Full-time Equivalent Jobs Research Articles

Impact of capacity underutilization of milk processing plants on employment multipliers

The investigation into the employment-generating capacity of industries has captured the interest of numerous scholars on a global scale. However, there is a paucity of literature on the impact of the capacity underutilization of dairy processing plants (DPPs) on employment multipliers. This study employed secondary data sourced from the Tanzania Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries’ budget reports for the fiscal year 2022/23. Using the Leontief Input‒Output simulation model, the study establishes the effects of low utilization of milk processing plants on employment generation. The study establishes employment gaps created by capacity underutilization of DPPs along the milk value chain. The fact that the available DPPs operate at just 23.4 % of their total capacity constrains employment opportunities across the entire value chain. Approximately 500,000 Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) minimum wage jobs (i.e., direct, indirect, and induced) are lost annually, highlighting the need for measures to address the challenge of undercapacity utilization of DPPs. Furthermore, the study found significant backwards and forward linkages in the upstream and downstream parts of the dairy value chain. This indicates strong connections and the potential for job creation within the value chain. Thus, ensuring a consistent milk supply in dairy processing plants is crucial to mitigate undercapacity issues in DPPs and to sustain job growth in the milk value chain. Additionally, the study strongly recommends policy measures to boost DPPs’ capacity utilization, foster economic growth, develop the dairy industry, and enhance the overall national economy.

Macroeconomic analysis of a new green hydrogen industry using Input-Output analysis: The case of Switzerland

Hydrogen is receiving increasing attention to decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors, such as carbon intensive industries and long-distance transport, with the ultimate goal of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to net-zero. However, limited knowledge exists so far on the socio-economic and environmental impacts for countries moving towards green hydrogen. Here, we analyse the macroeconomic impacts, both direct and indirect, in terms of GDP growth, employment generation and GHG emissions, of green hydrogen production in Switzerland. The results are first presented in gross terms for the construction and operation of a new green hydrogen industry considering that all the produced hydrogen is allocated to passenger cars (final demand). We find that, for each kg of green hydrogen produced, the operational phase creates 6.0, 5.9 and 9.5 times more GDP, employment and GHG emissions respectively compared to the construction phase (all values in gross terms). Additionally, the net impacts are calculated by assuming replacement of diesel by green hydrogen as fuel for passenger cars. We find that green hydrogen contributes to a higher GDP and employment compared to diesel, while reducing GHG emissions. For instance, in all the three cases, namely, ‘Equal Cost’, ‘Equal Energy’ and ‘Equal Service’, we find that a green hydrogen industry generates around 106%, 28% and 45% higher GDP, respectively; 163%, 43% and 65% more full-time equivalent jobs, respectively; and finally 45%, 18% and 29% lower GHG emissions, respectively, compared to diesel and other industries. Finally, the methodology developed in this study can be extended to other countries using country-specific data.

Estimating a Regional Economic Conservation Benefit of Using Domestic Hardwoods vs. Apitong for Trailer Decking: A Case Study on US Army Use

United States Army trucks and trailers use an estimated one million board feet (2381 cubic meters) of a critically endangered tropical hardwood, apitong (Dipterocarpus spp.), from southeast Asian rainforests, for wood decking annually. However, their purchasing specifications require the use of domestic hardwoods for decking, floorboards, and platforms. Several US hardwood species, including northern red oak (Quercus rubra), white oak (Quercus alba), hickory (Carya spp.), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) could serve as viable substitutes. They have comparable strength properties to apitong, and there is an abundant and sustainable feedstock based on the United States Forest Service Forest Inventory Analysis (USFS FIA) database. The economic impact in New York State of manufacturing the decking panels in Onondaga County from three selected species: hickory, white oak, and black locust, was estimated using IMPLAN. The economic impact could be as high as $27 million, creating 128 full-time equivalent (FTE) jobs. Equally important to providing local and regional economic benefits, domestically sourced decking panels also contributes to the preservation of tropical rainforests, particularly when the entire decking market is considered (beyond the US Army), which includes wood decking consumption by other government agencies at various levels and the private sector.

Investments in Croatian RES Plants and Energy Efficient Building Retrofits: Substitutes or Complements?

Croatian energy strategy defines ambitious goals aimed at achieving energy transition toward a sustainable low-carbon society. Achieving those goals requires significant investments in the renewable energy sources and improved energy efficiency of buildings. The purpose of this paper is to estimate and compare the economic effects of the energy transition on the renewable energy supply and demand side. The estimation of the energy transition effects in Croatia in the period 2020–2050 is based on the input-output model, which identifies direct, indirect and induced effects of investments in renewable energy sources and energy efficient buildings renovation. Results of the study reveal relatively higher gross value added and employment effects induced by investments in building retrofits, but the effects of investments in renewable energy are also significant. Investments in sustainable, efficient and environmentally effective energy system could significantly contribute to Croatian GDP. While GVA effects range from 0.4% to 0.6% of annual GDP, the share of full-time equivalent jobs induced by energy transition could reach 0.5% to 1% of total employment in Croatia. Investments in RES plants and energy efficient building reconstruction are not substitutes but complements which ensure a smooth energy transition if undertaken together.

Physician anaesthesia providers in Switzerland today and tomorrow: results of the National Anaesthesia Workforce Study (NAWOS).

The Swiss healthcare system is highly ranked, given its unrestricted access to specialised care and short waiting lists for surgery. However, the need for anaesthetic and surgical care is escalating owing to the increasing size and ageing of the Swiss population. In addition, to address the persistent and recurrent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic crisis, the speciality of anaesthesia is under tremendous pressure to maintain an effective workforce in order to address population needs. The current number, characteristics and future evolution of the physician anaesthesia workforce in Switzerland are currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the size and professional and sociodemographic characteristics of the current anaesthesia workforce in Switzerland and to forecast its development up to 2034. We performed a cross-sectional study using a 150-item questionnaire prepared by the National Anaesthesia Workforce Study Group (NAWOS). We included all physicians (trainees and certified) practising anaesthesia in Switzerland. We collected demographic and professional information, such as the current position, hospital characteristics, workload, number of shifts and future life plans. We built a computer-based Markov model with Monte Carlo simulations to project both supply and demand for physician anaesthesia provider positions. Of the 2661 distributed questionnaires, 1985 (74.2%) were completed and returned. We found that the average age of anaesthesiologists practising in Switzerland was 45.2 years, with 44.3% of them being women and 76.9% holding a Swiss specialist title. Only 59.6% of respondents worked full time. The forecasting model showed a steady increase in the number of anaesthesiologists retiring by 2034, with 27% of full-time equivalent jobs being lost in the next 8 years. Even if existing full-time equivalent training positions are all filled, a gradual deficit of anaesthesiologists is to be expected after 2022, and the deficit should culminate in 2034 with a deficit ratio of 0.87. Due to the upcoming high retirement rate of anaesthesiologists, Switzerland is likely to face a shortage of anaesthesiologists in the near future. To compensate for the shortage, the country will likely increase its reliance on medical staff trained abroad. Southern and eastern cantons of Switzerland are particularly at risk, given that they already heavily rely on foreign anaesthesia workforce. This reliance should be considered a national priority because anaesthesiologists are heavily involved in both the treatment of patients with respiratory complications of SARS-CoV2 infection and the care of surgical patients, the number of which is expected to rise steadily in upcoming years.

Modeling Regional Economic Contributions of Forest Restoration: A Case Study of the Four Forest Restoration Initiative

AbstractForest restoration positively affects rural economies by facilitating employment and income generation with logging, wood utilization, and other restoration activities. To investigate economic effects and modeling of forest restoration, a regional contribution analysis of the Four Forest Restoration Initiative (4FRI) in Arizona was conducted. With over 12,000 acres mechanically thinned in 2017, 4FRI treatments led to the processing of 400,000 green tons of sawlogs and biomass. Restoration activities spurred more than 900 full-time equivalent jobs in the region, $50 million in regional labor income, and affected over 140 different industry sectors in the region. When compared to the US Forest Service Treatments for Restoration Economic Analysis Tool model estimates for 4FRI economic contributions, we found that using primary data from 4FRI contractors provided more conservative results. Primary considerations for modeling forest restoration contributions include contractor surveys, appropriate investigation of the regional context, methodological transparency in bridging restoration expenditures to input-output models, and consideration of how to enhance restoration contributions.

Socioeconomic and environmental impacts of bringing the sun to earth: A sustainability analysis of a fusion power plant deployment

Producing electricity by nuclear fusion on Earth in this century is pursued by the academia and governments. Apart from the environmental and energy security benefits, fusion energy deployment would stimulate economic growth and employment. This research provides novel results of the global socioeconomic (value added, employment) and environmental (CO2) effects of the investments in a fusion power plant of 1.45 GW hypothetically deployed in Europe. A multi-regional input-output approach is used. Results show a multiplier effect in the production of goods and services of 2.2 (3.6 considering induced effects). The most benefited are Europe (47%) and United States (20%), due to the investment phase. In O&M, China and Japan arise as important suppliers. Most of value added would be captured in Europe (48%) and the United States (28%), being mining, construction and business services the most benefited activities. Intensive in employment generation, it would create 183 thousand full-time equivalent jobs, mainly in Europe (46%) and China (21%). The carbon footprint would be 11.4 gCO2/kWh mostly originated in Europe, United States and Japan, with a similar share. When considered, induced effects have a relevant impact on results. Despite the limitations, ex-ante evaluations are essential in setting priorities for fusion technology development.

English

Although, High Dam Lake small-scale fisheries is an important source of fish for residents of Aswan in Upper Egypt, there is limited information available about the performance of small-scale fisheries value chain. Structured questionnaires with fishers, traders, and processors were used to collect input and output data at each node of the chain. Focus group discussions meeting with stakeholder collected qualitative information about and critical factors influencing performance across the chain. Catch distribution composed mainly from tilapias 75%. While pebbly fish (Alestes spp.) and tigerfish (Hydrocynus spp.) accounts for 13% of catch. Fish processing is an important subsector in lake fisheries. Fishers obtained a relatively low percentage (49%) of the final consumer price. The recorded average catch per fisher 20 kg/day and the average total fishing cost in the three landing sites was EGP 5210 / t. Every 100 metric tons of fish catch and sell provides around 30 full-time equivalent jobs. This study revealed that fish stock is under pressure of overfishing. Critical factors facing the small-scale fisheries and influencing profitability are numerous. This value chain study improves our understanding of the performance of small-scale fisheries and identified limiting factors and action needed to support fisheries development in the lake. Key words: Small-scale fisheries, value chain, tilapia, tigerfish, pebbly fish. &nbsp

Framing policy on low emissions vehicles in terms of economic gains: Might the most straightforward gain be delivered by supply chain activity to support refuelling?

A core theme of the UK Government's new Industrial Strategy is exploiting opportunities for domestic supply chain development. This extends to a special ‘Automotive Sector Deal’ that focuses on the shift to low emissions vehicles (LEVs). Here attention is on electric vehicle and battery production and innovation. In this paper, we argue that a more straightforward gain in terms of framing policy around potential economic benefits may be made through supply chain activity to support refuelling of battery/hydrogen vehicles. We set this in the context of LEV refuelling supply chains potentially replicating the strength of domestic upstream linkages observed in the UK electricity and/or gas industries. We use input-output multiplier analysis to deconstruct and assess the structure of these supply chains relative to that of more import-intensive petrol and diesel supply. A crucial multiplier result is that for every £1million of spending on electricity (or gas), 8 full-time equivalent jobs are supported throughout the UK. This compares to less than 3 in the case of petrol/diesel supply. Moreover, the importance of service industries becomes apparent, with 67% of indirect and induced supply chain employment to support electricity generation being located in services industries. The comparable figure for GDP is 42%.

The Development and Value of Whale-Watch Tourism in the West of Scotland

In 2008, Scotland was estimated to have one of the highest proportion of whale-watching tourists of any European country, providing important economic benefits to rural coastal communities. Since then, information has been lacking on how the industry is developing. Because whale watching is not regulated or licensed, basic information on the number of operators and capacity of the industry is difficult to obtain. Wildlife tour operators (N = 77) were identified in the west of Scotland using internet searches and categorized as "whale-watch operators" where 66%–100% of income was derived from using the opportunity of encountering cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) to market tours (N = 40). Questionnaires were circulated to 35 whale-watch operators with responses received from 22. It was estimated that 72 full-time equivalent jobs exist in the sector in the study area. Over half of the operators (54%) have been conducting whale watching for greater than 10 years, suggesting it can be a reliable source of employment. Inclement weather followed by the number of tourists were cited, respectively, as the greatest challenges for operators. Almost half of respondents (46%) said that the amount of wildlife was not a challenge, with minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) being the main target species. In 2015 an estimated 51,200 people went whale watching on boats in the west of Scotland, generating an estimated £2.3 million and £3.7 million of direct and indirect revenue, respectively. Since 2000, the number of whale-watching passengers declined by 17.3%. In the same period, revenue generated by the industry declined by 1.4% per annum. Although whale watching remains unregulated, the current lack of growth presents an opportunity to foster an environmentally and economically sustainable model for the industry in the west of Scotland.

Green versus brown: Comparing the employment impacts of energy efficiency, renewable energy, and fossil fuels using an input-output model

Global carbon emissions have reached unsustainable levels, and transforming the energy sector by increasing efficiency and use of renewables is one of the primary strategies to reduce emissions. Policy makers need to understand both the environmental and economic impacts of fiscal and regulatory policies regarding the energy sector. Transitioning to lower-carbon energy will entail a contraction of the fossil fuel sector, along with a loss of jobs. An important question is whether clean energy will create more jobs than will be lost in fossil fuels. This article presents a method of using Input-Output (I-O) tables to create “synthetic” industries – namely clean energy industries that do not currently exist in I-O tables. This approach allows researchers to evaluate public and private spending in clean energy and compare it to the effects of spending on fossil fuels. Here we focus on employment impacts in the short-to-medium term, and leave aside the long-term comparison of operations and maintenance employment. We find that on average, 2.65 full-time-equivalent (FTE) jobs are created from $1 million spending in fossil fuels, while that same amount of spending would create 7.49 or 7.72 FTE jobs in renewables or energy efficiency. Thus each $1 million shifted from brown to green energy will create a net increase of 5 jobs.

Economic Impact of Wind Energy Development in Illinois

AbstractA number of factors have contributed to the rapid growth of wind power capacity in Illinois from 50 MW in 2003 to 3,334.91 MW in 2012, including: federal and state policies, energy security, energy costs, environmental benefits, economic development opportunities, and state-specific factors. One key policy driver in Illinois was the passage of the Illinois Power Agency Act in 2007, which included a renewable portfolio standard of 25 % by 2025, 75 % of the renewable energy resources employed to meet the renewable portfolio standard were designated to wind energy. This study analyzes the economic impacts from the 23 wind projects in Illinois that exceed 50 MW of capacity. These wind projects account for 3,334.91 MW or 99 % of the state’s wind energy generating capacity. Using the JEDI input-output model, the 23 largest wind farms in Illinois created approximately 19,047 full-time equivalent jobs during construction periods with a total payroll of over $1.1 billion. In addition, approximately 814 permanent jobs in rural Illinois areas with a total annual payroll of nearly $48 million are supported. Furthermore, wind farms generated roughly $28.5 million in annual property taxes for local economies as well as $13 million annually in extra income for Illinois landowners who lease their land to wind farm developers. The lifetime total economic benefit of the 23 wind farm projects is estimated at $5.98 billion.

Economic Benefits of Increased Cycling

Cycling is not only improving the livability of cities, public health, air quality, or the CO2 balance, it also creates “hard economic value and jobs”. It is therefore a perfect tool for transition in the transport sector, providing a large number of assets, including jobs. Although the latter point is important to attract public authority consideration and investment in cycling, good information has hitherto been lacking.At regional or city level, some estimates of jobs in the cycling sector are available. At European level however, job figures have been quite scarce.This is the reason why ECF, in partnership with its Cycling Industry Club (CIC), asked TML to assess the jobs in the European cycling sector.TML assessed the number of jobs today and in the future, assuming a doubling in the modal share of cycling. It calculated full-time equivalent jobs in 5 subsectors:•bicycle retail (mainly sales and repair),•bicycle industry (manufacturing and wholesale),•bicycle infrastructure,•bicycle tourism (accommodation and restaurants),•bicycle services.For most sectors job figures linked to cycling were not directly available. TML therefore consulted literature, national studies on the subject, national accounts, used some proxies and did some statistical analysis to provide estimates of jobs in the cycling sector.The study found that more than 650,000 jobs are linked to cycling today in the EU-27 and more than 400,000 new ones could be created in the future with a doubling of cycling modal share. Other interesting findings concern the characteristics of these jobs. Cycling could, compared to other sectors, create:•more local jobs,•more jobs for lower skilled workers,•more jobs per euro spent.It could thus open an interesting window for opportunity for a transition to a more inclusive Europe.In 2015, ECF is producing another report on the economic benefits of cycling, more specifically regarding benefits which occur at the local level.Several studies have shown that, besides creating jobs, making cities more cycling-friendly has beneficial effects for e.g. the businesses of local retailers or for property value along traffic-calmed roads. ECF's aim is to provide an overview of the results of the research done so far and identify areas where further investigation is needed.The paper summarises both reports in order to show how cycling as a mode of transport is a factor of economic growth and provides social benefits.

Technology-based state growth policies: the case of North Carolina’s Green Business Fund

US technology-based initiatives at the state level continue to emphasize regional economic development and job growth. Many are now also focused on green technologies. This paper describes one such green program, the North Carolina Green Business Fund. Based on an analysis of 24 funded R&D projects in 2008 and 2009, we find that 59 new full-time equivalent jobs were created in the short run through this program. We also find that those organizations that can attract greater additional financial support for their research generate more jobs. Lastly, we find that university involvement in these projects tempers job losses among projects discontinued early as well as job growth among those that commercialized their technologies. We cautiously offer, because of limited data, recommendations to states with similar programs to create structures to advise technology-based research organizations about sources of additional financial resources.

Rural Community Nurses: Insights into Health Workforce and Health Service Needs in Tasmania

Rural Community Nurses: Insights into Health Workforce and Health Service Needs in Tasmania

Trh vína v USA a Kalifornii

The paper describes wine market in the United States and in the California. The paper is focused on characteristic of winegrowing, wine-production, wine-consumption and wine export too. Export of California wine is growing and wine is exported to the EU for the first. We can expect to grow of interest of our consumers too. California wine will compete in high quality and low prices. California is the fourth largest wine producer in the world after France, Italy and Spain. It accounted for $ 643 million in wine exports in 2003 from $ 537 million in 1998. Wine grapes were grown in 46 of California’s 58 counties, covering 529000 acres in 2003. California produced 444 million gallons of wine in 1998 it is 90 percent of all U.S. wine production, making California the leading wine producing state in America. The California wine industry has an annual impact of $ 45.4 billion on the state’s economy. An important California employer, the wine industry provides 207550 full-time equivalent jobs in wineries, vineyards or other affiliated businesses throughout the state. There are at least 1294 bricks and mortar commercial wineries in California. But the wine consumption is very low in California.Because California together with South Africa and another countries that so-called New World are important producers with growing export, is very necessary to analyse these markets because they are great competitors for Czech producers. These problems solved in another foreigner markets Černíková, Žufan (2004), Duda (2004), Hrabalová (2004), Kudová (2005), Lišková (2004), Tomšík, Chládková (2005).The paper is a part of solution of the grant focused on analysis and formulation of further development of winegrowing and wine-production in the Czech Republic provided by the Ministry of Agriculture (No. QF 3276), and it is also a part of solution of the research plan of the Faculty of Business and Economics, MUAF in Brno (No. MSM 6215648904).

Value chain analysis of the aquaculture feed sector in Egypt

Abstract This study was carried out to evaluate the value chain performance of the aquaculture feed sector in Egypt, in terms of value addition, employment and profitability. The strengths and weaknesses of each link of the value chain were assessed and appropriate upgrading, management and development strategies were suggested. Quantitative data were collected for each link in the value-chain through structured questionnaires that were drafted and distributed to the key players in the sector; 25 fish feed mills and 34 fish farms covering different geographical and production regions. The results indicated that the Egyptian aquafeed value-chain is relatively simple; including only four main stakeholder groups. These are feed input suppliers, aquafeed producers, aquafeed marketers and traders and fish farmers. Between 50 and 99% of feed ingredients used in aquafeed production in Egypt are imported. About 90% of Egyptian aquafeeds are produced by the private sector in the form of conventionally pressed, pelleted feeds (80–85%) and extruded feeds (15–20%). About 85% of those producers sell their feeds directly to farmers with payment either in cash or on credit, while the remaining 15% sell through intermediaries such as traders. State-owned mills produced only 10% of total commercial fish feed production in 2012, exclusively in the form of pressed, pelleted feeds. Employment generation in private sector feed mills was 29.2 full-time equivalent (FTE) jobs per mill, with an average of 3.9 jobs per 1000 tonnes of feed produced. Employment generation in state-owned mills was much higher; with an average of 90.3 FTE per mill. Males represented 90% of the full-time employment in the state-owned mills and 96.6% in the private sector. Feed costs represent 75–90% of the total operating costs of the fish farms. The major factors impacting on the performance of the value-chain relate to inputs, to feed production, to fish farmers and to marketing and financial services. The study recommends actions to mitigate these issues including the local production of more feed raw materials, strengthening quality control and inspection, providing training for feed mills, better organization of fish farmers and improving the legal and policy environment.

Assessing the Economic Importance of Meetings Activities in Denmark

The aim of this paper is to discuss the methodologies in compiling the satellite accounts for meeting activities and to present the economic importance of meeting activities using the Danish regional economic model. Meeting activities, with a total expenditure of DKK 20.8 billion, make a significant contribution to the economy. It is estimated that Denmark held nearly 188,000 meetings in 2010, which were attended by a total of 6.9 million delegates. The meeting sectors have created a direct turnover of DKK 11.4 billion recorded as expenditure by meeting organisers and DKK 9.4 billion spent by delegates. It is estimated, through the Danish regional economic model, that meeting activities directly created 25,800 full-time equivalent jobs and DKK 8.5 billion of gross value added (GVA). When including indirect effects, meeting activities generated a total of 38,000 full-time equivalent jobs and DKK 15.3 billion of GVA. Direct government revenues are estimated at DKK 5.4 billion, half of which is from personal and corporate income taxes and the other half from value-added taxes. Total government revenues are estimated to be DKK 7.8 billion.

Monitoring, Predicting, and Managing One of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World

T he Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is a 2,000-km long reef and lagoon complex. It is a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site covering 347,800 km 2 , sandwiched between Australia’s northeast coastline and the Coral Sea. It includes an estimated 2,800 reefs, with an average depth of 35 m. One of the seven Natural Wonders of the World, the GBR is the world’s largest coral reef and a significant part of Australia’s natural heritage and economy. For example, a 2007 report by Access Economics for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority found that the total economic contributions to Australia from tourism, commercial fishing, and recreational activities in the GBR catchment area totaled more than $AUS 5.7 billion (approximately $US 5.9 billion) in 2005–06. The report also found that these activities accounted for a direct and indirect national contribution of 66,000 full-time equivalent jobs.

The impact of clean energy investments on the Greek economy: An input–output analysis (2010–2020)

The aim of this paper is twofold: first, to calculate the “green” energy investments, by industrial sector, that Greece would need in order to satisfy a number of energy and environmental targets adopted in the context of the European Commission’s energy and climate change package; and second, to calculate the macro-economic impacts of these “green” investments on production and employment in the Greek economy. To this end, the input–output analysis has been exploited for estimating the direct, indirect and induced macroeconomic effects associated with the implementation of selected energy conservation measures, the promotion of renewable energy technologies, etc. Our findings show that the required investments would reach the amount of €47.9 billion, over the period 2010–2020. These investments will result in an average annual increase of the national product by €9.4 billion, creating simultaneously 108,000 full-time equivalent jobs for the entire period under consideration. The employment generated per €1 million investment is relatively higher in energy saving projects in buildings and transport in comparison with the development of RES in power generation sector.