Full Size Research Articles

Focused Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers for Lamb Wave Inspection

Abstract Ultrasonic inspection of conductive samples can be performed using electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs). These allow generation of guided waves, such as Lamb waves, in thin plates. Lamb waves are used for defect screening as they can travel long distances with relatively little attenuation. However, large wavelengths are used, which results in poor sensitivity to subwavelength sized defects. This work presents methods for using Lamb waves to detect smaller defects. Curved, geometrically focused EMATs were used to generate and detect Lamb waves in a 1 mm thick aluminum plate. The focal spot of these EMATs is investigated and the dependence of the focal spot dimensions and locations on the wavelength of the generation signal are presented. An array of geometrically focused detection EMATs was used to measure a 10×10×0.5mm square machined defect, simulating wall thinning. Perturbations in the pulse transmission in the region of the defect were detected, along with reflections, with each detector in the array sensitive to different defect features. B-scans and C-scans are presented utilizing these perturbations and reflections to locate, size, and image the machined defect. Analysis of data from the B-scan is shown to accurately size the defect width to within ±0.73mm. Very good agreement is shown between the C-scan images and the known location and orientation of the defect. Data fusion techniques are presented to combine data sets from different receiver EMATs and increase the defect detection capability, accuracy, and precision, with the potential for full defect sizing demonstrated.

Simulation of Full HIV Cluster Networks in a Nationally Representative Model Indicates Intervention Opportunities.

Clusters of rapid HIV transmission in the United States are increasingly recognized through analysis of HIV molecular sequence data reported to the National HIV Surveillance System. Understanding the full extent of cluster networks is important to assess intervention opportunities. However, full cluster networks include undiagnosed and other infections that cannot be systematically observed in real life. We replicated HIV molecular cluster networks during 2015-2017 in the United States using a stochastic dynamic network simulation model of sexual transmission of HIV. Clusters were defined at the 0.5% genetic distance threshold. Ongoing priority clusters had growth of ≥3 diagnoses/year in multiple years; new priority clusters first had ≥3 diagnoses/year in 2017. We assessed the full extent, composition, and transmission rates of new and ongoing priority clusters. Full clusters were 3-9 times larger than detected clusters, with median detected cluster sizes in new and ongoing priority clusters of 4 (range 3-9) and 11 (range 3-33), respectively, corresponding to full cluster sizes with a median of 14 (3-74) and 94 (7-318), respectively. A median of 36.3% (range 11.1%-72.6%) of infections in the full new priority clusters were undiagnosed. HIV transmission rates in these clusters were >4 times the overall rate observed in the entire simulation. Priority clusters reflect networks with rapid HIV transmission. The substantially larger full extent of these clusters, high proportion of undiagnosed infections, and high transmission rates indicate opportunities for public health intervention and impact.

Enabling focused ion beam sample preparation for application in reverse tip sample scanning probe microscopy

Focused ion beam (FIB) has become a powerful tool for transmission electron microscopy sample preparation in the nanoelectronics industry and has in recent years also shown its benefits for specific preparation steps in electrical scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Most recently, a novel SPM approach – so-called reverse tip sample (RTS) SPM – has been proposed in which the position of sample and tip are switched compared to standard SPM; in RTS SPM the sample is attached to the end of a cantilever beam. To achieve this configuration, the region of interest must first be extracted from a substrate and then needs to be reliably fixed to the cantilever by FIB. Therefore, we have explored and developed dedicated FIB preparation methods for RTS SPM in this work. Our established procedures ensure a strong mechanical and good electrical connection of the sample to the cantilever for both cross-section and top view sample preparation. Furthermore, we introduce an approach for mounting samples from a full wafer size workflow. This paper presents the developed FIB procedures and discusses the quality and stability of all mounted samples and their electrical evaluation in RTS SPM.

Four enhanced algorithms for full size image hiding in chest x-ray images

Four enhanced algorithms for full size image hiding in chest x-ray images

Maxillary Sinus Measurements in Different Age Groups of Human Cadavers

The maxillary air sinus is the largest air sinus among the four air paranasal sinuses, which is a cavity in the body of maxilla. It is pyramidal in shape co nsisting of base, apex and four sides; its base comprises the thin lateral wall of nasal cavity. This study carried out at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Baghdad and the Forensic Medicine Unit in Tikrit Teaching Hospital during the period from January 2010 to July 2011. A randomized sample of 110 human cadavers that arranged in four different age groups and dissected to study the three dimensions of both maxillary sinuses in both sexes by using a standard flexible tape measure or vernier caliper. The mean v alue of the maxillary sinus length in males was (36.4 ± 4.6 mm) and in females was (33.9 ± 4.2 mm); from these results, the mean value of males was significantly greater than that of females. On the other side, the mean value of the maxillary sinus width in males was (27.4 ± 4 mm) and in females was (25.3 ± 3.9 mm); therefore, these results demonstrate that the maxillary sinuses were wider in males than females. For males, the mean value of the maxillary sinus height was (35.1 ± 3.9 mm) and for females was (30.8 ± 3.6 mm). From these findings, a higher significant difference between the mean values was found; also there was a high significant difference between the two genders because the mean value of the maxillary sinus height for males was significantly higher than that for females. According to age groups of the present study, group 1 of maxillary sinus found to be still in growing state and not reaching its full size. Group 2 showing an extensive growth in maxillary sinus length and width, especially on the right side. Group 3 might partly showing growth in maxillary sinus length and height, which indicates that at this age the maxillary sinus reaches its full height. Finally, group 4 might partly indicates that the maxillary sinus reaches its full growth if it fails to reach it in group 3. The findings of the present study disagree with that done by Parks who mademeasurements for the maxillary sinuses on normal Korean adults using computed tomography, since these differences were may be due to ethnic variations. Also due to race differences, this study disagree with Fernandes (2) who studied the maxillary sinus in European and Zulu using computed tomography.

산업용 전신 하네스 설계를 위한 치수 체계 제안

Background/Objectives: Industrial harness designs have traditionally prioritized safety and protection against physical impact while giving limited consideration to the wearer's body shape. To enhance the comfort of industrial harnesses, this study proposes domestic industrial harness sizing systems based on an analysis of Korean anthropometric measurements.
 Methods: Data from the 8th Size Korea anthropometric report(2020-2023) were utilized to propose sizing systems tailored to the Korean body type for industrial harness products. Dimensional analysis involved the direct measurement data of adult men and women aged 20 to 59. The sizing systems of commercially available industrial harnesses were also examined. The product from domestic brand with 3 sizes was selected as a representative design for further analysis.
 Results: Through an analysis of waist circumference frequency dis tribution, three sizes were determined: S (66- 161), M (81- 166), and L (96- 172).
 Conclusion/Implications: The industrial full body harness sizing system proposed in this study, based on Korean anthropometric measurements, is expected to enhance the fit of harnesses. Furthermore, this study is expected to offer essential data for establishing a rational sizing system from a producer's perspective. This research is significant as it represents the first effort to establish sizing systems for Koreans in full body harness design. Furthermore, it is anticipated that full body harness product designs using this system will not only improve user satisfaction with fit but also enhance ergonomic suitability.

Ion flux measurements using a Mach-Langmuir probe in the ITER prototype neutral beam injection ion source

Neutral beam injection systems as foreseen for ITER use radio-frequency (RF) ion sources at low pressure, where negative hydrogen ions are mainly produced via surface conversion of neutral atoms and positive ions at a plasma facing grid (PG). Up to now there is only limited knowledge about how fluxes and directed velocities of the positive ions are affected by external parameters such as power, pressure and the horizontal magnetic filter field which causes plasma drifts and vertical asymmetries in the vicinity of the PG. For this reason a combined Mach-Langmuir-probe diagnostic is used at multiple positions in the expansion and close to the extraction system in the prototype RF ion source (1/8 of the full ITER ion source size) to measure the positive ions directed velocity and flux as well as the plasma parameters simultaneously. With increasing RF power the flux towards the PG is found to increase linearly, its magnitude being controlled by the plasma density. Towards ITER-relevant pressures the ion flux decreases, in contrast to the directed velocity, which increases non-linearly, reaching around 5 km s−1 at a pressure of 0.3 Pa. The magnetic filter field is discovered to strongly bent down the ion flow in front of the PG. As a result, the ions at the lower half of the PG flow almost exclusively parallel to it, wherefore the flux which impinges onto the lower PG half is reduced by around one order of magnitude.

Morphometric study of stapes and its variation in Eastern Indian population

: For audiological prosthesis surgery morphometry of stapes is of utmost importance. Previous studies were mainly based on foreign and northern Indian population. Hence the present study.: To measure the morphometric parameters of stapes and compare the same with the previous studies.: This cross sectional observational study, performed on the ear ossicle, stapes obtained from 26 cadaveric heads. A total of (26 x 2) = 52 sets of stapes were taken out for the study. Measurements of various parameters of the ossicles were done with micrometer. Comparison among them with respect to sex, laterality and race were made. Age variation was not considered as the ossicles reach their full size at birth. Statistically significant difference in the total height of stapes was observed between male and female ossicles, but no such disparity was found between ossicles of the two sides. Height of stapes in males (mean: 3.35mm) was found to be significantly higher (p value: 0.00001) as compared to females (mean:3.18mm) in this present study. In surgeries for otosclerosis, the stapes superstructure is removed and replaced by a prosthetic ‘piston’, the selection of which is determined by the distance between the lenticular process of incus and the footplate of stapes, which in turn corresponds to the height of stapes superstructure. This measurement is vital for a properly fit piston and thus to the outcome of the surgery in terms of hearing improvement and lack of complications like expulsion of the piston, intractable vertigo, etc. When the mean values found in this study were compared with those of previous foreign and Indian studies, some of the values were found to be similar. : The height of stapes was shorter in our study as compared to studies based on North Indian population. These differences might point towards geographic or ethnic variations in the stapes which might call for further research work into this topic.

Progressive Pretraining Network for 3D System Matrix Calibration in Magnetic Particle Imaging.

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an emerging technique for determining magnetic nanoparticle distributions in biological tissues. Although system-matrix (SM)-based image reconstruction offers higher image quality than the X-space-based approach, the SM calibration measurement is time-consuming. Additionally, the SM should be recalibrated if the tracer's characteristics or the magnetic field environment change, and repeated SM measurement further increase the required labor and time. Therefore, fast SM calibration is essential for MPI. Existing calibration methods commonly treat each row of the SM as independent of the others, but the rows are inherently related through the coil channel and frequency index. As these two elements can be regarded as additional multimodal information, we leverage the transformer architecture with a self-attention mechanism to encode them. Although the transformer has shown superiority in multimodal fusion learning across several fields, its high complexity may lead to overfitting when labeled data are scarce. Compared with labeled SM (i.e., full size), low-resolution SM data can be easily obtained, and fully using such data may alleviate overfitting. Accordingly, we propose a pseudo-label-based progressive pretraining strategy to leverage unlabeled data. Our method outperforms existing calibration methods on a public real-world OpenMPI dataset and simulation dataset. Moreover, our method improves the resolution of two in-house MPI scanners without requiring full-size SM measurements. Ablation studies confirm the contributions of modeling SM inter-row relations and the proposed pretraining strategy.

Liver Regeneration: The Myth of Prometheus in Modern Medicine A Case Report

Liver regeneration is a complex process of tissue repair and regrowth that takes place in response to liver damage. The liver has the unique ability to regenerate itself after injury, allowing it to recover from a variety of insults including viral infections, drug-induced injury, or surgical resection. The process of liver regeneration involves a coordinated series of cellular and molecular events that ultimately lead to the restoration of liver function. The myth of Prometheus involves liver regeneration. In Greek mythology, Prometheus was a Titan who created humans and gave them fire, which he had stolen from the gods. As punishment for his actions, Zeus ordered Prometheus to be chained to a rock and have his liver eaten by an eagle every day, only for the liver to regenerate overnight and the cycle to repeat endlessly. This myth can be interpreted as a metaphor for the liver's remarkable ability to regenerate itself after injury. The liver has the ability to regenerate lost tissue and can even grow back to its full size and function after being partially removed, such as in a liver transplant or in cases of surgical resection for liver cancer. The story of Prometheus and the regenerating liver has also been used in literature and art to symbolize themes such as endurance, resilience, and the power of the human spirit to overcome adversity. In this case report, Researcher report a patient that was initially presented with liver impairment, Osel Liver Regeneration Protocol was initiated and the subsequent resolution of the patient’s ailment

On the acoustical protection of acoustic balconies

Acoustic balcony is a recent development in Hong Kong for use as a noise screening device on high-rise building façades. It is in principle a balcony equipped with sound absorption materials (NRC 0.7) on its ceiling and side walls, as well as an inclined panel at its parapet. Windows are installed on the space above the parapet to block the direct noise intrusion path from outside to the indoor. In the present study, a full size balcony mockup is adopted in an open-air laboratory and the sound transmission loss of the balcony at different sound source orientations and elevations examined. A long linear loudspeaker array is used to mimic road traffic/ railway noise. The traffic/ railway noise transmission loss increases with source elevation under the effect of the inclined panel. For source elevation not larger than 45 deg, the difference between indoor and outdoor noise levels in the presence of the acoustic balcony with adjusted traffic noise spectrum varies from 10 dBA to 18 dBA while with adjusted railway noise spectrum varies from 11 dBA to 17 dBA.

Non-intrusive personal thermal comfort modeling: A machine learning approach using infrared face recognition

At present, non-intrusive personal thermal comfort models are receiving more and more attention. Non-intrusive sensing technology is used to accurately capture the real-time thermal state of occupants indoors so as to construct personal thermal comfort models by data-driven methods. This study developed a non-intrusive personal thermal comfort model using machine learning techniques combined with infrared facial recognition. Firstly, the Charlotte-ThermalFace database was used to extract the temperatures from six regions of interest on the face using infrared face recognition and key point extraction algorithms. Subsequently, the feature importance of the variables was calculated by random forest (RF) and gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) respectively to explore the key parameters influencing the prediction performance of personal thermal preferences. Finally, the performance of 12 machine learning models was systematically compared, including 6 traditional models, 5 ensemble models, and 1 broad model, based on precision, recall, F1 score and macro-F1 score. The results show that the ensemble learning models and the broad learning (BL) model perform better than the traditional models by using the full training dataset size. Secondly, the BL model is applied for the first time as an alternative to deep network models for thermal preference prediction, with a prediction precision of 90.44%. Compared with traditional deep neural networks (DNN) model, it has lower computational complexity and faster training speed. Furthermore, BL and deep cascade forest (DCF) have significant advantages over other models in predicting thermal preference with different data subsets. Overall, the results of this study provide a reference for non-intrusive personal thermal comfort modeling that can be used to optimize building thermal environments.

Test study on performance of U80 standardized glass curtain wall system

In order to study the air infiltration performance, water penetration performance, structural performance under wind pressure and seismic inter-story drift performance of U80 standardized glass curtain wall system, one full size test specimen was designed according to the actual engineering situation. The test specimen was composed of six-unit curtain walls with exposed frames and six-unit curtain walls with concealed frames. According to the specification of United Stated, the various performance of the test specimen was investigated. The results show that the rate of air leakage of the specimen is within allowable values under design pressure. No water leakage is observed when the water penetration tests with static and dynamic pressure tests. During the structural performance tests at 100% design wind pressure, the deflections of framing members as well as glass panels are all within the allowable deflection limits. No breakage is observed under the 150% design wind pressure. Permanent deformations of framing members remain less than 0.1% of clear span. After 3 cycles of elastic and inelastic inter-story drift performance tests, no damage is observed. The U80 standardized glass curtain wall system has great air infiltration performance, water penetration performance, structural performance and seismic inter-story drift performance. And it can be used in the practical engineering.

Stability characteristics analysis and ultra-low frequency oscillation suppression strategy for FSC-VSPSU

The research on control strategies of the variable speed pumped storage unit with full size converter (FSC-VSPSU), mainly focuses on the rapidity of power regulation. But the speed oscillation and slow speed regulation performance caused by fast power regulation are ignored, which is not conducive to the safe and efficient operation of the unit. This article investigates the dynamic stability characteristics of the FSC-VSPSU in detail. In turn, the stability risks are clarified and serve for the design of its control strategy and the improvement of operational efficiency. The small-signal model of FSC-VSPSU considering the variation of water head and load in fast power mode is established. The dominant instability control link and key parameters are revealed based on the eigenvalue analysis. Oscillation mode analysis shows that the unit has a wide-band oscillation characteristic. The dominant oscillation mode is the ultra-low frequency oscillation (ULFO) caused by the governor control system. To suppress the ULFO and improve the optimal speed tracking performance of the unit to the greatest extent, a coordinated control strategy of governor variable parameter control and governor power system stabilizer (GPSS) is proposed. The electromagnetic transient simulation based on PSCAD verifies the effectiveness of the proposed measures.

Status of the development of the RICH detector for CBM including a mRICH prototype in mCBM

The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment is being built at the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) next to GSI, Darmstadt, Germany. A RICH detector will provide clean and efficient electron identification in order to access di-electrons emitted from dense baryonic matter, one of the key measurements of CBM. The CBM RICH recently passed the threshold to construction with first mass production of part of the electronics. The readout electronics was developed together with the HADES experiment and is successfully operated there in the upgraded RICH detector which also makes use of approximately half of the H12700 MAPMTs of CBM. The readout electronics is also tested in a dedicated “mini-RICH” detector in the “mini-CBM” setup with prototypes of all subdetectors, however with an implementation of the full functionality of the future free-streaming readout. Besides finalizing the RICH readout, work is ongoing on full size prototypes of the RICH mirror mechanics and the photocamera including a full system test of the cooling concept. In this report, a brief update on the various developments and the status of the CBM RICH detector is given.

Bunching behaviour in housed dairy cows at higher ambient temperatures

Bunching behavior in cattle may occur for several reasons including enabling social interactions, a response to stress or danger, or due to shared interest in resources such as feeding or watering areas. There is evidence in pasture grazed cattle that bunching may occur more frequently at higher ambient temperatures, possibly due to sharing of fly-load or to seek shade from the direct sun under heat stress conditions. Here we demonstrate how bunching behavior is associated with higher ambient temperatures in a barn-housed UK dairy herd. A real-time local positioning system was used, as part of a precision livestock farming (PLF) approach, to track the spatial position and activity of a commercial dairy herd (∼100 cows) in a freestall barn continuously at high temporal resolution for 4 mo between August and November 2014. Bunching was determined using 4 different spatial measures determined on an hourly basis: herd full and core range size, mean herd intercow distance (ICD), and mean herd nearest-neighbor distance (NND). For hourly mean ambient temperatures above 20°C, the herd showed higher bunching behavior with increasing ambient temperature (i.e., reduced full and core range size, ICD, and NND). Aggregated space-use intensity was found to positively correlate with localized variations in temperature across the barn (as measured by animal-mounted sensors), but the level of correlation decreased at higher ambient barn temperatures. Bunching behavior may increase localized temperatures experienced by individuals and hence may be a maladaptive behavioral response in housed dairy cattle, which are known to suffer heat stress at higher temperatures. Our study is the first to use high-resolution positional data to provide evidence of associations between bunching behavior and higher ambient temperatures for a barn-housed dairy herd in a temperate region (UK). Further studies are needed to explore the exact mechanisms for this response to inform both welfare and production management.

Far-red Photons Increase Light Capture but Have Lower Photosynthetic Capacity Than Red Photons

Far-red photons (700–750 nm) can accelerate crop growth during indoor production through both physiological and morphological processes. A previous study showed that far-red photons can drive photosynthesis with efficiency similar to that of traditionally defined photosynthetically active photons (400–700 nm) if they are provided together with shorter-wavelength photons. Far-red photons also promote leaf and canopy expansion, which can increase light interception and growth. This study aimed to distinguish the contribution of morphological and physiological changes to crop growth induced by substituting red photons with far-red photons. We studied the long-term effects of substituting red photons with far-red photons on canopy light interception and whole-plant photosynthesis. ‘Little Gem’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedlings were grown under four light spectrums of the same total photon flux density (400–750 nm). In addition to a background of a mixture of white and blue photons of 150 μmol⋅m−2⋅s−1, we provided 51 μmol⋅m−2⋅s−1 red photons, far-red photons, or mixtures of red and far-red photons. In the first run, plants were harvested twice. The first harvest was at canopy closure, and the second harvest was when plants reached full size. In the second run, we harvested lettuce plants more frequently to minimize leaf overlap and interplant competition. We found that far-red photon substitution promoted leaf and canopy expansion and increased light interception. The effect of far-red photon substitution on leaf and canopy expansion was stronger in the second run than in the first run, likely because of lower plant density in the second run when plants were harvested more frequently. Far-red photon substitution of red photons decreased the amount of extended photosynthetically active radiation (ePAR) photons (400–750 nm) absorbed by leaves because of the lower leaf absorptance of far-red photons. The greater effect on canopy expansion in the second run of far-red photons substitution was able to exceed the reduction of ePAR photon absorption by leaves; therefore, we observed an increased crop gross photosynthetic rate (Pg) between the second and third harvests during the second run. However, during the first run, lower absorptance of ePAR completely offset the effect of the greater canopy size and light interception, and crop Pg was decreased in the first run before the first harvest. The changes in light interception and crop Pg resulting from far-red photon substitution did not affect dry weight. Far-red photons had photosynthetic activity when applied with a blue and white light mixture, but their efficiency was approximately half that of red photons, potentially because of the lower absorptance of far-red photons. In conclusion, far-red photon substitution of red photons increased canopy size but decreased ePAR photons absorbed by leaves and did not increase the final dry weight. Because far-red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have higher efficacy for converting electricity into photons, including far-red LEDs in fixtures for sole-source lighting can reduce energy costs without decreasing lettuce yields.

Innovative Air Bypass System for Low-Emission Multi-Can Combustors

Abstract Gas turbines that are used as compressor drives are often operated in the part load regime because compressor stations are usually designed for operation with full power at extreme weather conditions. Consequently, these gas turbines must comply with strict emission regulations at unfavorably low turbine inlet temperatures. To extend the low-emission operation range of the premixed combustion systems, many gas turbines bypass a part of the compressed air upstream of the combustor and either blow it off into the exhaust stack or reinject it into the secondary combustion zone. This study presents a new approach that overcomes shortcomings by injecting the compressed air in the burner head in the vicinity of the primary combustion zone. This is particularly attractive for multi-can combustors. Atmospheric combustion tests are conducted for two different air injection designs. The first design features lower air injection velocity and the second features higher injection velocities. Both injection strategies are tested with the industrial MGT gas turbine can combustor. The full size burner is tested at atmospheric conditions in a burner test rig with a quartz flame tube and natural gas as fuel. The performance of the air bypass system is assessed by means of CO and NOx emission measurements for different air bypass ratios. Additionally, OH* chemiluminescence camera pictures are presented and compared to numerical calculations. It is found that the air injection in the annular vicinity of the swirl flame does not cause increased CO emissions by quenching or other effects.

Hybrid strengthening and flexural behaviour of post-tensioned laminated glass beams

The strengthening of glass for structural applications is challenging. EBR (External Bonded Reinforcement) reinforcement is often preferred, although limitations result from stress concentrations especially in the case of post-tensioning. This study explores the use of CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers) and/or Fe-SMA (Iron-based Shape Memory Alloys) as reinforcement in hybrid and alternative configurations. Five full size laminated glass beams were tested in flexure, combining NSM (Near-Surface Mounted) and EBR techniques and exploring the efficiency of different alternative strengthening layouts (i.e. reinforcement material versus application technique) to overcome the current shortfalls of glass strengthening for structural applications. Even for lower reinforcement ratios, hybrid strengthening systems performed better and increased load-carrying capacity while delaying crack-induced deboning failure, when compared to conventional EBR systems. Residual strength ratio increased from 87 % to 160.8 % and ductility from 407 % to 971 %. The hybrid system combining NSM-CFRP and EBR-SMA reinforcements showed the best performance, increasing the initial fracture stress of glass and maintaining sufficient residual strength capacity, while allowing the safe post-tensioning.

Validation of model-based design of experiments for continuous wet granulation and drying

This paper presents an application case of model-based design of experiments for the continuous twin-screw wet granulation and fluid-bed drying sequence. The proposed framework consists of three previously developed models. Here, we are testing the applicability of previously published unit operation models in this specific part of the production line to a new active pharmaceutical ingredient. Firstly, a T-shaped partial least squares regression model predicts d-values of granules after wet granulation with different process settings. Then, a high-resolution full granule size distribution is computed by a hybrid population balance and partial least squares regression model. Lastly, a mechanistic model of fluid-bed drying simulates drying time and energy efficiency, using the outputs of the first two models as a part of the inputs. In the application case, good operating conditions were calculated based on material and formulation properties as well as the developed process models. The framework was validated by comparing the simulation results with three experimental results. Overall, the proposed framework enables a process designer to find appropriate process settings with a less experimental workload. The framework combined with process knowledge reduced 73.2% of material consumption and 72.3% of time, especially in the early process development phase.