Full-wave Rectifier Research Articles

Nanograting-assisted flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerator for active human motion detection

This manuscript presents the development of a nanograting assisted Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) for improved performance. The TENG leverages a cost-effective and straightforward fabrication method, utilizing nano-gratings on a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer to enhance the triboelectric effect. The device characteristics are evaluated by considering tapping force, separation distance, and load resistance. The experimental electrical characterization shows that the output voltage increases significantly with higher applied forces, with a 2N force generating voltage increases of over 584% compared to a 0.1N force. Conversely, the output voltage decreases as the separation distance is reduced. The charge storage capability of the proposed device is demonstrated by integrating a TENG with a full-wave bridge rectifier. Furthermore, the fabricated TENG demonstrates remarkable sensitivity in detecting various body motions. When strategically placed on the biceps, the TENG effectively tracks muscle contraction and expansion with a voltage range of +0.5V to -1V, exhibiting a sensitivity of 1.5V per cycle. Similarly, the TENG accurately detects bending movements in the knee and elbow joints. For knee bending, the voltage output ranges from +2.5V to -1V, resulting in a sensitivity of 3.5V per cycle. Elbow flexion generates voltages between +4V and -5V, corresponding to a sensitivity of 9V per cycle. This clear correlation between voltage and specific body movements makes the TENG a promising candidate for wearable health and motion monitoring systems.

MOS-based electronically tunable current-mode dual-output full-wave rectifier using single DDCCTA

MOS-based electronically tunable current-mode dual-output full-wave rectifier using single DDCCTA

Evaluation of RMS Current in AC Power Wires Using a High-Speed Infrared System

This paper presents a new method of the effective value (RMS) of alternating current (AC) in power wires based on infrared radiation (IR) measurement using a high-speed medium wavelength infrared (MWIR) camera. The method called “2-ω” involves measurement of the 100 Hz harmonic of temperature (T100) and is supported by signal analysis in the frequency domain. The article discusses the issue of non-sinusoidal alternating current, which causes much more difficult analyzes compared to sinusoidal current with a frequency of 50/60 Hz. The simulation and measurement results for different current shapes obtained in typical power systems like: a phase-controlled switching regulator, half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, and finally the nonlinear distortion of the AC current due to saturation of the magnetic core, are presented and confirm the linear relation of T100 ~ I2RMS. The main advantage of proposed method is the independence of the measurement results from environmental conditions.

Hydrogel ionic diode with ultra-high rectification ratio for ionic circuit

Organisms transmit signals through complex ion systems, and signal transmission in artificial electronic circuits mainly depends on electrons. The development of rectifier ionic diode, grounded in ion transport principles, paves ways for artificial bionic circuit and seamless human–machine interaction. Among its pivotal performance indicators, the ion rectification ratio (IR) is of primal importance, facilitating enhanced ion selectivity, bolstered energy efficiency, and robust, high-performing operations. Here, hybrid hydrogel ionic diode based on chitosan (CS) doped with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)-21,23H-porphyrin (TAPP)/sodium polyacrylate (PAAs) doped with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)-21,23H-porphyrin (TPPS) was constructed to achieve a high IR. This design achieved a remarkable feat by elevating the IR from 5.57 to an unprecedented 158.64, surpassing previous benchmarks set by hydrogel-based ionic diodes. Moreover, this study emphasizes the selectivity of polyelectrolytes to different porphyrin structures, as well as the charge properties of the groups carried by porphyrins. It delves into the fundamental mechanisms underpinning their interactions, providing a comprehensive understanding of their behavior. In order to demonstrate the excellent rectification characteristics and practical applicability of the CS-TAPP/PAAs-TPPS ionic diode, we successfully integrated it into the full-wave rectification and logic gate system. The full-wave rectifier can convert a 1.2 V sinusoidal voltage input to a 0.8 V full-wave voltage output. This shows the advantages of high IR ionic diodes. It offers insights for the development of high-performance hydrogel-based ionic diodes, and promotes the advancement of novel biomimetic devices and ionic circuits.

New Full‐Wave Rectifiers Based on the Plus‐Type Second‐Generation Current Conveyors

ABSTRACTTwo new full‐wave rectifiers (FWRs) based on two plus‐type second‐generation current conveyors are proposed in this paper. Also, the proposed FWR structures comprise two diodes and two grounded resistors without matching conditions. They are not affected from any bias voltage(s) and/or current(s); thus, they eliminate the need for extra circuitry. One of the proposed FWRs provides positive rectification, while the other offers negative rectification. Both proposed FWRs have high input impedance and gain. Simulation results are obtained through the SPICE program, and experimental results are provided.

A metasurface antenna with beam steering capabilities for radio frequency energy harvesting

Limited control over parameters within the realm of design complexity, it is noted that there are incomplete unit cells displaying slightly lower transmittance in transmissive metasurface antennas. However, traditional methods require time-consuming iterative processes to select unit cells with multiple variables. Therefore, a novel approach is proposed for designing metasurface superstrates on patch antennas operating at 12.5 GHz, focusing on achieving beam steering capabilities and Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting functionality. It utilizes a Skeleton-based Attentions Neural Network (SANN) to aid in the complex metasurface unit cell design, enhancing the antenna's flexibility and potential applications. This network is trained to generate patterns for the metasurface unit cell, facilitating accurate and efficient design. The key feature of this antenna is beam steering in multiple directions. Steering is achieved by rotating the metasurface plane in an anti-clockwise direction. Experimental results show that by rotating the metasurface plane at different angles, the beam is directed towards specific directions, such as 10°, 15°, 18°, 21°, and 23°. A load resistance of 8kᾨ and a full wave rectifier with a Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (PIN) diode are utilized to obtain a Direct Current (DC) output voltage of 1.1 V in the proposed rectifier. Copper material is used for the metasurface plane, and the antenna is measured using RT duriod.

A single-bridge interleaved three-level LLC resonant converter with current sharing capability for fuel cell system

This paper propose a wide gain single-bridge interleaved three-level LLC resonant converter with current sharing capability. This novel converter offers numerous advantages, including low cost, low current ripple, reduced voltage and current stress, widely gain range, high efficiency, good current sharing capability and versatile application scalability. Utilizing the three-level inverter + full-wave rectifier LLC converter as a representative case, the paper conducts an in-depth analysis and research on the proposed method. Finality, a 600 W experimental prototype was constructed and tested. Experimental results reveal that the proposed converter exhibits lower current ripple and a broader gain range. Moreover, the converter shows good current sharing capability (with a resonant element tolerance of 10%, the current error between the two phases does not exceed 12%) and high efficiency (peaking at 95.8%).

A semi-analytical electromechanical model for energy harvesting of plate with acoustic black hole indentations

Acoustic black hole (ABH) has been proved to be helpful for the energy harvesting of beam. Since thin plates are more widely used in practical engineering, it is of great significance to explore the energy harvesting with ABH effect applying to thin plate. Therefore, a piezoelectric plate with ABH indentations is designed and a standard full-wave rectifier circuit connected to the energy harvester in this paper. A semi-analytical electromechanical model is proposed for the energy harvesting system and Gaussian basis functions are used to solve the coupled electromechanical equations. The harvested power is calculated with the proposed method and the acceptable accuracy could be found through the validation against finite element simulation. Finally, a comprehensive analysis has been performed and numerical results show the system parameters (such as piezoelectric layer parameters, ABH parameters, and circuit parameters) have a significant influence on the energy harvesting.

Implementation of novel full-wave rectifier using second generation current conveyor (CCII)

Implementation of novel full-wave rectifier using second generation current conveyor (CCII)

Design of high gain miniaturized WPT rectenna for implantable biomedical applications

Abstract Implantable medical devices (IMDs) have become indispensable for treating various health disorders and monitoring individual well-being as a result of significant technical breakthroughs in the field of biomedical technology. This article describes a wireless powering technique at 2.45 GHz for low power devices such as IMDs. The design incorporates a rectangular patch antenna that exhibits peak gain of 2.1 dB and impedance bandwidth of 620 MHz with compact size of 71.4 mm3. The antenna is simulated within a three-layer phantom model replicating the human body to evaluate its performance, which produces −21.4 dB peak gain and 600 MHz–10 dB impedance bandwidth. A full wave rectifier aided by matching network is used to accomplish optimal conversion of RF signal to DC power. The constructed prototype is tested in a saline solution, and the measured results closely match the simulation results. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is calculated using a phantom model and a head model for assessing patient safety and biocompatibility. The proposed antenna has SAR values of 5.12 W/kg and 3.13 W/kg are exhibited by proposed antenna inside three layer phantom model and human head model.

Modeling and control of a new multi-port converter for hybrid energy system integration

This research introduces a new topology called the quasi-Z-source integrated isolated multiport bidirectional resonant DC-DC converter. The aim is to achieve cost-effective and efficient multi-directional power flow between photovoltaic (PV), battery/supercapacitor, and DC loads. The proposed topology ensures uninterrupted power supply to the loads and supports reverse power transfer through its bidirectional power flow capability. By combining quasi z-source and H-bridge resonant converters with an existing switch, a four-port converter is achieved without the need for separate converters or additional switches. The high-gain quasi z-source converter reduces the required voltage ratings of the battery and supercapacitor packs while enabling the utilization of a high-frequency transformer (HFT) with a low turns ratio. Isolation between the ports is achieved using a secondary center-tapped HFT equipped with a controlled full-wave rectifier on the secondary side, allowing bidirectional power flow. A power flow management system and corresponding control scheme are proposed to optimize the system's performance. The proposed system's performance is evaluated under various operating conditions, demonstrating its effectiveness in power flow management and overall efficiency. The results confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system.

Design of Fluxgate Current Sensor Based on Magnetization Residence Times and Neural Networks.

This study introduces a novel fluxgate current sensor with a compact, ring-shaped configuration that exhibits improved performance through the integration of magnetization residence times and neural networks. The sensor distinguishes itself with a unique magnetization profile, denoted as M waves, which emerge from the interaction between the target signal and ambient magnetic interference, effectively enhancing interference suppression. These M waves highlight the non-linear coupling between the magnetic field and magnetization residence times. Detection of these residence times is accomplished using full-wave rectification circuits and a Schmitt trigger, with a digital output provided by timing sequence detection. A dual-layer feedforward neural network deciphers the target signal, exploiting this non-linear relationship. The sensor achieves a linearity error of 0.054% within a measurement range of 15 A. When juxtaposed with conventional sensors utilizing the residence-time difference strategy, our sensor reduces linearity error by more than 40-fold and extends the effective measurement range by 150%. Furthermore, it demonstrates a significant decrease in ambient magnetic interference.

A single-IC realizable, electronically tunable, OTA-based full-wave rectifier with simultaneous positive and negative outputs

A new voltage-mode full-wave rectifier (FWR) is proposed in this study. The proposed FWR employs two single-output operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs), four diodes, and two grounded resistors. It has high input impedance and does not need any extra bias current or voltage sources. It simultaneously provides positive and negative rectified output signals over separate output terminals. The amplitudes of both output signals can be adjusted by varying the resistor values or the transconductance (gm) values of the OTAs. It does not include any floating passive elements, so it is suitable for integrated circuit (IC) implementations. The proposed FWR can be implemented by using a single commercially available IC such as LM13700. However, the proposed FWR has a single matching condition for gm values of the OTAs. Several simulation and experimental test results are added to confirm the theory and show the operability of the proposed circuit.

Recent advances in single-phase rectification methods

With the increasing number of population, people are increasingly dependent on electricity. In recent years, more and more public transportations like bus, taxi take the mode of pure electric. The function of rectifier is to transform the AC current into DC current, which is a significant research direction in electrical industry, especially in power electronic technology. In our nation, the national grid supplies 220V 50Hz AC to residence, it is a voltage pattern that varies periodically. Due to the lower loss of power during long-distance transmission, it has become the basic mode of power transmission and supply in the world. In usual production and our daily life, we frequently need DC (such as: mobile phones, flashlights, computers, charging piles for electric vehicles, etc.), so rectifier has become a heated research part. At present, more and more researches are based on power electronic technology, design all kinds of rectifier circuit by using the between conductor and insulator property of semiconductors. This essay provides an overview of single-phase rectifier circuits (including half-wave rectifier, full-wave rectifier, and bridge rectifier) and passive power factor correction.

Development of flexible high-performance PDMS-based triboelectric nanogenerator using nanogratings

This article investigates the performance of a contact-mode Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) utilizing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with nano gratings as a dielectric in a metal-dielectric configuration. The evaluation encompasses the impact of gratings, tapping frequency, various load conditions, and contact area on the TENG performance. The fabrication involves spin-coating PDMS onto a master mold to create the device. Experimental measurements reveal a significant enhancement of 97% in open-circuit voltage by introducing gratings on PDMS. Furthermore, as the tapping frequency increases from 1 Hz to 3 Hz, there is a corresponding rise of 108% in output voltage. The influence of load resistance on TENG output performance demonstrates its ability to drive different loads efficiently. Moreover, enlarging the contact area of the device substantially increases the open-circuit voltage. A device with a 400 mm2 contact area can generate a voltage of 80 V at a low frequency of 3 Hz, indicating the importance of considering device size and contact area for specific applications. A practical circuit integrating a TENG with a full-wave bridge rectifier demonstrates energy harvesting capabilities by successfully illuminating a light-emitting diode (LED) and charging various capacitors. The fabricated devices exhibit better performance along with a cost-effective and easy fabrication process.

An Inductance-Capacitance Measurement Method Based On Auto-Balancing Bridge

Modern measurement modules are extremely demanding on the hardware and must accurately capture the relevant parameters of capacitance and inductance. The inductance and its quality factor, capacitance and its loss angle tangent value are very important parameters, but also the current testing difficulties. To efficiently and accurately measure the inductance and its quality factor, capacitance and its loss angle tangent, this paper developed a capacitance-inductance testing method based on automatic balanced bridge circuit. Firstly, based on the DSP development board, test capacitance and inductance by switching dip switches; Then, the use of self-excited oscillation method to generate a fixed frequency sinusoidal signal, through the amplifier to increase the amplitude of its signal, and the use of adder to the signal to provide a certain bias to meet the amplitude requirements; Finally, based on the automatic balanced bridge method, through the full-wave rectification plus filter will be converted into the average of the signal to be tested, and then use the amplifier circuit to control the average value of the signal to be tested, and then use the amplifier circuit to control the average value. Then use the amplifier circuit to control the average value within the AD sampling range, and use the micro-controller to collect the test amplitude, phase and other related parameters. The test results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Analysis and Design of Configurable Rectifier With Compensated Near-Zero Impedance Angle for Megahertz Wireless Power Transfer

Adapting to wide load range variations is always one of the main goals pursued by megahertz (MHz) wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. For this, the nonlinear phenomenon of the rectifier has become a problem that must be solved. Compared with the method of optimizing the efficiency around the maximum power point in the traditional design, this paper proposes a global load optimization method. Meanwhile, a novel configurable compensated near-zero impedance angle rectifier (NIAR) is proposed to take full advantage of the global optimization method. The NIAR not only realizes the compression of a wide range of impedance angles, but also solves the classic problems of Class E rectifiers such as large stress, voltage asymmetry, and low real part of input impedance. The configurable design allows the system to adjust the rectifier unit according to the output index, thereby fully improving the coil efficiency, and providing a solution for the application of high-voltage and high-power MHz WPT systems in the future. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed NIAR and design method, a 60 W prototype was built, and a traditional full-wave rectifier was used for comparison. The results show that the proposed NIAR system exhibits better characteristics in terms of system efficiency, voltage stress, and symmetry.

A Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Bamboo Leaf for Biomechanical Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Touch Sensing

Recently, natural material-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have increasingly attracted attention in academic circles. In this work, we have developed an innovative triboelectric nanogenerator (BL-TENG) utilizing bamboo leaves to capture biomechanical energy. Bamboo leaf, as a natural plant material, possesses a diverse array of applications due to its remarkable durability, which surpasses that of many other types of trees. Furthermore, bamboo leaf has the advantages of low cost, widely distributed, non-toxic and environmentally protected. The output power of the BL-TENG (size: 5 cm × 5 cm) is able to generate approximately 409.6 µW and the internal resistance of the BL-TENG is 40 MΩ. Furthermore, the BL-TENG can realize an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 191 V and a short-circuit current (Isc) of 5 µA, respectively. The biomechanical energy harvesting effect of the BL-TENG device means that it can drive 18 commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) through the full-wave bridge rectifier. Furthermore, the BL-TENG can also serve as a self-powered touch sensor to reflect hand touch states. This study proposed a novel plant-based TENG device that can enhance the development of green TENG devices and self-powered sensing systems.

Evaluation of Power Storage Circuit for Piezoelectric Energy Harvester in Impact Mode

Power storage circuit is crucial to the performance of the vibration energy harvesting system as it will affect the amount of energy that can be harvested. The objective of this paper is to discuss the design and evaluation of power storage circuit for the vibration-based impact mode piezoelectric energy harvester. The proposed power storage circuit consists of rectifier circuit with rectifier capacitor, voltage regulator and the storage device. Evaluation on the rectifier circuit and the power storage circuit is carried out with variation in the resistive load and some other components. Results show that for the multiple impact input, full wave rectifier produces higher output than that of the other circuit. In addition to that, the proposed storage circuit can produce a stable output voltage and output power at about 40 Hz of operating frequency range. This show that piezoelectric energy harvester in impact mode can operate well with the proposed power storage circuit.

A Flexible Data-Driven Prognostics Model Using System Performance Metrics

Prognostics methods predict the remaining useful life (RUL) of systems. Data-driven methods generally result in a rigid RUL estimation model that lacks flexibility in adapting to user requirements. In this work, we reformulate the data-driven learning problem inspired by physics-based solutions. Our novel prediction architecture allows us to adjust the level of conservatism in RUL predictions without retraining the data-driven models when the performance thresholds are modified. We demonstrate the validity of our approach on a full-wave rectifier with multiple degrading components and different performance specifications.