Full Hybrid System Research Articles

Maximizing thermal and electrical efficiency with thermoelectric generators and hybrid photovoltaic converters: Numerical, economic, and machine learning analysis

In this paper, we introduce an innovative thermoelectric, photovoltaic hybrid system and investigate its performance under various radiation intensities and heat transfer coefficients outside the cavity. Our findings reveal that the proposed system yields twice the power output compared to a traditional plate thermoelectric, photovoltaic hybrid system. Through economic analysis, we project a 45 % reduction in energy cost with this novel structure compared to a full hybrid system. Notably, positioning the hybrid system at the bottom of the cavity, where maximum radiation occurs, is deemed optimal. Our heat transfer analysis demonstrates a significant increase in power generation due to convection outside the cavity, with approximately 9 % of incoming radiation reflected and a further 59 % reflected without the cavity. Utilizing artificial neural networks, we predict thermal and electrical power generation, achieving a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) below 3 % and an R-squared value exceeding 0.98. Additionally, our model's predictions closely match experimental results, validating its accuracy and practical utility. This comprehensive study advances the field by offering a novel hybrid system design that outperforms existing solutions while providing insights into optimizing placement and enhancing power generation through sophisticated modeling techniques.

A Hybrid Heavy Duty Diesel Power System for Off-Road Applications—Concept Validation

Abstract A multiyear power system R&D program was completed with the objective of developing an off-road hybrid heavy duty diesel engine with front end accessory drive-integrated energy storage. This system was validated to deliver 10.5–25.6% reduction in fuel consumption over current Tier 4 Final-based 18L diesel engines, over various off-road machine application cycles. The power system consisted of a downsized heavy-duty diesel 13L engine containing advanced combustion technologies, capable of elevated peak cylinder pressures and thermal efficiencies, thermal barrier coatings, exhaust waste heat recovery via SuperTurbo™ turbocompounding, and hybrid energy assisting and recovery through both mechanical and electrical systems. Following the concept definition, design, and analysis phases of the program, the final phase focused on building and validating the performance and efficiency in laboratory tests. While aspects of the system such as start/stop and reduced off-road cooling package energy losses were only analytically evaluated, the main 13L concept engine with full hybrid system was successfully built and tested in steady-state and in transient certification and real-world application cycles. Extensive simulations in Caterpillar's DYNASTY™ software environment utilized the validation test data to assess performance more fully and confidently over varied cycles and strategies. An average fuel consumption reduction of 17.9% was realized, and the majority (∼13%) of the benefit stemmed from the core concept 13L engine. To conclude, a total cost of ownership analysis provides context to commercial viability and where adoption focus should be placed.

48-V High-power Full Hybrid System

48-V High-power Full Hybrid System

Separable Control Lyapunov Functions With Application to Prostheses

This letter extends bipedal trajectory tracking methods to prostheses to enable construction of a class of model-dependent prosthesis controllers using locally available sensor information. The rapidly exponentially stabilizing control Lyapunov functions (RES-CLFs) developed for bipedal robots guarantee stability of the hybrid zero dynamics in the presence of impacts that occur in walking. These methods cannot be directly applied to prostheses because of the unknown human dynamics. We overcome this challenge with two RES-CLFs, one for the prosthesis subsystem and another for the remaining human system. Further, we outline a method to construct these RES-CLFs for this type of separable system by first constructing separable CLFs for partially feedback linearizable systems. This letter develops a class of separable subsystem controllers that rely only on local information but provide formal guarantees of stability for the full hybrid system with zero dynamics.

Gait Control of a Fully Actuated Walking Robot

Abstract This paper considers the problem of feedback control of a fully actuated biped robot such that a virtual holonomic constraint (VHC) is enforced concomitant with control of the stance leg using a reach control methodology. The reach controller achieves safety and liveness specifications on the stance leg speed and the step size, resulting in a polytopic state space for the restricted hybrid dynamics on the VHC constraint manifold. It is shown that both the restricted system and the full hybrid system exhibit a stable, hybrid limit cycle. The design method can provide a way to compliantly adjust gait speed, for instance, to gently transition between different gaits, while maintaining transients within safe bounds.

The Big Picture

Renault sees mainstream potential for its first-ever full hybrid system, with plans to offer it as a diesel alternative in its best-selling models, and plug-in versions in the pipeline too

Evaluation of driving performance and energy efficiency for a novel full hybrid system with dual-motor electric drive and integrated input- and output-split e-CVT

This paper presents a novel full hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with power split electronic-continuously variable transmission (e-CVT) capable of providing dual-motor drive at purely electric drive and operating under either the input-split or output-split mode at hybrid drive. This powertrain consists of one engine, one motor, and one generator with a specific mechanical link among two planetary gearsets, one controllable clutch, and two one-way clutches. The corresponding kinematic architecture and operating modes are described, and analyzed in view of the characteristics of electric circulation. Then, the driving performance is simulated and compared with that of the baseline system with the original specifications of Toyota Prius. The results show that, with the significant 18% reduction of total power capacity of the motor and generator, the dual-motor electric drive can still satisfy the requirement of driving performance at low speed. The maximum percentage of improvement of driving performance for electric drive, circulation, and boost modes compared with those of the baseline system are 24%, 80%, and 48% respectively. Furthermore, the simulation on driving performance as well as energy efficiency shows that the input-split and output-split modes are preferably operated at low and high end of vehicle speed respectively. Therefore, the integrated input- and output-split e-CVT operation can provide superior performance covering the entire range of driving speed. As a result, the outstanding feature of the proposed system offers promising potential of further development especially for plug-in and sport hybrid application.

Design and analysis of a virtual synchronous generator control strategy in microgrid application for stand‐alone sites

This paper deals with the design and analysis of a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control strategy applied to a renewable-based system devoted to energy production in a stand-alone microgrid context. The studied hybrid energy production system consists of renewable-based energy production systems, a diesel power plant (DPP), and an energy storage system (ESS). The first part of the study will deal with the design of a single renewable energy source controlled using the VSG control strategy. In the second part, multiple renewable energy sources, similar to the one presented in the first part, will be connected in parallel to form a renewable farm. Finally, in a third part, the studied renewable farm will be integrated in a full hybrid system. In each part of the proposed study, the system power output will be evaluated and the voltage and frequency variations will be carefully analysed.

Full-hybrid system below 60 V voltage

Full-hybrid system below 60 V voltage

Study on Power Balance Control in Full Hybrid System

As the most energy-saving hybrid system in the world, the full hybrid system has high research value. On the basis of the mechanical structural analysis of one new full hybrid system, studied its control strategy and analyzed the control algorithm for its power balance in the five working modes by means of simulated equivalent lever. It is hoped that this could provide technical support for the development of domestic full hybrid cars.