aim: The ETS transcription factor ERG has been identified as a principal regulator of endothelial function through its ability to repress inflammation in endothelial cells (ECs), and loss of ERG induces endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in fibrotic disease. To investigate ERG function in atherosclerosis, we employed an EC-specific Erg knockout ( Erg EC - KO ) in PCSK9-overexpression and apoE-deficient murine atherosclerosis models. Methods: Atherosclerosis was induced in 10-week-old Erg EC - KO mice or wild-type counterparts that had a Cre-inducible EC lineage tag ( Cdh5 CreER ; R26-CAG-LSL-Sun1-sfGFP ). Atherosclerosis was modeled by Apoe deletion or AAV8-PCSK9 with 12 weeks of high-cholesterol diet (1.25%). Aortic intimal cells were assessed with flow cytometry. Plaque burden, morphology, and cellularity were characterized with brightfield, Oil Red O, H&E, Movat, and immunofluorescence imaging. Results: Erg EC-KO in PCSK9-overexpression mice led to a 1.6-fold increase in aortic plaque burden and plaque formation in regions that are usually protected (e.g., greater curvature; p≤0.03; n=9-10). Loss of ERG increased elastin breaks (1.7-fold; p=0.02; n=9) and decreased fibrous cap thickness (0.76-fold; p=0.02; n=9-10) in aortic arch cross sections. Aortic intimal digests from Erg EC- KO mice contained increased Sun1-sfGFP + EC lineage cells (1.9-fold; p=0.01; n=4), which had reduced CD31 positivity (0.79-fold; p=0.03; n=4). Notably, a 5.3-fold increase in EC lineage cells was observed in plaques from brachiocephalic artery cross sections (p=0.0001; n=6-15), which had hallmarks of EndMT (e.g., 31.5-fold increase in GFP + ACTA2 + cells, p=0.02, n=3-5). Increased aortic plaque burden was recapitulated in apoE-deficient E rg EC- KO mice (2.1-fold; p=0.02; n=4-8). Conclusion: Endothelial Erg KO results in increased plaque burden and altered plaque topography in murine atherosclerosis. Loss of ERG induces EndMT and marked ingression of ECs from the luminal endothelium to the plaque interior. These findings highlight loss of ERG as a novel mechanism by which intimal ECs acquire mesenchymal identity in atherosclerosis and implicate EC identity loss as a driver of EC migration into plaques, which is associated with a vulnerable morphology.

Hemodynamic Reactivity to Mental Stress and Cognitive Function in Coronary Artery Disease.

People with coronary artery disease (CAD) are at higher risk of cognitive impairment than those without CAD. Psychological stress is a risk factor for both conditions, and assessing the hemodynamic reactivity to mental stress could explain the link between stress and cognitive function. A total of 779 individuals with stable CAD from two prospective cohort studies were included. All individuals underwent acute mental stress testing, as well as conventional stress testing. Cognitive function was assessed both at baseline and at a 2-year follow-up. The rate-pressure product (RPP) was calculated as the mean systolic blood pressure times the mean heart rate at rest. RPP reactivity was defined as the maximum RPP during standardized mental stress test minus the RPP at rest. After multivariable adjustment, every standard deviation decrease in RPP reactivity with mental stress was associated with slower completion of Trail-A and Trail-B in both cohorts (13% and 11% in cohort 1, and 15% and 16% in cohort 2, respectively; p for all <.01). After a 2-year follow-up period, every standard deviation decrease in RPP reactivity with mental stress was associated with a 8% and 9% slower completion of Trail-A and Trail-B, respectively ( p for all <.01). There was no significant association between RPP reactivity with conventional stress testing and any of the cognitive tests. In the CAD population, a blunted hemodynamic response to mental stress is associated with slower visuomotor processing and worse executive function at baseline and with greater decline in these abilities over time.

Biomechanics-mediated endocytosis in atherosclerosis.

Biomechanical forces, including vascular shear stress, cyclic stretching, and extracellular matrix stiffness, which influence mechanosensitive channels in the plasma membrane, determine cell function in atherosclerosis. Being highly associated with the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, endocytosis is the key point in molecule and macromolecule trafficking, which plays an important role in lipid transportation. The process of endocytosis relies on the mobility and tension of the plasma membrane, which is sensitive to biomechanical forces. Several studies have advanced the signal transduction between endocytosis and biomechanics to elaborate the developmental role of atherosclerosis. Meanwhile, increased plaque growth also results in changes in the structure, composition and morphology of the coronary artery that contribute to the alteration of arterial biomechanics. These cross-links of biomechanics and endocytosis in atherosclerotic plaques play an important role in cell function, such as cell phenotype switching, foam cell formation, and lipoprotein transportation. We propose that biomechanical force activates the endocytosis of vascular cells and plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis.

Investigation into the two-way interaction of coronary flow and heart function in coronary artery disease predicted by a computational model of autoregulation of coronary flow

This study presents a closed-loop computational model to investigate the interplay between heart function, coronary flow, and systemic circulation during exercise, with a specific focus on the impact of coronary artery stenosis. The model incorporates a lumped representation of the heart, main arteries, and coronary arteries, establishing a closed circulatory system. The simulation investigates the autoregulation of coronary flow in response to myocardial oxygen demands during physical exercise by incorporating sympathetic and parasympathetic functions. This study establishes a closed supply–demand loop and investigates the effect of coronary flow deficiency on heart function and systemic circulation in coronary artery diseases during exercise. In coronary artery diseases with low stenosis, heart function and systemic flow resemble those of a healthy person. However, as stenosis intensifies with physical exercise, an additional regulatory mechanism (reg2) is activated. This mechanism adjusts coronary flow by reducing myocardial contractility (E) and increasing heart rate (HR) while maintaining cardiac output (CO). The study results indicate that, at the highest exercise intensity for a healthy individual (HR = 150), the value of E increases from 6 to 8.65mmHg/ml. Meanwhile, for a patient with 85 % coronary artery stenosis in the same exercise intensity, the HR increases to 200, and the value of E decreases to 3.45mmHg/ml. The results also demonstrate that the initiation of the (reg2) mechanism at rest occurs at 83 % stenosis, while at the highest exercise intensity, this mechanism commences at 67 % stenosis.

Mzb1 Attenuates Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability in ApoE-/- Mice by Alleviating Apoptosis and Modulating Mitochondrial Function.

In this study, we investigated the protective role of Mzb1 in atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. To explore the impact of Mzb1, we analyzed Mzb1 expression, assessed apoptosis, and evaluated mitochondrial function in atherosclerosis (AS) mouse models and human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMCs). We observed a significant decrease in Mzb1 expression in AS mouse models and ox-LDL-treated HVSMCs. Downregulation of Mzb1 increased ox-LDL-induced apoptosis and cholesterol levels of HVSMCs, while Mzb1 overexpression alleviated these effect. Mzb1 was found to enhance mitochondrial function, as evidenced by restored ATP synthesis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduced mtROS production. Moreover, Mzb1 overexpression attenuated atherosclerotic plaque vulnerabilityin ApoE-/- mice. Our findings suggest that Mzb1 overexpression regulates the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway, leading to the attenuation of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. This study provides compelling evidence for the protective effect of Mzb1 on atherosclerotic plaques by alleviating apoptosis and modulating mitochondrial function in ApoE-/- mice.

Fufang Zhenzhu Tiaozhi (FTZ) suppression of macrophage pyroptosis: Key to stabilizing rupture-prone plaques

BackgroundResearch on the Chinese herbal formula Fufang Zhenzhu Tiaozhi (FTZ) has demonstrated its effectiveness in treating hyperlipidemia and glycolipid metabolic disorders. Additionally, FTZ has shown inhibitory effects on oxidative stress, regulation of lipid metabolism, and reduction of inflammation in these conditions. However, the precise mechanisms through which FTZ modulates macrophage function in atherosclerosis remain incompletely understood. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether FTZ can effectively stabilize rupture-prone plaques by suppressing macrophage pyroptosis and impeding the development of M1 macrophage polarization in ApoE−/− mice. MethodsTo assess the impact of FTZ on macrophage function and atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice, we orally administered FTZ at a dosage of 1.2 g/kg body weight daily for 14 weeks. Levels of interleukin-18 and interleukin-1β were quantified using ELISA kits to gauge FTZ's influence on inflammation. Total cholesterol content was measured with a Cholesterol Assay Kit to evaluate FTZ's effect on lipid metabolism. Aortic tissues were stained with Oil Red O, and immunohistochemistry techniques were applied to assess atherosclerotic lesions and plaque stability. To evaluate the effects of FTZ on macrophage pyroptosis and oxidative damage, immunofluorescence staining was utilized. Additionally, we conducted an analysis of protein and mRNA expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes and macrophage polarization-related genes using RT-PCR and western blotting techniques. ResultsThis study illustrates the potential therapeutic effectiveness of FTZ in mitigating the severity of atherosclerosis and improving serum lipid profiles by inhibiting inflammation. The observed enhancements in atherosclerosis severity and inflammation can be attributed to the suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activity and M1 polarization by FTZ. ConclusionThe current findings indicate that FTZ provides protection against atherosclerosis, positioning it as a promising candidate for novel therapies targeting atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases.

A Randomized Controlled Clinical Study to Evaluate the Effect of Terminalia Arjuna (Add-On Medication) on Cardiac Function in Coronary Artery Disease

Globally, coronary artery disease (CAD) is the foremost cause of death. Its frequency is also rising rapidly in underdeveloped nations. It remains the leading cause of morbidity and death despite tremendous advancements in diagnostics and intervention. Therefore, an integrated approach is required, along with the search for a drug having cardio protective and rejuvenating property. According to Ayurveda, Terminalia arjuna is a known hridya (Cardio protecting) herb. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Terminalia arjuna improves cardiac function in CAD patients. This medication was administered as an adjunct to the medications that the cardiologist had prescribed. It is an experimental, parallel group study. Patients with coronary artery disease between the ages of 40 and 70 years were randomly assigned to both groups. In one group, typical conventional care was given, and the second group received Terminalia arjuna stem bark with conventional treatment. The course of treatment was ninety days. It is observed that most of the patients were of kapha-pittaj or pitta-kaphaj prakriti (specific body constitution). There were no significant changes in blood pressure and pulse rate and significant improvement in 6-minute walk test, ejection fraction, total cholesterol and triglycerides in comparison with standard group. From the observation, it can be concluded that Terminalia arjuna helps in improving cardiac function in patients of coronary artery disease.

Tanshinone IIA attenuates ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell injury by inhibiting NF-kapaB pathway via circ_0000231/miR-590-5p/TXNIP axis.

Tanshinone IIA (TSIIA) exhibits inhibitory function in atherosclerosis (AS) progression, and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are pivotal regulators in AS. However, the relation between TSIIA and circ_0000231 in AS pathogenesis remains unknown. In this study, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) was used to establish AS cell model. Treatment of ox-LDL inhibited cell growth but promoted apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Then, TSIIA was shown to attenuate ox-LDL-induced endothelial injury. Furthermore, the protective effect of TSIIA against ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell injury was reversed by circ_0000231. Circ_0000231 was identified as a miR-590-5p sponge. Also, miR-590-5p downregulation restored the protection of TSIIA for endothelial cell function. Moreover, circ_0000231 was found to upregulate thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) level via targeting miR-590-5p. TXNIP overexpression mitigated the regulatory function of circ_0000231 knockdown after co-treatment with ox-LDL and TSIIA. TXNIP upregulation recovered the inhibitory regulation of TSIIA in ox-LDL-induced cell damage. In addition, TSIIA inactivated NF-kapaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway via regulating miR-590-5p/TXNIP axis by downregulating circ_0000231. All these results suggested that TSIIA inhibited ox-LDL-induced AS progression in endothelial cells by affecting NF-κB pathway via circ_0000231/miR-590-5p/TXNIP.

Abstract 18399: Loss of Myeloid Epigenetic-Metabolic Crosstalk by BAF60a Deficiency Aggravates Atherosclerosis

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a primary medical concern, characterized by the involvement of immune cells within atherosclerotic plaques. Notably, the modulation of gene expression through chromatin remodeling and transcription machinery, known to be disrupted in disease conditions, is less studied in macrophages within atherosclerotic plaques. Hypothesis: We propose that BAF60a , a component of the SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex, might be instrumental in atherosclerosis by modulating disease-specific epigenetic-metabolic crosstalk, offering a potential therapeutic avenue. Methods: To evaluate our hypothesis, we assessed BAF60a expression in macrophages derived from advanced plaques. To decipher its role, myeloid Baf60a was deleted in mice with hypercholesterolemic ApoE deficient backgrounds. Subsequent changes in atherosclerotic lesion size, mitochondrial integrity, cellular adhesion, and apoptosis were characterized. ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq were employed to analyze the function of BAF60 a in maintaining key transcription factor activities. Results: Our results revealed a marked downregulation of BAF60a in macrophages from advanced plaques. Upon myeloid Baf60a deletion, we observed compromised mitochondrial integrity, increased cellular adhesion, enhanced apoptosis, and amplified plaque formation. Importantly, BAF60a was crucial in preserving mitochondrial energy homeostasis in the face of pro-atherogenic stimuli, as it sustained Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 ( NRF1 ) access to critical genes. BAF60a overexpression rescued these defects in an NRF1-dependent manner. Conclusions: We conclude that the BAF60a-NRF1 axis is a key regulator of mitochondrial function in atherosclerosis. Our study underscores the potential of restoring the disrupted epigenetic-metabolic crosstalk as a promising therapeutic strategy in treating atherosclerosis.

A novel circular RNA, circSQSTM1, protects the endothelial function in atherosclerosis

A novel circRNA named circSQSTM1 (hsa_circRNA_075320) was screened out in atorvastatin (ATV) stimulated endothelial cells (ECs) by our group. Considering the anti-atherosclerotic function of ATV, we hypothesized the circSQSTM1 could protect ECs functions in AS progression. The effects of circSQSTM1 on ECs inflammation, oxidative stress and autophagy were measured by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, monocyte-endothelial adhesion assay, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate and mCherry-GFP-LC3 labeling. A luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation, MS2-tagging system and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed to identify the biological functions of circSQSTM1. The partial left carotid artery ligation model and atherosclerosis model were established to analyze the effects of circSQSTM1 on atherosclerosis progression in vivo. Our results revealed that ATV induced the accumulation of circSQSTM1 in ECs via suppressing m6A modified degradation. In the cytoplasm, circSQSTM1 could relieve Sirt1 by competitively sponging miR-23b-3p. In the nucleus, circSQSTM1 directly interacts with eIF4A3 and promoting the efficient nuclear export of FOXO1 mRNA, which encodes FOXO1 transcription factor to directly activate Sirt1 promoter activity. Hence, circSQSTM1 reduced inflammation, inhibited oxidative stress and promoted autophagy by upregulating Sirt1 in ECs. Moreover, circSQSTM1 overexpression in ECs attenuated the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice. Taken together, the unique noncoding RNA known as circSQSTM1 took a protective role to the ECs in atherosclerosis.

Oxidized Phospholipid oxPAPC Alters Regulatory T-Cell Differentiation and Decreases Their Protective Function in Atherosclerosis in Mice.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are protective in atherosclerosis but reduced during disease progression due to cell death and loss of stability. However, the mechanisms of Treg dysfunction remain unknown. Oxidized phospholipids are abundant in atherosclerosis and can activate innate immune cells, but little is known regarding their impact on T cells. Given Treg loss during atherosclerosis progression and oxidized phospholipid levels in the plaque microenvironment, we investigated whether oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (oxPAPC), an oxidized phospholipid associated with atherosclerotic plaques, alters Treg differentiation and function. CD4+ T cells were polarized to Treg, T helper (Th) 1, and Th17 cells with or without oxPAPC and assessed by flow cytometry. Gene expression in oxPAPC-treated Tregs was analyzed by bulk RNA sequencing. Functional studies of oxPAPC-induced Tregs were performed by coculturing Tregs with CellTrace Violet-labeled cells in vitro, and by adoptively transferring Tregs to hyperlipidemic Ldlr-/- mice to measure atherosclerosis progression. Compared with controls, oxPAPC-treated Tregs were less viable, but surviving cells expressed higher levels of the Th1-associated markers T-bet, CXCR3, and IFN (interferon)-γ. Th1 and Th17 skewing cultures were unaltered by oxPAPC. IFN-γ is linked to Treg instability, thus Treg polarization experiments were repeated using Ifngr1-/- CD4+ T cells. IFNγR1 (INF gamma receptor 1) deficiency did not improve cell viability in oxPAPC-treated Tregs; however, T-bet and IFN-γ expression was not increased in surviving cells suggesting a role for IFN-γsignaling. OxPAPC-treated Tregs were less suppressive in vitro, and adoptive transfer studies in hyperlipidemic Ldlr-/- mice showed that oxPAPC-induced Tregs possessed altered tissue homing and were insufficient to inhibit atherosclerosis progression. OxPAPC elicits Treg-specific changes altering Treg differentiation and inducing a Th1-like phenotype in surviving cells partially through IFN-γ signaling. This is biologically relevant as oxPAPC-treated Tregs do not reduce atherosclerosis progression in Ldlr-/- mice. This study supports the role of oxidized phospholipids in negatively impacting Treg differentiation and atheroprotective function.

Immunometabolism and immune response regulate macrophage function in atherosclerosis.

Macrophages are crucial in the progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In the atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages play a central role in maintaining inflammatory response, promoting plaque development, and facilitating thrombosis. Increasing studies indicate that metabolic reprogramming and immune response mediate macrophage functional changes in all stages of atherosclerosis. In this review article, we explain how metabolic changes in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, and cholesterol metabolism regulate macrophage function in atherosclerosis. We discuss how immune response to oxidized lipids regulate macrophage function in atherosclerosis. Additionally, we explore how abnormal metabolism leads to macrophage mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis.

Rnd3 suppresses endothelial cell pyroptosis in atherosclerosis through regulation of ubiquitination of TRAF6.

As the main pathological basis for various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, atherosclerosis has become one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Emerging evidence has suggested that Rho GTPase Rnd3 plays an indisputable role in cardiovascular diseases, although its function in atherosclerosis remains unclear. Here, we found a significant correlation between Rnd3 and pyroptosis of aortic endothelial cells (ECs). ApoeKO mice were utilized as a model for atherosclerosis. Endothelium-specific transgenic mice were employed to disrupt the expression level of Rnd3 in vivo. Mechanistic investigation of the impact of Rnd3 on endothelial cell pyroptosis was carried out using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays, and molecular docking. Evidence from gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies denoted a protective role for Rnd3 against ECs pyroptosis. Downregulation of Rnd3 sensitized ECs to pyroptosis under oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) challenge and exacerbated atherosclerosis, while overexpression of Rnd3 effectively prevented these effects. LC-MS/MS, Co-IP assay, and molecular docking revealed that Rnd3 negatively regulated pyroptosis signaling by direct interaction with the ring finger domain of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). This leads to the suppression of K63-linked TRAF6 ubiquitination and the promotion of K48-linked TRAF6 ubiquitination, inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and promoting the degradation of TRAF6. Moreover, TRAF6 knockdown countered Rnd3 knockout-evoked exacerbation of EC pyroptosis in vivo and vitro. These findings establish a critical functional connection between Rnd3 and the TRAF6/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in ECs, indicating the essential role of Rnd3 in preventing pyroptosis of ECs.

MicroRNAs Regulate Function in Atherosclerosis and Clinical Implications.

Atherosclerosis is considered the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Athermanous plaque formation is pathognomonic of atherosclerosis. The main feature of atherosclerosis is the formation of plaque, which is inseparable from endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. MicroRNAs, a small highly conserved noncoding ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule, have multiple biological functions, such as regulating gene transcription, silencing target gene expression, and affecting protein translation. MicroRNAs also have various pharmacological activities, such as regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolic processes. It is noteworthy that many studies in recent years have also proved that microRNAs play a role in atherosclerosis. To summarize the functions of microRNAs in atherosclerosis, we reviewed all relevant articles published in the PubMed database before June 2022, with keywords "atherosclerosis," "microRNA," "endothelial cells," "vascular smooth muscle cells," "macrophages," and "cholesterol homeostasis," briefly summarized a series of research progress on the function of microRNAs in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages and atherosclerosis. Results and Conclusion. In general, the expression levels of some microRNAs changed significantly in different stages of atherosclerosis pathogenesis; therefore, MicroRNAs may become new diagnostic biomarkers for atherosclerosis. In addition, microRNAs are also involved in the regulation of core processes such as endothelial dysfunction, plaque formation and stabilization, and cholesterol metabolism, which also suggests the great potential of microRNAs as a therapeutic target.

Geniposide ameliorates atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage polarization via perivascular adipocyte-derived CXCL14

Ethnopharmacological relevanceGardenia jasminoides Ellis is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for treatment of various diseases, including atherosclerosis by clearing heat and detoxication. Geniposide is considered as the effective compounds responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis against atherosclerosis. Aim of the studyTo investigate the effect of geniposide on atherosclerosis burden and plaque macrophage polarization, with focus on its potential impact on CXCL14 expression by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). Materials and methodsApoE−/− mice fed a western diet (WD) were used to model atherosclerosis. In vitro cultures of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages were used for molecular assays. ResultsThe results revealed that geniposide treatment reduced atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE−/− mice, and this effect was correlated with increased M2 and decreased M1 polarization of plaque macrophages. Of note, geniposide increased the expression of CXCL14 in PVAT, and both the anti-atherosclerotic effect of geniposide, as well as its regulatory influence on macrophage polarization, were abrogated upon in vivo CXCL14 knockdown. In line with these findings, exposure to conditioned medium from geniposide-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes (or to recombinant CXCL14 protein) enhanced M2 polarization in interleukin-4 (IL-4) treated RAW264.7 macrophages, and this effect was negated after CXCL14 silencing in 3T3-L1 cells. ConclusionIn summary, our findings suggest that geniposide protects ApoE−/- mice against WD-induced atherosclerosis by inducing M2 polarization of plaque macrophages via enhanced expression of CXCL14 in PVAT. These data provide novel insights into PVAT paracrine function in atherosclerosis and reaffirm geniposide as a therapeutic drug candidate for atherosclerosis treatment.