Full-vector Finite Element Method Research Articles

Broadband dispersion compensation and high birefringence photonic crystal fiber for CWDM/DWDM networks

In this study, we propose a new design based on photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) for broadband dispersion compensation in telecommunication networks. The proposed design has a hexagonal structure arrangement of air-holes rings of different diameters between the silica core and the cladding. The PCF properties like effective area, nonlinearity, dispersion slope, confinement loss, and birefringence are reported and discussed. For the best performance we present three designs A, B and C. Simulation results show that the three designs cover the six-telecommunication optical bands O-, E-, S-, C-, L- and U- bands (wavelengths ranging from 1260 to 1675 nm). Design A achieves a large negative dispersion value of about − 1716 ps/(nm.km) with relative dispersion slope equals to that of conventional single-mode optical fibers (SMFs) of about 0.0036 nm−1, which makes it very suitable for long-haul DWDM transmission systems. With a little modification in the core, designs B and C achieve much higher confinement ability and achieve a very large birefringence value for polarization mode dispersion and sensing applications. Design C is engineered to have exact opposite dispersion of SMF with zero dispersion at the wavelength 1310 nm, which makes it a promising design in CWDM transmission system. The numerical values have been investigated using the full vector finite element method.

Fiber design and performance analyses for optical multiplexing: terahertz optical communications

Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals at a single channel. Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) is one of the main multiplexing techniques for optical data transmissions. This paper examines and suggests a hollow core with four layers of semilunar air-hole-shaped circular photonic crystal fiber (PCF) capable of transmitting terahertz (THz) OAM information-carrying modes. By using the full vector finite element method (FEM), OAM multiplexing is analyzed for the proposed fiber. All the THz OAM-based factors are analyzed at a frequency band ranging from 400 GHz to 800 GHz. For the first time, some important PCF factors such as effective refractive index difference (ERID), dispersion profile (DP), OAM purity, confinement loss (CL), effective mode area (ERA), and numerical aperture (NA) are quantitatively discussed with applications. The proposed design supports 50 OAM modes with ERID up to 10−3. The PCF has a CL of approximately 10–10 dB cm−1 and the lowest dispersion profile is 0.3581 ps/THz/cm. Furthermore, the OAM purity is around 97%. Nonetheless, the proposed design can be used in THz-OAM transmission and high optical fiber communications.

Photonic crystal fiber sensors to excite surface plasmon resonance based on elliptical detection channels are used for highly sensitive magnetic sensing

To improve the detection performance of fiber optic magnetic field sensors a new photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was designed and investigated. The designed sensor uses an elliptical detection channel, and the modal transmission characteristics and magnetic field sensing characteristics of this fiber optic sensor are analyzed using the full vector finite element method (FVFEM). In addition, the effect of the detection channel on the detection accuracy at different curvatures was investigated. Compared with previous optical fiber magnetic field (MF) sensors, the designed sensor meets the requirements of both refractive index (RI) and MF measurements, and the MF sensitivity, RI sensitivity, and amplitude sensitivity (AS) of the sensor reach 0.739 nm/Oe, 12043.8 nm/RIU, and 754.88RIU−1, respectively. The designed sensor expands the application range of optical fiber sensors and reduces the cost. It has great potential for application in complex environments.

High-sensitivity dual U-shaped PCF-SPR refractive index sensor for the detection of gas and liquid analytes.

A dual U-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) biochemical sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is designed for the simultaneous detection of gas and liquid analytes, and the properties are analyzed by the full vector finite element method (FEM). SPR is excited by placing gold nanowires on the inner surface of the U-shaped device. In this technique, the traditional metal deposition process can be replaced, subsequently reducing the difficulty and complexity of actual production and improving the phase matching between the basic mode and plasmonic modes. To improve the detection properties, the structural parameters of the sensor including the air hole diameter, spacing, gold nanowire diameter, and polishing depth are optimized, and to better evaluate and analyze the sensing properties, the wavelength and amplitude modulation inquiry method is adopted. The results show that the maximum wavelength sensitivity (WS), amplitude sensitivity (AS), minimum resolution (R), and optimal FOM are 35,000nm/RIU, 438.08R I U -1, 2.86×10-6 R I U, and 165.16R I U -1, respectively. In addition, the sensor can detect analyte RIs between 1.00 and 1.36 for gas and liquid analytes simultaneously. Owing to the simple structure, low cost, and ambient-condition monitoring, the sensor has large potential in a myriad of applications including sewage treatment, food safety, humoral regulation, environmental and biological monitoring, and medical diagnosis.

Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications

Abstract Photonic crystal fibers (PCF) have demonstrated promising capabilities for liquid sensing applications owing to their distinctive optical properties. This work presents a numerical investigation of a PCF sensor optimized for discriminating water, ethanol, and benzene samples. In the proposed configuration, there are five concentric rings of air holes in the cladding arranged in a hybrid lattice structure, while the core contains only one air hole. The optical properties of the sensor, such as refractive index, power fraction, relative sensitivity, confinement loss, effective area, and nonlinearity, were assessed through a comprehensive analysis utilizing the full vector Finite Element Method within the COMSOL Multiphysics software. All these properties have been meticulously examined through numerical investigation across a broader range of wavelengths spanning from 0.8 to 2.2 µm. The suggested model has high sensitivity, minimal confinement loss, and an exceptional nonlinear coefficient value. At a wavelength of 1.3 µm, the suggested PCF exhibits greater sensitivity of 96.84, 98.12, and 100% for water, ethanol, and benzene, respectively, and nonlinear coefficients of 13.98 W−1 km−1 for water, 13.93 W−1 km−1 for ethanol, and 14.85 W−1 km−1 for benzene, with decreased confinement loss. The created model can be utilized in several research areas, particularly in chemical sensing and bio-sensing, as well as their respective applications.

Highly sensitive plasmonic-grating PCF biosensor for cancer cell detection

Highly sensitive biosensor based on D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with plasmonic grating is introduced and analyzed. The suggested structure is tested using four different grating structures (rectangular, triangular, circular, or elliptical) on the polished surface of the D-shaped PCF. The sensing operation depends on surface plasmon resonance mechanism where the analyte refractive index (RI) is utilized to control the coupling between the core mode and surface plasmon mode via phase matching phenomenon. Rhodium is employed as a plasmonic material to induce the SPMs. The resonance (i.e., phase matching) wavelength is a function of the analyte RI. The geometrical parameters of the proposed structure are optimized using full vectorial finite element method to enhance the sensor sensitivity. The proposed biosensor can be utilized in the detection of different cancerous Basel, Breast and Cervical cells. The performance of the reported biosensor is investigated in terms of sensitivity, linear response, and fabrication tolerance. The reported biosensor has high sensitivities of 19,750 nm/RIU, 20,428 nm/RIU and 20,041 nm/RIU for the detection of Basel, Breast and Cervical cancer cells, respectively. The presented biosensor is a good candidate for biological sample detection and organic chemical sensing.

Highly sensitive gamma ray dosimeter based on dual-core photonic crystal fiber

This paper introduces the application of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor to be used as a gamma ray dosimeter. This paper proposes an efficient analysis of a highly sensitive surface Plasmon resonance for gamma ray dose detection in nuclear research reactors. The proposed structure makes use of a Poly-Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) polymer, which has high sensitivity to an external electric field and gamma rays making it suitable for nuclear reactor applications. At resonance frequency, the peak of spectral loss for dosimeter sensors refers to gamma irradiation dose values. Therefore, study the different geometrical parameters for the proposed PCF sensor is of significant importance to achieve high sensitivity with low spectral losses. The full-vectorial finite-element method has been used for analysis with the plane wave expansion method. The sensitivity of the suggested sensor achieves up to 0.006 µm per gamma-ray dose unit (μm/Gy) with low losses.

Highly sensitive temperature sensor based on nematic liquid crystal channel waveguide on silicon

This paper presents a highly sensitive hybrid plasmonic liquid crystal channel-based temperature sensor. The proposed structure has V-groove waveguide channel infiltrated with nematic liquid crystal (NLC) material of type E7 and coated by a gold (Au) layer to excite the surface plasmon resonance at the metal/dielectric interface. The NLC refractive indices depend on the temperature which affects the resonance wavelength where coupling occurs between the core and surface plasmon modes. The full vectorial finite element method is employed to evaluate the sensing performance of the reported sensor. The numerical results show that the suggested sensor can achieve an average temperature sensitivity of 24.5 nm/°C over a temperature range from 15 to 40 °C. The obtained wavelength sensitivity is higher than those of most similar temperature sensors based on silica-silicon or silicon-on-insulator technology in literature. In addition, the average amplitude sensitivity and figure of merit of the presented sensor are 0.135 °C− 1 and 0.43 °C− 1, respectively. Moreover, the introduced structure is complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible with simple design and good fabrication tolerance of ± 5% where the temperature sensitivity is better than 23 nm/°C.

Optimization of ultrathin polarization insensitive metamaterial absorbers using trust region algorithm based on Co-kriging model

In this paper, a trust region optimization algorithm integrated with a co-kriging surrogate-model is newly formulated to optimize compact ultrathin wideband metamaterial absorbers with high absorption. The reported algorithm is linked with the full vectorial finite element method to simulate and optimize the studied absorbers. In order to show the power of the suggested algorithm, the geometrical parameters of a previous metamaterial absorber (MA) with L-shaped resonators are optimized to achieve high absorption (over 90 %) over a frequency band from 13.8 GHz to 24.5 GHz covering most of KU and K bands. Then, a novel design of L-shaped MA with triangular resonators is optimized, analyzed and fabricated with high absorption (above 90 %) through a large frequency band from 11.9 GHz to 22 GHz covering the entire KU-band and most of the K-band. The reported design is also robust against the variations of the incident angle (above 80 % up to 50°) for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarized modes. Therefore, the proposed algorithm could be used efficiently for the design and optimization of metamaterial absorbers.

Structure optimization of large-solid-core photonic crystal fibers based on Ge\(_{20}\)Sb\(_{5}\)Se\(_{75}\) for optical applications

This paper presents a new design of Ge20Sb5Se75 large-solid-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with a 1st-ring-removed square lattice. Using the full vector finite element method for anisotropic perfectly matched layers, we numerically examine the dispersion characteristics of the PCF in the wavelength range spanning from 1.5 µm to 6.0 µm. The results reveal that photonic crystal fibers exhibit a variety of dispersion properties, including all-normal and anomalous dispersion, featuring one or two zero dispersion wavelengths (ZDWs). We propose two designs with optimal dispersion characteristics based on our numerical simulations. These designs have small lattice constants (Ʌ = 1.0 µm; Ʌ = 1.5 µm) and low fill factors (d/Ʌ = 0.3; d/Ʌ = 0.35). Furthermore, these selected fibers offer high nonlinearity and low confinement loss, making them excellent candidates for a wide range of optical applications.

Development of an Optical Crystal Fiber Sensor for Early Detection of Tuberculosis

To this day, tuberculosis remains one of the most severe threats to public health on a global scale, which is why there is a pressing need for the development of diagnostic techniques that combine high levels of precision, speed in producing findings, mobility, and risk reduction. This work's planned scope is constructing a photonic crystal fiber sensor with a susceptible non-complex core intended to detect tuberculosis at wavelengths ranging from 1 µm to 2.2 µm. This study introduces an innovative biomedical photonic crystal fiber sensor capable of accurately detecting tuberculosis bacteria across all four strains and effectively distinguishing between them. To carry out numerical studies, the proposed structure uses a technique known the full-vector finite element method (FV-FEM). Compared to earlier biomedical sensors based on photonic crystal fiber, the sensor that has been developed demonstrates an exceptionally high relative sensitivity in detecting various kinds while also displaying a deficient level of loss. The proposed sensor has an effective size of 38 µm2, a sensitivity of 99.9%, and a low confinement loss of 10-11 dB/m. To validate the usefulness of the proposed layout and establish its integrity, a detailed analysis is performed by contrasting the results of this study with the most current research published on photonic crystal fiber.

Cancer cell detection by plasmonic dual V-shaped PCF biosensor

In this paper, a highly sensitive plasmonic photonic crystal fiber (PCF) biosensor is reported for cancer cell detection. The modal analysis of the reported biosensor is performed using the full vectorial finite element method. The suggested PCF sensor has dual V-shaped groves to enhance the sensor sensitivity where two gold nano-rods are mounted on the etched surfaces. The main idea of the optical sensors is to track the electromagnetic coupling between the leaky core mode and the surface plasmon mode (SPM) at the metal/dielectric interface. When the SPM and one of the fundamental core modes are phase-matched, strong coupling occurs. Therefore, maximum confinement loss is achieved for the core-guided mode at the resonance wavelength, which depends on the analyte refractive index (RI). The V-shaped groove enhances the core/SPM coupling where high RI sensitivity of 24,000 nm/RIU is achieved along the RI range from 1.38 to 1.39, with a resolution of 2.703×10−6RIU. The potential of using the suggested RI sensor for cancer cell detection is then demonstrated. In this context, high sensitivities of 23,700 nm/RIU, 8,208 nm/RIU, and 14,428.6 are obtained for basal, cervical, and breast cancer cells with resolutions of 4.22×10−6RIU, 12.18×10−6RIU, and 6.93×10−6RIU, respectively. The achieved sensitivity and resolution are higher than those of the recently reported cancer biosensors. Moreover, the developed label-free biosensor is safer than other chemical and surgical techniques.

Design and analysis of arc-shaped single core photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance

The selection of a suitable plasmonic material is crucial for achieving high-performance photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR) sensors. However, most numerical investigations have been limited to PCF-SPR sensors with conventional circularly coated plasmonic metals due to their availability and rigid properties. In this work, a single-core arc-shaped PCF is designed and studied with sensing ingredients coated outside the fiber. The simulation and numerical analyses are performed using the full-vector finite element method to examine the effects of using gold as an active metal and also the deposition of Ta2O5 on gold. The results show that the arc-shaped sensor with gold film can obtain the maximum wavelength interrogation sensitivity (WIS) of 9500 nm/RIU within the refractive index (RI) range of 1.25–1.39 while the maximum amplitude interrogation sensitivity (AIS) reaches 579.26 RIU−1 at 1.39 and resolution is 1.05 × 10−5. However, depositing Ta2O5 on the gold gives an improved maximum WIS and AIS of 22,000 nm/RIU and 1209.21 RIU−1, respectively. With the coating of Ta2O5, the resolution improves to 4.55 × 10−6, making the proposed sensor design undoubtedly effective in detecting food chemicals such as butyl acetate and hydrocarbons along with different bio-analyte samples with a wide range of RI.

Design and analysis of surface-plasmon-resonance-based dual-cladding micro-structured fiber temperature and refractive index sensor

Combining the surface plasmon resonance(SPR) effect and the characteristics of dual-cladding micro-structured fiber(DC-MF), this study presents the design and analysis of a temperature and refractive index sensor. The performance of the sensor is analyzed by using the full-vector finite element method, and the structure parameters of the DC-MF and the thickness of the plasmonic material (ITO film), is optimized to achieve high sensitivity measurements of temperature and refractive index. Theoretical analysis results indicate that its maximal temperature and refractive index sensitivity can reach to 25.4 nm/°C and 46559.8 nm/RIU in −40 °C to −40 °C. Its average temperature and refractive index sensitivity is 22.53 nm/°C and 38292.3 nm/RIU in the temperature range from −40 °C to 0 °C, and the value is 7.03 nm/°C and 12591.7 nm/RIU in the temperature range from 0 °C to 40 °C. Besides, its operating wavelength shifts toward a long wavelength region (about 1.05 μm–2.25 μm) as the refractive index of analyte increases from 1.424 to 1.471.

Simulation of a Sensitive Mid-infrared (MIR) D-Shaped Optical Fiber Water Pollutant Sensor

AbstractIn this work, an efficient optical sensor is proposed for the sensitive detection of various pollutants in water. The suggested optical sensor is based on an indium fluoride (InF3) glass fabricated as a D-shaped optical fiber. The polished surface of the D-shaped fiber is coated with a gold grating to induce the surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The SPR depends on the optical properties of the polluted water analyte in physical contact with the grating. The proposed optical SPR fiber sensor operates within the mid-infrared (MIR) range (3000–4500 nm) to detect any slight change in the water refractive index (RI) due to any pollutants. The full vectorial finite element method (FVFEM) is utilized to calculate the modal properties of the reported sensor. High sensor sensitivity of 17,834 nm/RIU (refractive index units) is achieved for the detection of dissolution of nitric acid (HNO3) in water at a concentration of 14% v/v (volume/volume). Additionally, the reported sensor detects the dissolution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in water investigated at concentrations of 15% v/v and 30% v/v, with sensitivities of 12,308 nm/RIU and 17,143 nm/RIU, respectively. Further, suspending polystyrene beads of diameter 0.1 μm in the water at a concentration of 10% v/v gives a maximum sensitivity of 5333 nm/RIU. Therefore, the proposed sensor provides a promising approach for the detection of water pollutants in the MIR wavelength regime, rather than the weaker response in the near infrared.

THz dual-core liquid photonic crystal fiber with high negative dispersion

A novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) design is proposed and analyzed with highly negative dispersion for THz applications. The reported PCF has TOPAS background material due to its low material loss in THz regime. Further, dual porous cores are constructed and selectively infiltrated with liquid crystal (LC) material to control the dispersion characteristics of the reported PCF. The basic operation of the suggested dual core LCPCF (DC-LCPCF) depends on the optical coupling between the supported modes of the two porous core regions in the THz regime to achieve high negative dispersion for the two fundamental polarizations: transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM). The coupling can be switched between the TE and TM modes by applying an external electric field on the LC material via two metallic electrodes. The full vectorial finite element method (FVFEM) is utilized to study the dispersion characteristics of the DC-LCPCF structure. The obtained results reveal that the TE and TM modes have large negative chromatic dispersions of − 44.57 ps/THz/cm and − 30.59 ps/THz/cm at frequencies of 0.386 THz and 0.4027 THz, respectively. So, it will be a solution for further innovation of fiber devices in the THz regime.

Low-loss and high-sensitivity surface plasmon resonance sensor composed of microstructured optical fibers for wide visible-to-infrared and refractive index ranges

ObjectiveOptical fiber sensing technology develops rapidly and is widely used. In order to design a SPR sensor with better performance and easy production, a new type D-MOF sensor with low loss, high sensitivity and simple structure is proposed. MethodsThe full vector finite element method (FEM) was used to optimize the structure parameters by using the multi-physics analysis software COMSOL, and the performance of the structure was systematically analyzed. ResultsThe sensor operational wavelength spans the visible and infrared range (430 nm to 7200 nm). The refractive index detection range of 1.00–1.42, the maximum wavelength sensitivity and the optimal resolution are 60,000 nm/RIU and 1.67 × 10−6 RIU−1, respectively, and the maximum limiting loss peak is 64.99 dB/cm. In addition, MOF-SPR sensors have large tolerance and low sensitivity of structural parameters in actual manufacturing. It has great application potential in biosensing and other fields.

Dual-resonant-peak single-mode fiber surface plasmon resonance gas sensor with V-groove for methane detection

ObjectiveThe simple structure of single-mode fibers as a sensing platform circumvents the technical bottlenecks associated with manufacturing difficulties. Meanwhile, compared to photonic crystal fibers, they have lower manufacturing costs and can achieve similar performance to other types of fibers, providing greater possibilities for mass production. The V-groove in the SMF destroys the original symmetry of the fiber and renders the core mode energy leak controllable, consequently enhancing the sensitivity and confinement loss (CL) intensity of the core mode as well as the resolution. The composite nanolayer (gold gas-sensitive film) combines the advantages of both the materials and mutual gain to strengthen the detection ability and continuously outputs high-quality free electrons to promote mode coupling. MethodsA dual-resonant-peak single-mode fiber (SMF) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) gas sensor with a V-groove is designed for the sensitive detection of methane and analyzed by the full-vector finite element method (FEM). ResultsBy optimizing the structural parameters and polarization states, the SPR sensor can be operated in the concentration range between 0 % and 3.5 %, which can be spread across two transmission bands simultaneously with the maximum wavelength sensitivities being 12 nm/% and 8 nm/% and the corresponding resolution being 0.0083 % and 0.013 %, respectively. The tolerance of the structural parameters of the sensor is below 0.88 nm/μm to make manufacturing easier compared to conventional products. This sensor has good prospects and application potential in areas such as gas leakage diagnostics and environmental safety.

High Sensitivity and Wide Range Refractive Index Sensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance Photonic Crystal Fiber.

In order to detect the refractive index (RI) of high refractive index materials such as trichlorobenzene and aniline in the near-infrared and mid-infrared spectra and expand the detection range of the refractive index, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor based on an elliptical sensing channel is proposed for high refractive index detection. The fiber core and the analyte channel are surrounded by two types of air holes with different sizes. When the surface plasmon resonance effect appears at the interface between the fiber core and the elliptical sensing layer, obvious resonance peaks appear in the near-infrared and mid-infrared bands. The full vector finite element method (FEM) is used to study the sensing characteristics of the sensor and the influence of structural parameters on the resonance peak. The results demonstrate that the sensor achieves detection in the refractive index range of 1.41-1.58, in the wavelength range of 1600-3200 nm. The average wavelength sensitivity is 9217.22 nm/RIU, and the refractive index resolution is 10.85 × 10-6 RIU. The proposed sensor realizes high refractive index detection in the near-infrared and mid-infrared bands, and obtains an ultra-wide detection range and higher sensitivity. The sensor has broad application prospects in chemical detection, biomedical sensing and other fields, and provides a theoretical reference for the design of a photonic crystal fiber surface plasmon resonance sensor.

Design of an octagon structure dual-core photonic crystal fiber polarization beam splitter with a liquid crystal filled central hole

In this paper, an octagon structure dual-core photonic crystal fiber (OS-DC-PCF) polarization beam splitter (PBS) with a liquid crystal filled central hole is designed. The octagon lattice structure is simple and easy to fabricate. By filling the nematic liquid crystal into the central hole, the birefringence of the octagon structure can be enhanced, and the coupling lengths along the two polarization directions can be reduced. The full vector-finite element method is used to analyze the polarization and coupling characteristics, and the influences of different structural parameters on the extinction ratio (ER) of the PBS. The simulation results show that for the designed OS-DC-PCF PBS, the maximum ER is ∼91 dB, the splitting length is only 125μm, and the working bandwidth is up to 339 nm (1.493–1.832μm), covering the whole C+L+U communication bands. Moreover, it has good fabrication tolerances and anti-interference ability. It is believed that the designed OS-DC-PCF PBS can provide the critical device support for the future all-optical communication systems.