Full Power Test Research Articles

Force-limiting and the mechanical response of natural turfgrass used in the National Football League: A step toward the elimination of differential lower limb injury risk on synthetic turf

Lower limb injury rate in the National Football League (NFL) is greater on synthetic turf than on natural turfgrass. Foot loading in potentially injurious situations can be mitigated by damage to natural turfgrass that limits the peak load by allowing relative motion between the foot and the ground. Synthetic turf surfaces do not typically sustain such damage and thus lack such a load-limiting mechanism. To guide innovation in synthetic turf design, this paper reports 1) the peak loads of natural turfgrass when loaded by a cleated footform and 2) corridors that define the load–displacement response. Kentucky bluegrass [Poa pratensis, L.] and two cultivars of hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy] were tested with two cleat patterns in three loading modes (anterior-posterior or AP translation, medial–lateral or ML translation, and forefoot external rotation) at two power levels (full-power, which generated potentially injurious loads, and reduced-power, which generated horizontal forces similar to non-injurious ground reaction forces applied by an elite athlete during play). All tests generated peak force<4.95 kN and torque<173 Nm, which is in a loading regime that would be expected to mitigate injury risk. In full-power tests, bermudagrass withstood significantly (p < 0.05) greater peak loads than Kentucky bluegrass: (3.86 ± 0.45 kN vs. 2.66 ± 0.23 kN in AP, 3.25 ± 0.45 kN vs. 2.49 ± 0.36 kN in ML, and 144.8 ± 12.0 Nm vs. 126.3 ± 6.1 Nm in rotation). Corridors are reported that describe the load–displacement response aggregated across all surfaces tested.

Serpent/SUBCHANFLOW pin-by-pin coupled transient calculations for the SPERT-IIIE hot full power tests

The development of highly accurate methodologies in reactor physics requires as mandatory step a proper comparison with experimental data for relevant configurations. In this work, transient high-fidelity calculations using a recently developed coupled scheme between the Serpent 2 Monte Carlo transport code and the SUBCHANFLOW subchannnel thermalhydraulic code are done for selected reactivity insertion experiments from the SPERT-IIIE reactor. A graded approach is developed, where global and detailed results are obtained and compared with available experimental data. A good agreement is found for this novel approach, thus providing an initial step towards the validation of the tool within a configuration and operational conditions comparable to a PWR.

Full-Power Test of HVDC Circuit-Breakers With AC Short-Circuit Generators Operated at Low Power Frequency

This paper provides a pragmatic solution to the challenge of testing fault current interruption of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) circuit breakers (CBs). The critical parameters in the design of a test circuit capable of supplying the necessary stresses: current, energy, and voltage (both during and after interruption) are discussed. In addition, a practical implementation of a test circuit based on ac short-circuit generators operated at low power frequency, which is capable of testing the current interruption performance of the proposed technologies of HVDC CBs, is discussed. Tests validating the proposed method and circuit have been conducted on a prototype of an HVDC CB and the test results are presented. Since the performance of some technologies of HVDC CBs can depend on the magnitude of the interrupted current, four test duties are defined and demonstrated in the paper. Moreover, testing of HVDC CBs using ac short-circuit generators poses new challenges, such as the application of dielectric dc stress after current interruption and the protection of both the test-object as well as the test-circuit components when the HVDC CB fails to interrupt. Methods to overcome these challenges are developed and practically demonstrated in a test laboratory. Finally, taking into account the available resources of the author's test laboratory, the capability to test multiple series-connected modules of different technologies of HVDC CBs is verified and example cases are demonstrated. Six short-circuit generators (13 500 MVA @ 50 Hz) and up to ten step-up transformers (up to 550 kV) were actually used.

Individual Phase Full-Power Testing Method for High-Power STATCOM

For a high-power static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), a full-power pre-operation test in the factory is necessary to ensure the product quality of a newly manufactured one. But owing to the hardware limitation and cost of test platform, such test is currently too difficult to conduct in the factory, thus it poses great risk to the on-site operation and commissioning. To address this issue, this paper proposes an individual phase full-power testing method for STATCOM. By changing the port connection, three-phase STATCOM was reconstructed into a structure that two phases are in parallel and then in series with the third-phase, and then connected to two phases of the rated voltage grid. Then by rationally matching the voltage and current of three phases, the parallel phases can get a reactive current hedging under both the rated voltage and rated current, meanwhile three phases maintain their active power balance. As a result, STATCOM gets a phase full-power tested phase by phase. The simulation results in Matlab/Simulink show that, under the proposed test system, both the voltage and current of the parallel two phases get their rated values while the grid current is only about 3% of the rated current, meanwhile the DC-link voltage of each phase converter is stabilized. Compared with other testing methods for STATCOM, this method requires neither extra hardware nor high-capacity power supply to construct the test platform, but it can simultaneously examine both the entire main circuit and a large part of the control system in STATCOM. Therefore, it provides a cost-effective engineering method for the factory test of high-power STATCOM.

Prototype Coil Evaluation for NSTX-U Replacement Inner Poloidal Field Coils

The National Spherical Torus eXperiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) is an innovative magnetic fusion device constructed at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL). In 2016, because of the failure of the PF-1a upper divertor coil, which experienced a coolant blockage, the NSTX-U operation was suspended. A postmortem investigation indicated that an undetected gradual deterioration of coil inductance preceded the coolant blockage leading up to the operational suspension. The project team decided that all inner poiloidal field (PF) upper and lower coil pairs, denoted PF-1a, PF-1b, and PF-1c, shall be replaced with new coils of improved design and manufacture. The new prototype inner PF coils from four suppliers across the globe were evaluated at PPPL following a prototype technical evaluation procedure. Mechanical inspection and electrical testing were performed to qualify each supplier.This paper discusses the details of the mechanical and electrical tests and measurements performed on the complete coils. The test results were used to assess quality of turn-to-turn and turn-to-ground insulations of the prototype coils. Two prototype coils were power tested at PPPL for five pulses to reach its rated current and maximum temperature following the completion of low-power electrical testing. During pulses, the conductors experience a near adiabatic temperature rise and hoop stress. Between pulses, cold water enters the inlet, and a cooling wave propagates through the coils as slugs of cold water heat up to the conductor temperature and then pass through the coil to the outlet. Results show that full power testing did not change coil electrical characteristics. Each prototype coil was then sectioned into two halves to permit examination of the internal insulation, conductor spacing, and vacuum pressure impregnation quality. The high-voltage breakdown test of sectioned coils was performed to evaluate turn and ground insulation breakdown voltage. The estimate for the production coils is based largely on the experience learned from the prototype coil program. The first production coil will be delivered to PPPL for testing by January 2020.

Genç Erkek Haltercilerde Vücut Kompozisyonu Tam Skuat Bar Zirve Güç ve Dikey Sıçrama Testlerinin Koparma ve Silkme Toplam Performansını Tahmin Etme Gücünün İncelenmesi

Genç Erkek Haltercilerde Vücut Kompozisyonu Tam Skuat Bar Zirve Güç ve Dikey Sıçrama Testlerinin Koparma ve Silkme Toplam Performansını Tahmin Etme Gücünün İncelenmesi

HELCZA—High heat flux test facility for testing ITER EU first wall components

The ITER first wall panels are exposed directly to thermonuclear plasma and must extract heat loads of approximately 2MW/m2 (normal heat flux) to 4.7MW/m2 (enhanced heat flux). The panels are qualified through high heat flux cyclic testing before installation in ITER. Initially, the first wall panel prototypes will undergo full-power tests, they will be followed by the pre-series panels and finally the series ones. The experimental complex HELCZA (High Energy Load CZech Assembly) has been completed and is currently in the commissioning phase. HELCZA shall be optimised to provide a cyclic heating of the ITER EU first wall panels with a heat flux in the multi-MW/m2 range using an 800kW electron beam. On a reduced area it is possible to reach GW/m2 scale. Total available test area in HELCZA is 4m2 depending on the experimental setup. Operational conditions of the HELCZA facility enable the temperature of the cooling water to be set between 25°C and 320°C, within a pressure range up to 15MPa. The cooling system provides an optimal flow rate up to 40m3/h independent of the pressure.

Design and RF test of MEBT buncher cavities for C-ADS Injector II at IMP

Abstracts To match the beam from the Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator to the Superconducting Half-wave Resonator (HWR) Linac, two room temperature (RT) double-gap Quarter-wave Resonator (QWR) bunchers are designed to be located in the Medium Energy Beam Transport Line (MEBT) for the C-ADS Injector II at IMP. Both cavities work at 162.5 MHz, with β=0.067 and a beam aperture diameter of 40 mm. The effective voltage of these two cavities needs to reach 135 kV in Continuous Wave (CW) mode. In this paper, the RF design and thermal analysis of the cavities will be presented, along with the tuners and coupler consideration. The measured frequencies, Rsh/Q0, Q0 and voltage of the cavities agree well with the simulation result. Details of the RF test results including the full power tests of the cavities will be shown.

Design and research of torque tube used in HTS motor

In order to improve the overall performance of high temperature superconducting (HTS) motor, a radial connection torque tube with high strength and low thermal leakage has been designed. Firstly, fiberglass epoxy composite is chosen as construction material. The structural size of the torque tube is obtained by means of load analysis and theoretical calculation. Secondly, thermal leakage of the torque tube is calculated with both theoretical method and 3D finite-element analysis (FEA). According to the result of the thermal analysis and mechanical loads, the structural stresses of the torque tube are also obtained by FEA method. Lastly, a low temperature test platform is developed to verify the strength and the thermal leakage of the torque tube. The results show that the maximal shear stress of the torque tube is 24.3 MPa and thermal leakage of torque tube is 10.5 W, which satisfy the design requirements of the HTS motor. The torque tube also works in good condition at full-power and full-torque testing of the motor. The design method is also applicable for other similar design of torque tube in other applications.

Electric Loss Measurement Technique for Synchronous PM Brushless Machines

A novel technique to identify, by direct electric measurements, the total losses at full load in synchronous permanent-magnet brushless ac machines is here presented. The proposed procedure can anyway be extended to anisotropic machines. The procedure adopts a back-to-back electric and mechanic connection capable to use a single three-phase power converter to perform a full power test. The coupled motors are driven in speed as an equivalent electric machine at no load. The motor load can be regulated by the physical angular displacement in between the rotors of the two machines, and the converter will control the speed and equalize the current amplitude in the motors. In this condition, the motors exchange active power at the shaft in mechanical form and at the electric connections in electrical form. The active power supplied by the converter in steady state results in the total power dissipated by the two motors. A simple algorithm to identify the current-to-mechanical angle relationship at a given speed is proposed. The measurement technique is simulated and verified using an experimental test bench that adopts two low-power high-torque electric machines.

1.25MW Wind Turbine Vibration Performance Study of the Internal Cabin

The article introduces the vibrating test of gear box in the engineroom of 1.25MW wind turbine in wind farm in Inner Mongolia province, and obtains the detailed structure form and parameters of the wind turbine, and has real-time monitoring on four wind turbines of four typical areas in the wind farm, and gets time domain response of wind turbine. The on-line condition monitoring was applied on full power test platform that uses 1.25MW wind turbine, vibrating test was used for key parts in the engineroom of wind turbine, spindle, gearbox, generator ,generator underframe and so on, and the natural frequency of generator underframe and time and frequency domain response of gearbox, ring gear, generator and generator underframe are obtained. Through two tests, the vibration characteristic in the engineroom is obtained.

Full Power Test of a 36.5 MW HTS Propulsion Motor

This paper discusses the full-power testing of a 36.5 MW High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) propulsion motor at the Navy's Land Based Test Site (LBTS) located in Philadelphia, PA. This motor was developed under funding from the Office of Naval Research and passed no-load factory testing at Philadelphia in March 2007. The Naval Surface Warfare Center (Carderock Division - Philadelphia site) designed and installed a test facility at LBTS to support full-power/full-torque testing of the HTS motor delivered to the Navy in 2007. The facility, test plan and full-power and full-torque test results of the HTS propulsion motor are presented. These test results provide the final substantiation that this technology is ready for integration in to a Navy electric drive combatant.

Design and test of a simplified and reliable cryogenic system for high speed superconducting generator applications

Under the contract with Air Force Research Lab (AFRL), General Electric has successfully tested a high speed, superconducting generator for a Multimegawatt Electric Power System (MEPS). As the first successful full-power test of a superconducting generator for the Air Force, the demonstration tested the generator’s load up to 1.3 MW and over 10,000 rpm. A key component of the generator system is a closed loop cryo-refrigeration system to cool the field excitation coil at liquid neon temperature. This paper reports the design and tests of the cryogenic system, including the liquid neon dewar, cryogenic cooling loop for the high temperature superconducting (HTS) field coil and the cryostat. Performance data during both short-term load run and long-term non-load run were presented. Also, some key issues to design a reliable cryogenic system for a superconducting generator were discussed.

Monoaxial versus polyaxial locking systems: a biomechanical analysis of different locking systems for the fixation of proximal humeral fractures

The development of locking plate systems has led to polyaxial screws and new plate designs. This study compares monoaxial head locking screws (PHILOS© by Synthes) and a new generation of polyaxial locking screws (NCB-LE© by Zimmer) with respect to biomechanical stability. On nine pairs of randomised formalin fixed humerus specimens, standardised osteotomies and osteosyntheses with nine monoaxial (group A) und nine polyaxial (group B) plate/screw systems were performed. A material testing machine by Instron (M-10 14961-DE) was used for cyclic stress tests and crash tests until defined breakup criteria as endpoints were reached. After axial cyclic stress 200 times at 90 N, plastic deformation was 1.02 mm in group A and 1.25 mm in group B. After the next cycle using 180 N the additional deformation averaged 0.23 mm in group A and 0.39 mm in group B. The deformation using 450 N was 0.72 mm in group A compared to 0.92 mm in group B. The final full power test resulted in a deformation average of 0.49 mm in group A and 0.63 mm in group B after 2,000 cycles using 450 N. When reaching the breakup criteria the plastic deformation of the NCB plate was 9.04 mm on average. The PHILOS plate was similarly deformed by 9.00 mm. As a result of the crash test, in group A the screws pulled out of the humeral head four times whereas the shaft broke one time and another time the implant was ripped out. The gap was closed four times. In group B, there were three cases of screw cut-through, four shaft fractures/screw avulsions from the shaft and two cases of gap closure. The two systems resist the cyclic duration tests and the increasing force tests in a similar manner. The considerable clinical benefits of the polyaxial system are enhanced by equal biomechanical performance.

Development of 70kV, 22A DC power supply for High Power RF and microwave tubes

Our institute (IPR) is involved in the development of High Power RF and Microwave sources for various fusion related heating and current drive applications. All the high power RF and microwave tubes e.g. Klystron, Gyrotron tetrode etc need a high voltage DC power supply to deliver the required high power with necessary protections. To cater to the initial testing and commissioning requirements, the development of 70kV, 22A power supply is initiated. The supply ratings are chosen to meet general tube requirements i.e. Klystron, Gyrotron and Tetrode used in RF group. The supply would be a part of test facility, rather than a regular supply for use in an experiment. Hence some ripple and regulation requirements are relaxed to optimize the cost. However all protections including crowbar protection are accommodated. This supply when ready enables continuous full power testing of TH 2103D Klystrons, GLGD-82.6/0.2 Gyrotron and short time (3Sec-"ON", 120Sec-"OFF") full power testing of 1.5MW Tetrode. This paper presents analysis of requirements of various tubes, power supply rating optimization, topology selection, protection requirements and other facilities required. Remote monitoring through DAC and remote control requirement from various locations, are highlighted. Present status of development is mentioned.

Embedded Controlled Three Level Inverter Based Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)

This paper deals with simulation and implementation of three level inverter based Dynamic Voltage Restorer(DVR). The control of DVR that injects a voltage in series with a distribution feeder is presented. DVR is a power electronic controller that can protect sensitive loads from disturbances in supply system. DVR can regulate the voltage at the load. Laboratory model is developed and the experimental results are compared with simulation studies. I. INTRODUCTION A power electronic converter based series compensator that can protect critical loads from all supply side disturbances other than outages is called a dynamic voltage restorer. The restorer is capable of generating or absorbing independently controllable real and reactive power at its AC output terminal. This device employs solid state power electronic switches in a pulse width modulated (PWM) inverter structure. It injects a set of three phase AC output voltages in series and synchronism with the distribution feeder voltages. The amplitude and phase angle of the injected voltages are variable there by allowing control of the real and reactive power exchange between the device and the distribution system. The DC input terminal of the restorer is connected to an energy source or an energy storage device of appropriate capacity. The reactive power exchanged between the restorer and the distribution system is internally generated by the restorer without AC passive reactive components. The real power exchanged at the restorer output AC terminals is provided by the restorer input DC terminal from an external energy source or energy storage system. In August 1996, Westinghouse Electric Corporation installed world's first dynamic voltage restorer in Duke Power Company's 12.47 kV substation in Anderson, South Carolina. This was installed to provide protection to an automated rug manufacturing plant. Prior to this connection, the restorer was first installed at the Waltz Mill test facility near Pittsburgh for the full power tests. The test results are discussed in (1). The next commissioning of the

Progress in the 10-MW 140-GHz ECH System for the Stellarator W7-X

During the last years, electron cyclotron heating (ECH) was proven to be one of the most attractive heating schemes for stellarators because it provides net-current-free plasma startup and heating. Both the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), which is under construction at the Max-Planck-Institut fu umlr Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany, and the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) tokamak, which will be built in Cadarache, France, will be equipped with a strong ECH and current-drive system. Both systems are comparable in frequency and have continuous-wave capability (140 GHz, 10 MW for W7-X and 170 GHz, 24 MW for ITER). The commissioning of the ECH plant for W7-X is well underway; the status of the project and the first integrated full-power test results from two modules are reported and may provide valuable input for the ITER plant. The ten gyrotrons at W7-X will be arranged in two subgroups symmetrically to a central beam duct in the ECH hall. The RF wave of each subgroup will be combined and transmitted by a purely optical multibeam-waveguide (MBWG) transmission line from the gyrotrons to the torus. The combination of five 1 MW gyrotron beams to one beam line with a power of 5 MW reduces the complexity of the system considerably. The single- and MBWG mirrors and the polarizers have been manufactured. Cold tests of a full-size uncooled prototype line delivered an efficiency exceeding 90%. The microwave power will be launched to the plasma through ten chemical-vapor-deposited-diamond barrier windows and in-vessel quasi-optical plug-in launchers, allowing each 1-MW RF beam to be steered independently. The polarization, as well as the poloidal and toroidal launch angles, will be adjusted individually to provide optimum conditions for different heating and current-drive scenarios.

Application of infrared technology for quality control of diesel engine glow plugs

In recent years, the diesel engine has increasingly become a more popular choice with manufacturers and car buyers owing to its high fuel and power efficiencies. The research into diesel engine and its components is driven by the desire to meet strict emission standards and improving performance. This paper describes the application of infrared technology for quality control of diesel engine glow plugs. It is not sufficient to measure the resistance of glow plugs to assess their conformance to the performance specifications on account of the irregularity of the heat patterns produced. Moreover, the full power testing of glow plugs is not practical for quality control owing to the consumption of power, the considerable length of time, and the extreme temperatures generated. This paper describes a novel approach using low-cost infrared technology and a limited power-consuming experiment in order to test 100 per cent conformance of manufactured glow plugs. The results show that the technology can be utilized for quality control inspection of glow plugs.

Development of a 500 keV, 22 A D− ion source for the neutral beam injector for JT-60U

The first results of the performance test of the large negative ion source for a JT-60U negative-ion-based neutral beam injector (N-NBI) are presented. The ion source consists of a cesium seeded multicusp plasma generator, where negative ions are produced via volume and surface processes, a 110 cm×45 cm multiaperture extractor, and a three-stage electrostatic accelerator. After negative ion production and voltage holding tests in test stands, the ion source was installed in the N-NBI system and the full power test began. Up to now, the ion source has produced 400 keV, 5.9 A (2.4 MW) D− ion beams, the world highest D− current and beam power, with a pulse duration of 0.1 s.

Performance of the advanced MEVVA® IV 80-10 metal ion implantation system

An advanced version of the MEVVA IV (metal vapor vacuum arc) metal ion source has been incorporated into a complete metal ion implantation system. Equipped with a remotely controlled rotating cathode holder, allowing up to eight different ion species to be extracted without breaking vacuum, this advanced version of the MEVVA ion source operates without a plasma-guiding magnet, and has better vacuum outgassing, leading to enhanced operation. Performance tests have been run with a large variety of materials, including carbon, silicon, titanium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, ruthenium, silver, tungsten, rhenium, and platinum. Extended full power tests with titanium at 80 kV extraction voltage indicate beam currents at the 10 mA power supply limit can be sustained for hours with voltage maintaining stability. The average extracted current exceeded the design current of 5 mA for all species tested. Even for a heavy ion, molybdenum, an average current of 9.5 mA at 80 kV was sustained. X-ray fluorescence was used to measure the beam profile. The beam is nearly gaussian, with a half width at half maximum in excess of 7.5 cm at a distance of 90 cm from the source. The ion source is mounted vertically without a mass analyzer. Components to be implanted are mounted on a 50 cm diameter rotating table approximately 90 cm from the ion source. Other system features include an IR temperature monitor, insertable beam stop, full computer controls with automatic venting and pump down, and closed loop cooling system.