Full-scale War Research Articles

Ukrainian war migrants in Poland: lives of the adolescents and their mothers

The article describes the methodology and results of the author's qualitative study of Ukrainian war migrants in Poland two years after the start of the full-scale war. Target group: adolescents aged 14-18 and their mothers who left for Poland after the invasion and now live in Warsaw. 12 families (12 mothers and 13 of their children) were analyzed by the face-to-face semi-structured in-depth interview method (N = 25). The term of the study is January-March 2024. The main limitation of the study is the shift towards more prosperous families because it was difficult to involve in the study those who have a difficult life situation and / or a very traumatic experience. The guides of the interviews with women and adolescents were basically the same, except that the topic of “work” in the interviews with the women was replaced by the topic of “education” in the conversations with the adolescents. The conducted research made it possible to supplement the existing data and to improve the understanding of the life path of Ukrainian war migrants in Poland. A little more than half of the women are married at the time of the study; in a quarter of the families the husband is also in Poland. Every third family is in the state of a divided family, when the woman with her children (child) is in Poland, and the husband is in Ukraine. A sixth of the families divorced in the period after leaving. For the majority, Poland became the country of first choice when they were fleeing the war in the spring of 2022. After two years, almost all women are surrounded by Ukrainians, social ties with Poles are weak, and integration is practically non-existent. On the other hand, integration through education is more successful among adolescents, they are able to establish social ties with Polish peers (with the exception of those who plan to return to Ukraine in the near future). Intentions to return, as well as social expectations, differ greatly between women and adolescents. Also, the factors promoting adaptation and barriers to it turned out to be different.

Separate issues of forensic support for pretrial investigation of crimes committed in the field of defense procurement

The article reveals the essence of forensic analysis of crimes in the field of defense procurement and the possibility of forensic support for their pre-trial investigation. The relevance of this problem is dictated by the fact that crimes in the field of defense procurement are an extremely dangerous destabilizing factor that negatively affects the combat capability of the Armed Forces and the defense capability of our state in the conditions of a full-scale war with an aggressor country. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the elements of the forensic analysis of such criminally punishable acts and the criminal law. It is proved that this is quite natural as a result of the exclusive role of the criminal law in the construction of criminal offences. It is proved that this is quite natural as a result of the exclusive role of the criminal law in the construction of criminal offences. It is noted that the importance of defense procurement for the national security of the state leads to high requirements for the effectiveness of the investigation of crimes. In the system of countermeasures against such criminal manifestations, an important role is assigned to the legal and forensic support of law enforcement activities in this area. In the criminalistics sense, the object of a crime in the field of defence procurement is a part of the material world to which a criminal act is directed, i.e. to take possession of what the criminal’s intention is aimed at or what harm is caused. It was determined that for the study of the subject of the criminalistics structure of this type of crime, his official functions are important. Possession of these or other official functions has a significant impact on the subject’s ability to influence the object of criminal encroachment, access to the means of committing a crime and the criminal’s choice of a set of these means, in other words, largely determines the mechanism of committing a crime. In order to form a forensic structure of crimes in the field of defence procurement, its elements and their interrelationships are defined. The content of such structural elements is given, which includes: the method of committing and concealing such crimes, the circumstances of the crime (place, time); typical traces of a crime, etc. The article concludes that the quality of the pre-trial investigation of the specified types of crimes is directly dependent on the level of forensic support, including the availability of scientifically based recommendations for their detection and investigation, as well as on the appropriate forensic support.

Державне регулювання безпекових технологій освітніх захищених просторів в зонах активних бойових дій: українські реалії та світовий досвід

The purpose of this work is the study of international experience and the substantiation of compliance with basic hygienic indicators when implementing atypical planning and construction solutions in new and existing institutions of general secondary education for the physical protection of participants in the educational process during the war in Ukraine. Materials and methods. Sanitary and hygienic, bibliometric and analytical methods were used in the work. Review. In Ukraine, in connection with the ongoing full-scale war and in order to protect students, there was an urgent need to solve the issue of protecting students, teachers and employees of the general institution of secondary education during the educational process, especially in those located in territories close to territories with active hostilities. The first special underground institution of general secondary education was opened in the city of Kharkiv – a bunker-type school, which corresponds to the current comprehensive policy of the Ministry of Education and Culture "School Offline". This institution of general secondary education is located in an underground space at a depth of 6 m. It is designed for a simultaneous capacity of 600 students of grades 1-11 (or 900 students in two shifts). The high cost of designing and building an underground institution of general secondary education limited its capacity, provision of a full set of functional groups of premises, including recreational, physical culture and sports, educational and production zones, provision of premises with natural lighting and insolation. For the implementation of this project, the architectural and planning and sanitary and hygienic standards have not been partially met, which may negatively affect the health of children and affect their quality of life in the future. In conditionally safe territories, it was proposed to arrange protected spaces in institutions of general secondary education, which also has a number of disadvantages and requires in-depth study. Conclusions. According to the results of the study of the international experience of extensive construction of underground institutions of general secondary education, none were found. However, the experience of building underground institutions of general secondary education with students staying during the school day is isolated, was carried out as an experiment and did not spread. The introduction of the latest constructive solutions (protected spaces) and the possibility of further expansion of the design and construction of underground institutions of general secondary education in Ukraine require careful study. Keywords. State regulation, world experience, institutions of general secondary education, bunker school, construction in underground space, educational protected spaces, children's safety.

Handling cyberspace's state of intermediacy through existing international law

Abstract How international law applies to the use of information and communications technology by States is still a matter of discussion. Against this background, cyberspace has become the main area of competition between States, and this competition, to put it simply, is resulting in a constant low-intensity warfare below the threshold for a use of force. Such low-intensity cyber warfare, from a legal point of view, revitalizes the debate over the concept of a “state of intermediacy” that has the potential to overcome the dichotomy between peace and war. In the present author's opinion, this state of intermediacy also supports the idea that the international humanitarian law (IHL) principle of distinction should be applied, even before the eruption of a full-scale war, whenever wartime means and capabilities are employed by States. This paper argues that some opacities in international law have created favourable conditions for such constant low-intensity warfare, and that tackling the identified opacities would therefore be beneficial in order to achieve a more peaceful cyberspace. Thus, the paper goes on to address one of the identified opacities, namely the definition of espionage under international law, because, as international law now stands, it does not allow us to tackle the other identified opacities. Finally, the paper discusses how the proposed narrow interpretation of espionage can cope with the IHL principle of distinction in the cyber domain.

Electoral reform in Ukraine: main achievements and impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war

The article is devoted to the electoral reform in Ukraine in the context of European integration processes and the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war, including after the full-scale invasion. The results of the electoral reform implementation in 2019-2021 are summarised. The author describes the achievements of the 2019 election campaigns in terms of adherence to the principles of transparency, competitiveness, and democracy, as well as recommendations for further improvement of the electoral legislation. The author emphasises the importance of codifying the regulatory framework for elections. It is noted that the adoption of the Electoral Code and its further implementation contributed to the stabilisation and integration ofelectoral legislation. The author identifies the key achievements of the electoral reform: the introduction of a proportional system with open regional party lists, ensuring the voting rights of internally displaced persons, the introduction of gender quotas, and the creation of conditions for voting by people with disabilities. The negative impact of the full-scale Russian aggression on the electoral reform, which largely concerns the system of election organisation, is investigated. The author identifies the factors that complicate the organisation and conduct of elections in wartime: the inability to guarantee the safety of electoral participants, significant financial costs, the difficulty of ensuring proper voting in the face of rocket attacks, etc. The author concludes that it is impossible to hold elections under the legal regime of martial law. The article reveals the content of the new tasks of reforming the electoral system caused by the full-scale war. The author emphasises the need to continue the electoral reform initiated before the full-scale war as a condition for the successful implementation of Ukraine's European integration aspirations.

Regional Alliance - Lublin Triangle: geopolitical priorities and dynamics of foreign policy transformation in the context of security challenges and threats

The article is devoted to the current problem of the effectiveness of the Lublin Triangle Alliance as a multilateral security cooperative format between Poland, Ukraine and Lithuania in the military-political, economic, cultural and social spheres. The strategies and directions of activity of the Lublin triangle are analyzed in the context of modern geopolitical and security challenges, including Russian expansion and aggression. The decisive role of the Alliance in the development of the European security system, the provision of military-technical, financial-economic, and humanitarian aid to Ukraine during the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war is substantiated. The role of the Lublin triangle in maintaining the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the Ukrainian state has been studied; the de-occupation of the territories captured by Russia, as well as the realization of Ukraine's European and Euro-Atlantic integration aspirations, including membership in the EU and NATO. The article analyzes the dynamics of transformations of partnership strategies and interactions of Poland-Lithuania-Ukraine in the context of security threats from Russia during the full-scale war. The priority areas of cooperation for 2022-2024 have been outlined and characterized. The effectiveness of cooperation between the states of the Lublin Triangle in the field of security and defense is substantiated; cybersecurity; energy security; strategic communications, comma and countering hybrid threats. It was emphasized that in the conditions of modern geopolitical challenges and threats, security strategies in the activity and foreign policy of the «Lublin Triangle» are a priority.

POSTWAR SOCIALISATION OF THE UKRAINIAN ECONOMY IN THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

The full-scale war in Ukraine has exacerbated a number of social problems that will need to be addressed during the post-war reconstruction period through the socialization of the economy. Ukraine's European integration will have a positive impact on this process. The relevance of post-war socialization of Ukraine's economy in the context of European integration is driven by many factors related to the need to restore the country after the conflict and adapt to the standards of the European Union. European integration is a key goal of Ukraine, and it requires serious transformations in the country's economic, social and political life. The purpose of the article is to study the development of post-war socialization of Ukraine's economy in the context of European integration. To achieve the purpose of the article, the following tasks were set and solved: to identify the main aspects of the post-war socialization of Ukraine's economy, to analyze the impact of European integration on the post-war development of the social sphere. The article uses general scientific methods of data analysis and synthesis, comparison and systematization. The information base of the article is made up of scientific articles and online statistical databases. The article analyzes statistical data on the damage to the destroyed social infrastructure, the dynamics of the unemployment rate in 2020-2024, and the number of registered Ukrainian refugees by country. The author outlines the directions of post-war socialization of Ukraine's economy using the prospects of European integration processes. The article offers recommendations on how to use the potential of Ukraine's integration into the EU to build the social sphere in the postwar period. The postwar socialization of Ukraine's economy is strategically important for achieving social stability, strengthening the country's competitive position and further integration into the European Union. This approach will ensure Ukraine's sustainable development and improve the quality of life of the population within the European community.The practical value of the article lies in the fact that its material can be used by state authorities in the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine with the use of the potential of European integration.

Сучасний геноцид українців крізь призму концепції совєтського геноциду Рафала Лемкіна

In his speech delivered in New York in 1953, the famous international lawyer, the author of the term “genocide”, Raphael Lemkin proposed his own vision of the policy of the USSR towards Ukrainians as genocide. He believed that not only the extermination of Ukrainians by famine in 1932–1933 should be seemed as genocide, but also more broadly all actions of the Kremlin aimed at the Russification of the Ukrainian nation. The lawyer spoke of four “strikes”, “prongs” of the attack on the Ukrainian nation. Even after Ukraine became independent in 1991, the Russian pressure directed against the Ukrainian statehood continued. The events escalated in 2014 with the occupation of Crimea and Russian invasion to the Donetsk and Luhansk region. The purpose of the repressive measures the pro-Kremlin forces (such as physical attacks against active people, exclusion of the Ukrainian language from all spheres of social life, etc.) took on the occupied territories was to break the “spine” of the Ukrainian resistance there. Importantly, R. Lemkin’s concept can also be applied to the events of the Russian-Ukrainian fullscale war, which has been ongoing since February 24, 2022 and which many countries of the world have already recognized as genocidal. At the same time, the scholarly discussions about the genocidal nature of this war and ways of using of this term in international law and politics are ongoing. In particular, the Russian occupiers destroy the “brain of the nation”. They kidnap, imprison and kill Ukrainian intellectuals, journalists and writers, confiscate Ukrainian-language books from libraries as “Nazi literature” and burn them down, and deny children access to education in the Ukrainian language. The invaders are also attacking the “soul of the nation”, destroying churches and repressing the clergy of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Instead, the Kremlin uses the Russian Orthodox Church under its control to popularize anti-Ukrainian ideas among the general public. The occupiers are also massively destroying the “body of the nation” – the population of the occupied territories, “average Ukrainians”. This happens due to the killing of civilians, physical, psychological and sexual violence against them, creation of conditions incompatible with life (humanitarian disasters) on the temporarily occupied territories, systematic shelling and destruction of critical infrastructure, etc. In addition, we should mention the confiscation of crops from Ukrainian farmers, which is reminiscent of the actions of the Bolsheviks during the Holodomor. Finally, the enemy fragments the Ukrainian nation by Russifying and deporting the inhabitants of the temporarily occupied territories, including children, to Russia and populating the captured Ukrainian lands, cities and towns with representatives of other nations. Therefore, the analysis of current events through the prism of R. Lemkin’s concept reveals the tenacity of the Russian misanthropic policy towards the Ukrainian nation and Moscow’s boundless imperial ambitions. In particular, the actions of Russian troops in the occupied territories (systematic violence, repression, attack on the Ukrainian language and culture, encroachment on religious freedoms, forced deportations, etc.) pose a serious threat to the Ukrainian identity of the residents and lead to theRussification of the temporarily occupied territories. As in the times of the USSR, the current leadership of the Kremlin manipulates information, hiding its crimes from the world and using propaganda to create a positive image of the government among the population. Putin’s regime already objects to comparing the events of a full-scale war with the Holodomor, and this tendency is probably going to increase in the future. In conclusion, our approach also demonstrates a certain universality of R. Lemkin’s ideas regarding the actions of the Kremlin against enslaved nations. Keywords: genocide, Holodomor, Raphael Lemkin, Russian-Ukrainian war, crime, Ukrainian nation.

Ukrainian Nationalism in the Propaganda of the bolshevik’s and modern Ideology of the russian Imperialism

The study compares how “Ukrainian nationalism” was interpreted in the Soviet press and the texts of contemporary ideologues of Russian imperialism. The way in which Ukrainian nationalism and its alleged followers were dehumanized during the trial of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine in 1930 (using the example of the texts of Andrii Khvylia, Mykola Skrypnyk and publications of the magazine “Bolshevik of Ukraine”) was examined. The image of Ukrainian nationalism presented in public statements that preceded and accompanied the full-scale war from 2022 was analyzed (texts of Timofey Sergeytsev, the address of the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin). In the widely circulated texts, the authors accused the “nationalists” of espionage, treason, moral degeneration and the preparation of a coup d’état, which can be defined as hate speech. Communists and contemporary ideologues construct the image of the enemy, using accusations in a mirror that Ukrainian nationalists commit terror or genocide. They depict their victims as aggressors and themselves as victims, justifying violence against Ukrainians as preventive measures. Contemporary Russian ideologues, in particular Timofey Sergeytsev, claim that Ukrainians, hiding behind the rhetoric of independence, profess fascist, racist and Russophobic ideology. Putin and Sergeitsev rejected the Soviet style of hate speech according to which Ukrainian nationalism was bourgeois and therefore criminal. They repeat the pre-Bolshevik imperialist interpretation of the “Ukrainian question”, according to which Ukraine is an integral part of Russia. Therefore Ukrainian nationalism is criminal because it wants to destroy Russian-Ukrainian unity. For Sergeytsev, Ukrainian nationalists are criminals because they pursue a racial policy against Russians, introduced discriminatory laws, committed genocide in the Donbass, commit mass violence and murder of Russians, and established a dictatorship unrestricted by law. The accusations made at the SVU trial were repeated during the Holodomor in the party’s official documents and Joseph Stalin’s correspondence with his supporters, and were directed at Ukrainian peasants and members of the Communist Party (bolshevik) of Ukraine. These accusations can be considered evidence of the desire to eradicate Ukrainian nationalists through artificial hunger and terror, which was facilitated by the cultivation of the image of the enemy in the previous years. The texts of modern Russian ideologues not only construct the image of the enemy, but also outline a consistent program of murders and Russification of Ukrainians and, according to the assessments of jurists and historians, indicate the intention to commit genocide. Keywords: Bourgeois nationalism, Union for the Freedom of Ukraine trial, Andrii Khvylia, hate speech, image of the enemy, de-Nazification, Russophobia, Timofey Sergeytsev.

Basic approaches to the analysis of the concept of resilience in modern organizational psychology

Introduction. Recently, the world has been experiencing significant crises and challenges with ever increasing intensity and periodicity. The full-scale war in Ukraine placed the country in the epicentre of the turmoil. Hence, finding resources to overcome crises both at the individual, organizational, and societal levels has become of great importance. Resilience is one of those resources. Aim. To analyze the main approaches to the concept of resilience in latest research in organizational psychology. Methods: theoretical analysis of the relevant literature (analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization). Results. In terms of organizational psychology, the concept of resilience was analyzed at three levels: organizational level, group (team) level, and individual (staff) level. According to those levels, organizational resilience, team resilience, and staff resilience were defined. The all three types of resilience were referred to as the ability to withstand adversity, recover from it, and use the gained experience as a resource for further development. However, resilience was manifested only when certain difficulties and crises arose. Each type of resilience depended on certain factors: for organizational resilience, those factors included organizational processes and models, for team resilience, intra-team processes, and for staff resilience, staff's organizational behavior and professional characteristics. Conclusions: the considered approaches can be the basis of further empirical research on organizational resilience.

Peculiarities of the course of gestation in women with a history of reproductive loss

Aim. Тo assess the frequency of extragenital pathology, features of obstetric and gynecological history and the course of pregnancy in women with a history of reproductive loss. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the Municipal non-profit enterprise “Maternity house No. 9” of the Zaporizhzhia City Council with the involvement of 75 pregnant women with one reproductive loss in history. The control group consisted of 30 women without a history of reproductive loss. Women who had reproductive losses were divided into 2 groups. Group I (main group) includes 38 pregnant women who registered for pregnancy and began their participation in this study after the start of a full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine. II (comparison) group included 37 women who were registered for pregnancy before the start of the full-scale war. It should be noted that 17 pregnant women (44.7 %) had the status of an internally displaced person. The average age of women in group I was 30.10 ± 5.86 years, in group II – 28.80 ± 6.07 years, and 26.50 ± 4.95 years in the control group. The anamnesis data and features of the course of gestation were studied in all patients. Management of pregnancy and childbirth of women was carried out in accordance with the current Orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. Variational and statistical processing of the results was carried out using the Statistica 13 program. Results. According to the results of the study, it was established that the frequency of extragenital pathology in women with one reproductive loss was higher, compared to women who had no such experience. Diseases of the cardiovascular and urinary systems occupy a leading place in this category of women. According to obstetric and gynecological anamnesis, a significant predominance among women of I and II groups of diseases of the reproductive system, compared to women of the control group, was established. Also, in the corresponding groups, a high frequency of miscarriage was established both in the period up to 12 weeks (28.95 % in the I group, 43.2 % in the II group against 6.67 % in the control group), and in the period of 12–22 weeks (34.20 % in the I group, 29.73 % in the II group vs. 13.33 % in the control group). Conclusions. Based on the conducted analysis, a high frequency of pregnancy complications was established for pregnant women who had a history of one reproductive loss. This contingent of women also has a high frequency of extragenital and gynecological concomitant pathology. Such results make it possible to assume a connection between the presence of one reproductive loss in women in the anamnesis and gestational complications of the next pregnancy.

The Influence of Faith on the Mental Health of Ukrainian Forced Migrants During the Russian-Ukrainian War: An Exploratory Study via Social Media.

War is a significant, high-intensity stressor that forces millions of people to seek refuge in safer areas, resulting in profound physical and mental health challenges. Following the large-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, millions of Ukrainians became refugees in Europe. This exploratory study examines the influence of faith on the mental health of Ukrainian forced migrants during the war. The results indicate that two years after the start of the full-scale war, Ukrainian forced migrants suffer from PTSD symptoms, high levels of depression, moderate anxiety, frustration, rigidity, aggressiveness, and loneliness. This exploratory study provides insights into the role of faith in the mental health of forced migrants and underscores the importance of support services for this vulnerable population.

The war against Ukraine through the prism of Russian military thought

ABSTRACT Over the past 2 years, since the beginning of the full-scale war in Ukraine, there have been very few studies that have examined the war from the perspective of Russian military thinking. To be able to more accurately predict ways in which the Russian way of war and force structure may change, it is essential to study the Russian military scientific discourse on the lessons of the war in Ukraine. Taking for granted that the Russians come to the same conclusions as Western observers can lead to mirror-imaging and will ignore the likely prospect that Russian lessons learned from the war will not coincide with those of Western military experts. This article contributes to the understanding of Russian military thinking with regard to the war by focusing on three key aspects. (1) The evolution of Russian thinking about indirect strategy. (2) The changing Russian perspective on the concept of non-contact war. (3) The Russian military discourse about the challenge posed by the increasingly transparent battlefield of contemporary wars.

Problems and challenges of development of Ukraine: investment and personnel aspect

In the conceptual and methodological sense, the article considers war as a force majeure factor, the action of which has multifaceted negative consequences in the form of increasing risks of physical destruction of human and material resources, deterioration of their quality parameters, in particular, the mental and physical state of health of the population. The magnitude and scope of the loss of national wealth as a result of the full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine deepened the previously formed contradictions and asymmetries of a diverse nature in the economic system of our country. Socio-economic consequences are manifested in large-scale emigration, the appearance of forcibly displaced persons, a shortage of qualified labor, an asymmetry between demand and its supply in the domestic labor market, and a decrease in the number of jobs. Restoration of life-supporting objects of national wealth is considered as an objective prerequisite for the existence and victory of our state in this war. The article substantiates the leading role of state regulation in recovery by using a set of forms and methods of centralized influence on its organization and planning, presents the principles of participation of international partners in it. In the context of the leading role of the regulatory influence of the state on the reconstruction processes of Ukraine, the need for a systematic approach to solving the tactical and strategic tasks of restoring the economic potential of our country is substantiated. When developing and choosing a model for its restoration, priority should be given to the economic interests of domestic investors, employers, and workers. It was determined that its implementation allows to ensure the achievement of multifaceted positive results in the reconstruction of the economy of Ukraine. Objectively necessary prerequisites for the latter are the management of modernization processes by representatives of Ukrainian entrepreneurship, whose activities are based on the principles and principles of corporate social responsibility of business. In the conditions of war, this involves ensuring the functioning and development of enterprises located in the territory controlled by our state, employment of forcibly displaced persons, improvement of their welfare, compliance with laws and payment of all taxes, establishment of public-private partnership between socially responsible business and state institutions. Investing in rebuilding the economic potential of Ukraine is considered an objective phenomenon that is under the influence of state regulatory levers, the use of which is aimed at creating a favorable investment climate in the country. The negative impact on its state due to the lack of effective taxation, imperfection of land legislation, irrationality of the banking system, the absence of a national state credit investment company functionally aimed at identifying investment priorities with their technical and economic justification, control over the provision of benefits, the annexation of Crimea, the occupation of parts of the eastern oblasts and the conduct of military operations there, shelling of populated areas, which increases the likelihood of investment risks.

THE IMPACT OF PHOSPHORUS WEAPONS DURING A FULL-SCALE WAR

Due to military actions, there is destruction of Ukraine's ecosystems, deterioration of sanitary and hygienic indicators of drinking water, air, and soil. With the onset of full-scale war, the negative impact of harmful and dangerous substances (the use of chemical, phosphorus bombs, and other weapons) prohibited by the Geneva Convention leads to unforeseen consequences for the environment of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to analyze injuries resulting from the action of white phosphorus of various types of phosphorus weapons, namely explosive weapons with a wide area of effect, mines, ammunition, long-range missiles; artillery, mortar shells, various types of grenades in the conditions of russian aggression against Ukraine. The following methods were used in the work: content analysis, comparative analysis, and systematization of the researched material. Research of scientific publications by domestic and foreign scientists using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for the period 2001-2023 was conducted. Phosphorus munitions such as WP are known for their high effectiveness in combat operations, but also lead to serious injuries, both traumatic and post-traumatic psychological changes. White phosphorus (explosive bombs) causes burns of human body tissues upon contact with burning material, as well as burns of the upper respiratory tract due to inhalation of smoke or gases emitted during combustion. The article analyzes the regulatory framework prohibiting the use of phosphorus munitions in armed conflicts. Clinical cases of gunshot combined injuries of limbs with massive soft tissue defects, gunshot fractures, and the presence of multiple foreign bodies of metal density due to the use of phosphorus munitions are considered. An analysis of scientific research by foreign scientists on this issue was conducted. The article provides algorithms for providing first aid due to the action of phosphorus munitions, as well as methodological recommendations of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 506 of March 20, 2022) for providing medical assistance at the prehospital stage in case of phosphorus munition injuries, burns, enteral poisoning, exposure to white phosphorus in the eyes.

Psychological and Pedagogical Support for Future Technology Teachers in the Educational-Scientific-Production Cluster

The article examines the importance of psychological and pedagogical support in the training process of future technology teachers, particularly in the context of modern educational challenges and the full-scale war. This support is aimed at developing emotional intelligence, stress resilience, preventing professional burnout, improving communication skills, and providing supervision. The research emphasizes the formation of teachers' professional identity, as well as their ability for self-analysis and self-reflection. Special attention is given to methods of coping with emotional stress during the war, including relaxation techniques, stress management, the use of positive thinking, and maintaining a work-life balance. The article is based on the experience of the Social and Psychological Center of the Lviv Educational-Scientific-Production Cluster, which focuses its efforts on supporting future teachers through supervision, training, and consultations. The cluster integrates theoretical knowledge, scientific research, and practical training for specialists in the fields of vocational education and production. This model of teacher training is aimed at enhancing their qualifications, developing professional competencies, and adapting to the demands of the modern labor market. The study explores the key stages of teacher training, which include foundational theoretical preparation, scientific research, practical internships at production enterprises, and further professional development. Special attention is paid to the implementation of innovative teaching approaches and the use of modern technologies that enable future teachers not only to master new teaching methodologies but also to integrate contemporary production processes into educational programs.

Narrating Solidarity With Ukraine: European Parliament Debates on Energy Policy

The article aims to improve our understanding of the politics of energy policy in the EU in the context of the war in Ukraine. It shows how the energy policy debate is contextualised by the suffering of Ukraine and the country’s efforts to resist Russian aggression and full-scale war. An abductive qualitative content analysis of 10 European Parliament debates on economic sanctions against Russia between March 2014 and October 2022 is used to reconstruct four narratives of the EU’s transnational solidarity with Ukraine. The following solidarity narratives are compared in terms of underlying notions of solidarity, proposed policy solutions, and their temporal aspects: “solidarity based on the common enemy,” “solidarity as mutual sacrifice,” “solidarity based on shared independence,” and “solidarity based on our resilience.” We find that despite the prominence of the solidarity frame in all four narratives, there were latent relevant differences in the urgency of the proposed solutions. Moreover, the references to suffering in these narratives tend to contrast “their” and “our” suffering, rather than calling for help for Ukraine.

Institutional Capacity of Ukrainian Governments: Issues of Efficiency and Legitimacy

The article analyzes the effectiveness and legitimacy (which are interrelated) of Ukrainian governments in 2014–2024 and identifies the regulatory and legal traps that create an acute deficit of their institutional capacity. The author emphasizes that the crises of institutional capacity of governments in modern consolidated democracies and in Ukraine, which is still being formed as a democracy, have different origins. The basic determinant of the "democratic backslide" of liberal democracies is the departure of governments from egalitarian practices. In Ukraine, the deficiencies in the capacity of governments are due to the "embedding" of regulatory and legal "traps" in the Constitution of Ukraine of 1996, which have been destroying the system of power distribution inherent in democratic political regimes for 30 years, making it difficult for governments and parliaments to demonstrate their own subjectivity and creating conditions for influential informal institutions (e. g., oligarchs) to participate in politics. The researcher argues that the regulatory and legal traps that disable Ukrainian governments and lead to the formation of a government product of mediocre quality (for example, the reforms of 2014–2021) are the dual management structure of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (both the Prime Minister and the President have grounds for this). Lack of effective and balanced relations between the government and the parliament, which regulates the practice of semi-accepted governments, and a mechanism for resolving government crises. The article argues that the process of Ukraine’s accession to the EU gives a new impetus to the dismantling of post-Soviet institutionalism that began in 2014. This process becomes especially dramatic in the first year of full-scale war (from 2022 onwards), when the beginning of the dismantling of post-Soviet institutions overlapped with the need to maintain the country’s governability during the war. The author hopes that the need to "bring" Ukrainian institutions and their inherent practices to the EU level gives reasonable expectations for the formation of a legal framework in our country that will modernize Ukrainian institutions (and governments, above all). It is important, according to the researcher, to propose an approach to reform that would be a synthesis of both updating the legal framework governing the government and introducing instrumental changes that would form a new institutional culture.

FINANCIAL PROVISION OF MARKETING ACTIVITIES OF MACHINE-BUILDING ENTERPRISES FOR STRENGTHENING COMPETITIVENESS IN THE CONTEXT OF A NEW REALITY

The purpose of this article is to develop a methodological approach to evaluating all possible options for the financial provision of the marketing activities of modern machine-building enterprises under conditions of full-scale war. Thus, the new conditions of reality are characteristic specifically of Ukrainian machine-building enterprises, which become the key object of the study. As a result, within this article, the optimal forms of financial provision, both external and internal, were chosen based on evaluation results, which will allow not only to "survive" in the current conditions for Ukrainian machine-building enterprises but also to strengthen their competitiveness in the face of new challenges and threats. The identification of the most optimal forms of financial provision and the conduct of evaluations were made possible through the implementation of expert analysis, using the Delphi method. The central place in the methodology of the article is occupied by the method of hierarchical multicriteria evaluation. Its thorough substantiation has better reflected the main results of the research. The developed methodological approach is distinguished by its convenience and practical value in the conditions of the new reality, that is wartime. Another feature is the consideration of not only internal resources but also external ones. Ultimately, the proper and secure application of the defined forms of internal and external financial provision of marketing activities to change their own competitiveness was also substantiated. This, in turn, allowed forming the correct trajectory for how to evaluate one’s own financial provision options for marketing activities and how to apply them to enhance one’s competitiveness. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in substantiating recommendations for establishing the optimal form of financial provision of marketing activities for machine-building enterprises.

New challenges regarding the environmental and sanitary condition of Ukrainian water bodies

Today Ukraine is faced with new challenges that have a significant impact on natural water bodies and aquaculture. As a result of hostilities, there is an additional pressure on aquatic ecosystems. Unfortunately, large territories with important fishery complexes of Ukraine are either occupied, located in the war zone, or mined. Currently it is impossible to carry out comprehensive monitoring investigations into the actual environmental condition of inland water bodies of Ukraine. Therefore, in order to establish a true picture of the state of the water fund of Ukraine, an analytical review of publications was performed. Unfortunately, after the large-scale hostilities on the territory of Ukraine, a significant number of water bodies changed their status according to saprobic indicators. The situation is difficult with the reservoirs of the Dnipro River Cascade, which accumulate all pollutants released into the water from the catchment area. The destruction of the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Station led to a massive killing of all biota, including fish. The reservoirs are mostly polluted by biogenic, organic and surface-active substances, oil products, phenols, pesticides, and heavy metals. Even in the pre-war period, the problem of water pollution required immediate decisions, and with the beginning of the full-scale war, it became one of the most urgent tasks for Ukraine. Today, Ukraine’s water bodies suffer from pollution by pyrogens, fuel, and lubricants after rocket attacks and even from the total destruction of fish farms, water reservoirs, i.e., the Kakhovka Reservoir. Therefore, monitoring of the environmental condition of inland water bodies of Ukraine will provide an opportunity to assess their real condition and, in the future, to select the complex of methods aimed for their restoration.