Full Range Of Outcomes Research Articles

Defining Relational Dimensions of Spiritual Influence for Management Research and Practice

In management research, the impact of spirituality and its positive influence on organizational outcomes has been studied from many aspects of management practice. The result has been a non-delineated, cross-sectional view of spiritual guidance in creating healthy individual and business outcomes. Unfortunately, the limited focus on spiritual well-being has not encouraged research that considers the full range of outcomes from various dimensions of spirituality. Such focus has not considered the influence of adverse spiritual intent or made distinctions between divine and human forms of spirituality that create uncertainty and lack of trust in spiritual and religious guidance. Considering these limitations, this conceptual research shares a dimensionality of spiritual discernment derived from the current literature on spirituality in management and discusses the limitations of each within the context of developing spiritual capital and spiritual intelligence. This paper presents both divine and human relationships in framing this model and suggests the need to better understand the bounded nature of spirituality under dark or human influence. The outcome from this work is the development of a Relational Models Theory of Spirituality (RMTS) framework to guide management research in creating an ontological perspective around the nature and intent of spiritual relationships and to encourage seeking third-person spirituality as an unbiased, higher form of Spiritual guidance.

Care delivery and self-management strategies for children with epilepsy.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder affecting both children and adults. Epileptic seizures are the result of excessive and abnormal cortical cell electrical activity in the brain. In response to criticism that epilepsy care for children has little impact on long-term outcomes, healthcare professionals and administrators have developed various service models and strategies to address perceived inadequacies. This is an updated version of a Cochrane Review previously published in 2018. To assess the effects of any specialised or dedicated intervention for epilepsy versus usual care in children and adolescents with epilepsy and their families. We searched the following databases on 14 January 2020: the Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to 13 January 2020), PsycINFO (1887 to 14 January 2020), CINAHL Plus (1937 to 14 January 2020), ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. The Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web) includes the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialised Register and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). We also contacted experts in the field seeking information on unpublished and ongoing studies and checked the websites of epilepsy organisations and the reference lists of included studies. We included randomised controlled trials recruiting children and adolescents with epilepsy. Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion and extracted the relevant data. We assessed the following outcomes: 1. Seizure frequency and severity; 2. Appropriateness and volume of medication prescribed (including evidence of drug toxicity); 3. Participants' reported knowledge of information and advice received from professionals; 4. Participants' reports of health and quality of life; 5. Objective measures of general health status; 6. Objective measures of social or psychological functioning (including the number of days spent on sick leave/absence from school or work, and employment status); and 7. Costs of care or treatment. The results of the data extraction and quality assessment for each study were presented in structured tables and as a narrative summary. All summary statistics were extracted for each outcome. We included nine studies of eight interventions in the review, reporting on seven distinct self-management programmes for educating or counselling children with epilepsy and their parents, and one new model of care. Based largely on self-reported outcomes, each programme showed some benefits for the well-being of children with epilepsy; however, all of the included studies had methodological flaws. No single programme was evaluated with different study samples, and in no instance was the same outcome measured and reported in the same way across studies, precluding any possible meta-analysis, even if the interventions were considered sufficiently similar to include in meta-analysis. We chose the outcomes for which data might be important for decisions about the interventions as per guidance in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We found moderate certainty evidence that one of the educational interventions reduced seizure frequency. There was low certainty evidence that two other educational interventions reduced seizure severity, seizure control, and seizure cure rates. The evidence for all other outcomes (drug adherence, knowledge, self-efficacy and self-perception of epilepsy on quality of life) was mixed. Whilst each of the programmes evaluated in this review showed some benefit to children with epilepsy, their impact was extremely variable. No programme showed benefits across the full range of outcomes, and all studies had methodological problems. There is currently insufficient evidence in favour of any single programme. Further evidence from randomised controlled trials using validated measures and considering clinical meaningfulness as well as statistical significance of results is required.

Failed Securitization: Why It Matters

The puzzle motivating this article is the nearly unanimous focus in the literature on successful cases of securitization. The article examines this case selection bias and asks about its consequences for the study of security. Three arguments are offered. First, there is no a priori reason to give preference to successful cases; rather, a full range of outcomes should be explored. Second, paying attention to failed cases of securitization might yield important insights for the processes of securitization as well as desecuritization. Third, taking failed cases seriously can put into broader perspective actors’ abilities to use claims about security to accrue power and advance their political agendas. In short, moving away from the fixation on successful cases of securitization will make possible a fuller understanding of what security is and what it does.

A Core Outcome Set for Multimorbidity Research (COSmm).

We aimed to develop a consensus-based set of core outcomes specifically for studies in multimorbidity. We undertook a consensus study following the COS-STAR (Core Outcome Set-STAndards for Reporting) guidelines for the design and reporting of core outcome sets. A Delphi panel of experts completed a web-based survey with 2 rounds. Panelists were presented with a range of outcomes that had been identified in previous workshops and a related systematic review. They indicated their level of agreement on whether each outcome should be included in the core set using a 5-point Likert scale, and outcomes reaching a prespecified consensus level were included. Of 30 individuals invited to be panelists, 26 from 13 countries agreed. All 26 completed both rounds of the survey. The Delphi panel reached consensus on 17 outcomes for inclusion in a core outcome set for multimorbidity (COSmm). The highest-ranked outcomes were health-related quality of life, mental health outcomes, and mortality. Other outcomes were grouped into overarching themes of patient-reported impacts and behaviors (treatment burden, self-rated health, self-management behavior, self-efficacy, adherence); physical activity and function (activities of daily living, physical function, physical activity); consultation related (communication, shared decision making, prioritization); and health systems (health care use, costs, quality of health care). This consensus study involved a wide range of international experts who identified a large number of outcomes for multimorbidity intervention studies. Our results suggest that quality of life, mental health outcomes, and mortality should be regarded as essential core outcomes. Researchers should, however, also consider the full range of outcomes when designing studies to capture important domains in multimorbidity depending on individual study aims and interventions.

Care delivery and self-management strategies for children with epilepsy.

In response to criticism that epilepsy care for children has little impact, healthcare professionals and administrators have developed various service models and strategies to address perceived inadequacies. To assess the effects of any specialised or dedicated intervention for epilepsy versus usual care in children with epilepsy and in their families. We searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialized Register (27 September 2016), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 9) in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (1946 to 27 September 2016), Embase (1974 to 27 September 2016), PsycINFO (1887 to 27 September 2016) and CINAHL Plus (1937 to 27 September 2016). In addition, we also searched clinical trials registries for ongoing or recently completed trials, contacted experts in the field to seek information on unpublished and ongoing studies, checked the websites of epilepsy organisations and checked the reference lists of included studies. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies or other prospective studies with a (matched or unmatched) control group (controlled before-and-after studies), or time series studies. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Our review included six interventions reported through seven studies (of which five studies were designed as RCTs). They reported on different education and counselling programmes for children and parents; teenagers and parents; or children, adolescents and their parents. Each programme showed some benefits for the well-being of children with epilepsy, but all had methodological flaws (e.g. in one of the studies designed as an RCT, randomisation failed), no single programme was independently evaluated with different study samples and no interventions were sufficiently homogeneous enough to be included in a meta-analysis,. While each of the programmes in this review showed some benefit to children with epilepsy, their impacts were extremely variable. No programme showed benefits across the full range of outcomes, and all studies had major methodological problems. At present there is insufficient evidence in favour of any single programme.

Investigating Climate Compatible Development Outcomes and their Implications for Distributive Justice: Evidence from Malawi

Governments and donors are investing in climate compatible development in order to reduce climate and development vulnerabilities. However, the rate at which climate compatible development is being operationalised has outpaced academic enquiry into the concept. Interventions aiming to achieve climate compatible development “wins” (for development, mitigation, adaptation) can also create negative side-effects. Moreover, benefits and negative side-effects may differ across time and space and have diverse consequences for individuals and groups. Assessments of the full range of outcomes created by climate compatible development projects and their implications for distributive justice are scarce. This article develops a framework using a systematic literature review that enables holistic climate compatible development outcome evaluation over seven parameters identified. Thereafter, we explore the outcomes of two donor-funded projects that pursue climate compatible development triple-wins in Malawi using this framework. Household surveys, semi-structured interviews and documentary material are analysed. Results reveal that uneven outcomes are experienced between stakeholder groups and change over time. Although climate compatible development triple-wins can be achieved through projects, they do not represent the full range of outcomes. Ecosystem—and community-based activities are becoming popularised as approaches for achieving climate compatible development goals. However, findings suggest that a strengthened evidence base is required to ensure that these approaches are able to meet climate compatible development goals and further distributive justice.

United Kingdom national paediatric bilateral project: Demographics and results of localization and speech perception testing

Objectives: To assess longitudinal outcomes in a large and varied population of children receiving bilateral cochlear implants both simultaneously and sequentially.Methods: This observational non-randomized service evaluation collected localization and speech recognition in noise data from simultaneously and sequentially implanted children at four time points: before bilateral cochlear implants or before the sequential implant, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years after bilateral implants. No inclusion criteria were applied, so children with additional difficulties, cochleovestibular anomalies, varying educational placements, 23 different home languages, a full range of outcomes and varying device use were included.Results: 1001 children were included: 465 implanted simultaneously and 536 sequentially, representing just over 50% of children receiving bilateral implants in the UK in this period. In simultaneously implanted children the median age at implant was 2.1 years; 7% were implanted at less than 1 year of age. In sequentially implanted children the interval between implants ranged from 0.1 to 14.5 years. Children with simultaneous bilateral implants localized better than those with one implant. On average children receiving a second (sequential) cochlear implant showed improvement in localization and listening in background noise after 1 year of bilateral listening. The interval between sequential implants had no effect on localization improvement although a smaller interval gave more improvement in speech recognition in noise. Children with sequential implants on average were able to use their second device to obtain spatial release from masking after 2 years of bilateral listening. Although ranges were large, bilateral cochlear implants on average offered an improvement in localization and speech perception in noise over unilateral implants.Conclusion: These data represent the diverse population of children with bilateral cochlear implants in the UK from 2010 to 2012. Predictions of outcomes for individual patients are not possible from these data. However, there are no indications to preclude children with long inter-implant interval having the chance of a second cochlear implant.

Evaluating the wider outcomes of schools: Complex systems modelling for leadership decisioning

A continuing challenge for the education system is how to evaluate the wider outcomes of schools. Wider measures of success – such as citizenship or lifelong learning – influence each other and emerge over time from complex interactions between students, teachers and leaders, and the wider community. Unless methods are found to evaluate these broader outcomes, which are able to do justice to learning and achievement as emergent properties of the learner’s engagement with his or her world the education system will continue to focus on narrow measures of school effectiveness which do not properly account for complexity. In this article we describe the rationale and methodology underpinning a pilot research project that applied hierarchical process modelling to a group of schools as complex living systems, using software developed by engineers at the University of Bristol, called Perimeta. The aim was to generate a stakeholder owned systems design which was better able to account for the full range of outcomes valued by each school, and for the complex processes which facilitate or inhibit them, thus providing a more nuanced leadership decision-making analytic. The project involved three academies in the UK.

Care delivery and self management strategies for children with epilepsy.

Epilepsy care for children has been criticised for its lack of impact. Various service models and strategies have been developed in response to perceived inadequacies in care provision for children and their families. To compare the effectiveness of any specialised or dedicated intervention for the care of children with epilepsy and their families to the effectiveness of usual care. We searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialized Register (9 December 2013), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, 2013,Issue 11), MEDLINE (1946 to June week 2, 2013), EMBASE (1988 to week 25, 2013), PsycINFO (1887 to 11 December 2013) and CINAHL Plus (1937 to 11 December 2013). In addition, we contacted experts in the field to seek information on unpublished and ongoing studies, checked the websites of epilepsy organisations and checked the reference lists of included studies. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled or matched trials, cohort studies or other prospective studies with a control group (controlled before-and-after studies), or time series studies. Each review author independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies. We included five interventions reported in seven study reports (of which only four studies of three interventions were designed as RCTs) in this review. They reported on different education and counselling programmes for children, children and parents, teenagers and parents, or children, adolescents and their parents. Each programme showed some benefits for the well-being of children with epilepsy, but each study had methodological flaws (e.g. in one of the studies designed as an RCT, randomisation failed) and no single programme was independently evaluated by more than one study. While each of the programmes in this review showed some benefit to children with epilepsy, their impacts were extremely variable. No programme showed benefits across the full range of outcomes. No study appeared to have demonstrated any detrimental effects but the evidence in favour of any single programme was insufficient to make it possible to recommend one programme rather than another. More studies, carried out by independent research teams, are needed.

Clinic is the Basis for a Complete Legal Education: Quality Assurance, Learning Outcomes and the Clinical Method

Clinic is the basis for a complete legal education. The time has come to stop treating clinic as a marginal, alternative approach to learning some but not all things requisite for a sound legal education aimed at producing capable practitioners. It is a powerfully effective, experiential and varied, comprehensive approach to the structure and contents of a legal education. I will argue that given a full interpretation of the term “Clinical Legal Education” (CLE), CLE in its many forms can serve as the model for a legal education. Also, in this paper I will examine the relationship between the learning outcomes we have for a legal education and the learning methods characteristic of a variety of forms of clinical legal education. At another time it will be useful to show how assessment of learning through clinic suits the full range of outcomes as well. There is a discussion of the meaning of the term Clinical Legal Education, as I use it, in Section 6. Some readers may wish to come back to the beginning after reading the section entitled “What is clinical legal education?”.

Probabilistic Cost and Time Estimation of Rigless Plug and Abandonment

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 169203, ’An Investigation of Different Approaches for Probabilistic Cost and Time Estimation of Rigless Plug and Abandonment in a Subsea Multiwell Campaign,’ by Fatemeh Moeinikia and Kjell Kare Fjelde, SPE, University of Stavanger; Arild Saasen, SPE, Det Norske Oljeselskap ASA and the University of Stavanger; and Torbjorn Vralstad, SPE, SINTEF, prepared for the 2014 SPE Bergen One Day Seminar, Bergen, Norway, 2 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. With a high demand for plug and abandonment (P&A) of subsea wells in the future on the Norwegian continental shelf, industry is challenged to find alternatives and rigless technologies that can make P&A operation more cost-effective and -efficient. Light-well-intervention vessels (LWIVs) can take over some parts of P&A operations and release semisubmersible rigs to function in the drilling and completing of new wells. This paper covers potential and experience of LWIVs in P&A. Introduction The P&A work of a single well can be separated into three distinct phases: reservoir abandonment, intermediate abandonment, and removal of the wellhead and the casing strings a few meters below seabed (Oil and Gas UK 2011). Different vessels and technologies will be applied for these phases, which are also affected by the complexity of the well. It is also expected that these P&A phases to some extent will be performed in multiwell campaigns in which issues such as learning effects and correlations have to be considered. The deterministic approach for time and cost estimation is a simple, traditional method, and the results can be transferred easily. There are some limitations associated with the deterministic approach, such as the yielding of biased results and, sometimes, the inability to capture the full range of outcomes. On the other hand, the probabilistic approach has been recognized recently as a common and preferred technique for time and cost estimation, compared with the deterministic approach. This approach presents a nonbiased technique for time and cost forecasting and allows for inclusion of uncertainty into the model, covering the correct range of possible outcomes. Oil and Gas UK (2011) provides a guideline for well-abandonment-cost estimation, aiming to provide a simple and structured approach for estimating cost and duration of field abandonment. As mentioned previously, the P&A work of a well can be divided into three distinct phases according to these guidelines. In addition, the complexity of each phase is reflected in the types of vessels and technologies that are required to perform the work scope of that specific phase. Five categories are used for this classification. P&A operations will mostly be performed in multiwell campaigns, and different vessel technologies are used to complete distinct operations or phases. Because P&A of the wells can typically involve using the same vessels and technologies for distinct phases, performance of P&A in multiwell campaigns shares mobilization and demobilization time and cost as well as transit time from mobilization point to field and transit time among different wells.

Cochrane Review: Care delivery and self‐management strategies for children with epilepsy

AbstractBackgroundEpilepsy care for children has been criticised for its lack of impact. Various service models and strategies have been developed in response to perceived inadequacies in care provision for children and their families.ObjectivesWe set out to compare the effectiveness of specialist or dedicated teams or individuals in the care of children with epilepsy with usual care services.Search methodsWe searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library February issue, 2010), MEDLINE (1950 to March 2010), EMBASE (1988 to May 2006*), PsycINFO (1806 to March 2010) and CINAHL (1982 to March 2010).*Please note that as we currently do not have access to EMBASE, we have been unable to update this aspect of our searching.Selection criteriaWe included randomised controlled trials, controlled or matched trials, cohort studies or other prospective studies with a control group, or time series studies.Data collection and analysisEach review author independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies.Main resultsFour trials and five reports are included in this review. They report on four different education and counselling programmes for children, children and parents, or teenagers and parents. Each programme showed some benefits for the well‐being of children with epilepsy, but each trial had methodological flaws and no single programme was evaluated by more than one study.Authors' conclusionsWhile each of the programmes in this review showed some benefit to children with epilepsy their impacts were extremely variable. No programme showed benefits across the full range of outcomes. No study appears to have demonstrated any detrimental effects but the evidence in favour of any single programme is insufficient to make it possible to recommend one programme rather than another. More trials, carried out by independent research teams, are needed.Plain Language SummaryCare delivery and self‐management strategies for children with epilepsyEvidence for the best ways to care for children with epilepsy is still unclear.This review compared four education‐ or counselling‐based interventions for children with epilepsy. One intervention was aimed solely at children, two were aimed at children and their parents, the final intervention was aimed at teenagers and their parents. Each of the interventions appeared to improve some of the outcomes studied, but no intervention improved all of the outcomes that were measured. The studies also had problems with their methods, which makes their results less reliable. While none of the interventions caused any harm, their impact was limited and we cannot recommend any single intervention as being the best one for children with epilepsy.

Randomised controlled trial of Alexander technique lessons, exercise, and massage (ATEAM) for chronic and recurrent back pain: economic evaluation

Objective An economic evaluation of therapeutic massage, exercise, and lessons in the Alexander technique for treating persistent back pain.Design Cost consequences study and cost effectiveness analysis at 12 month follow-up...

Practitioners' Documentation of Assessment and Care Planning in Social Care: The Opportunities for Organizational Learning

This paper analyses practitioners’ documentation of social care assessments and care plans for disabled adults of working age. The data were collected in the course of an innovative project that introduced new outcome-focused documentation into routine social care assessment, care management and review processes. The project aimed to encourage practitioners to focus during these processes on the full range of outcomes that individual disabled adults might seek to achieve; and identify the appropriate services for realizing those outcomes. Analysis of the new documentation provides insights into the diverse range of priorities and outcomes that service users aspire to achieve as a result of receiving services, and the service inputs that were agreed between practitioners and service users. However, despite the new documentation, the majority of both outcomes and services that were recorded tended to cluster around a fairly narrow range of conventional social care service functions. Moreover, the emphasis of both outcomes and service inputs differed between different groups of social care professionals. In the context of current policies to make social care services more individualized and outcome-focused, each of these findings has major organizational implications. The opportunities for using routine practitioner documentation to identify areas of organizational and professional change and learning are discussed.

Self-experimentation, ethics and efficacy

Much fundamental progress in medicine and, more broadly, in medical sciences has required or benefited from self-experiments. This review provides a definition of self-experiments in which experimenters themselves are subjects for their research, and it considers the logical steps which such experiments require. Lay, medical and scientific communities are often unaware of the contributions and the full range of outcomes from self-experiments. Hence, some implications for ethics committees are explored.

Two basic mechanisms for organisational learning in schools

SUMMARY In recent literature on teachers' professional communities and organisational learning in schools the focus is on conditions fostering teacher professional developments. Less attention has been paid to clarifying these concepts and to analysing the processes and the full range of outcomes of organisational learning in schools. The question in this article is whether and how teachers' professional communities can play a role in organisational learning and professional development. Firstly, recent research literature on teachers' workplace conditions, teachers' professional communities, and organisational learning in schools is discussed. Next, two basic mechanisms for organisational learning in schools are presented. Some conclusions are that the opportunities for steering intentional organisational learning in the school context are only weak, and that a balance should be created in the school between diverging conditions for organisational learning

A practical framework to evaluate and report combined natural resource and production outcomes of agricultural research to livestock producers

The specifications for this study were set by the need for researchers in the Sustainable Grazing Systems (SGS) Program to have a consistent framework to evaluate experimental results across research sites and to share those results in a comprehensive way with livestock producers, allowing them to consider the full range of outcomes and impacts. To achieve this, the framework needed to account for production, economic and natural resource impacts, and other issues associated with making changes on farms. It also had to be easily applied, and readily understood by all segments of the SGS Program. This approach demanded some elements of pragmatism. Economic analysis of production data was based around net cash flow analysis. Spreadsheet programs were written for beef, self-replacing Merino and prime lamb enterprises. These incorporated the capacity to graph results automatically, provide sensitivity analysis tables, and project net cash flow results averaged over a 10-year period. Net cash flows were given for 2 levels of management skills — 'district average' and 'high'. Placing dollar values or costs on resource impacts was not as simple and could not be achieved within the practical framework required. A qualitative approach to the evaluation of resource impacts was developed in collaboration with researchers, advisors and collaborating producers. A framework was constructed which allows the likely on- and off-farm impacts of any experimental treatments to be identified and subjectively rated for likely importance.A practical tool for integrating and reporting the production and resource impact information was constructed. This captures the net cash flow, the key production data, the off-farm and on-farm impacts and provides an overview assessment of the treatment in a simple table. It provides producers with sufficient information to allow an assessment as to whether adoption of any 'treatment' could improve the profitability and sustainability of their grazing system. This tool was tested across all treatments at the SGS National Experiment sites and found to work well. Examples are presented, covering a range of resource impact and net cash flow combinations.

Guidelines for assessing outcomes of antihypertensive treatment

Because of the changing nature of medical practice and the need to more accurately monitor and quantify the clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of treatment, the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC VI) recommends that the outcomes of antihypertensive therapy be classified as short, intermediate, and long term. Short-term outcomes are most relevant to the practitioner and include such measures as blood pressure control, laboratory changes, and quality of life. In contrast, long-term outcomes, typically measured in randomized clinical trials, are of particular interest to policy makers and guidelines writers, and focus on whether treatments affect survival and the incidence of major cardiovascular events. Intermediate-term outcomes, usually measurable within months of starting treatment, deal with such clinical surrogates as treatment-induced changes in left ventricular structure, arterial compliance, and renal function. No longer are the traditional short-term outcomes adequate to describe a new drug; hypertension specialists, formulary committees, healthcare economists, and even regulatory agencies now expect sponsors to plan studies that define a drug’s full range of outcomes. This article briefly discusses some of the criteria for these outcome measures.

The tortoise and the prisoners' dilemma

Simon Blackburn has claimed that on a theory of revealed preference. it is tautological that any eligible player-one whose preferences are consistent-plays hawk, chooses a strategy of non-cooperation with the other prisoner. This claim is examined and rejected. A prisoner in the appropriate sense is defined not by preferences over actions (playing hawk or playing dove) but by preferences over the four possible outcomes which result from the players' actions jointly (both playing hawk, both playing dove, the first playing hawk and the second dove, and vice versa). It is not inconsistent to suppose that a prisoner has the appropriate preferences over outcomes but nevertheless chooses to play dove. This can happen either if the prisoner believes for some reason that the full range of outcomes is not available, or if the prisoner is simply a bad strategic thinker. It is perhaps tautological that a player with the appropriate preferences over outcomes and with suitable beliefs will, if rational, choose to play hawk. However, rationality would then involve an appeal to a further prinicple, the sure-thing principle: if a prisoner would choose hawk knowing that the other will choose hawk, and would also choose hawk knowing that the other will choose dove, then hawk should be chosen when it is uncertain what the other will choose.

Portraying alcohol treatment outcomes: Different yardsticks of success

An important issue in the alcohol field is how to present treatment outcome findings in a way that conveys the nature of the full range of outcomes (i.e., how individuals fared). Results should also be presented so as to be readily understood by practitioners. To illustrate how treatment outcome reports can be enriched by graphic portrayals of outcome findings, previously unpublished results from a study of Guided Self-Change treatment for problem drinkers are first presented in a traditional manner. Then, supplemental graphic methods of data reporting, including the use of frequency distributions and scatter plots, are presented. These portrayals are shown to address issues that receive little attention in reports limited to statistical analyses. It is also shown that reported success rates, “yardsticks of success,” are highly dependent on small changes in the criteria used to define success.