Full Germination Research Articles

МНОГОЛЕТНИЕ БОБОВЫЕ ТРАВЫ ПРИ ОРОШЕНИИ – ГАРАНТ УСТОЙЧИВОГО КОРМОПРОИЗВОДСТВА В НИЖНЕМ ПОВОЛЖЬЕ

Purpose: to develop rational combinations of species and varieties of perennial leguminous grasses, soil water and nutrient regimes, which will contribute to obtaining stable fodder yields with high levels of protein and energy content. Materials and methods. Research is being carried out on perennial leguminous grasses on the experimental field of the institute. The experiment is three-factor and includes three options for maintaining the pre-irrigation soil moisture limit (60, 70 and 80 % of the lowest moisture capacity), three options for the soil nutritional regime (NPK₁, NPK₂ and control – without fertilizers), eight types of legumes are studied according to the third factor. The generally accepted experimental methods were used when setting up experiments and conducting research. Results. In the full germination phase there were from 294 to 386 plants of grass species per 1 sq. m. Their height before harvesting varied according to the experimental variants from 0.60 to 1.01 m in the first cutting, from 0.38 to 0.94 m in the second and from 0.25 to 0.66 m in the third cutting. The grass stand total water consumption in the year of seeding was 4.2–4.7 thous. cub. m/ha, increasing in subsequent years to 4.8–5.7 thous. cub. m/ha. The soil water regime and fertilizers had a significant impact on crop yield. In control options with a pre-irrigation limit of 60 % of the lowest moisture capacity, the green mass yield in the second year was 26.6–40.9 t/ha. With improved soil nutrition and good water supply, the yield increased to 48.2–87.8 t/ha. Sainfoin and blue-hybrid and variegated alfalfa plants responded to the improved growing conditions most actively; 54–88 t/ha of green mass were gathered from these sites during the season. Conclusions. Selection of optimal combinations of soil water and nutrient regimes, as well as the new promising perennial leguminous grasses species and varieties introduction into the field feed production in the Lower Volga region will ensure high and stable yields of fodder rich in energy and nutrients.

RESEARCH OF WATER-SAVING AND HERBICIDE-FREE IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY FOR RICE CROP UNDER WATER DEFICIT CONDITIONS IN KYZYLORDA REGION

Kyzylorda region is the main producer of rice in Kazakhstan. Annually, out of 195 thousand hectares of irrigated fields used in the region, about 80-90 thousand hectares are sown with rice. However, every year due to low water in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya River there are problems with water supply for water-loving rice crop. Prospects of rice production under conditions of water deficit in Kyzylorda region are conditioned by necessity of application of water-saving technologies providing favorable thermal, salt and nutrient regimes. Water consumption of rice culture is 9,0-11,0 thousand m3/ha depending on biological specificity of rice and this indicator is 3-4 times lower than irrigation norm of rice in the region. Most of the water excessively applied to rice fields is wasted in summer and increases secondary soil salinization and reduces crop yields. Besides, due to deterioration of technical condition of irrigation canals and collector-drainage systems, mineralized groundwater is located close to the ground surface. Undoubtedly, this will increase soil re-salinization and reduce crop yields. One of the most difficult problems in rice fields is weed control. Application of chemical deteriorates the ecological condition of the region and reduces its economic efficiency. As a result of research on the development of water-saving and herbicide-free technology of rice irrigation under conditions of water shortage in the Kyzylorda region was saved 6460-9070m3 of water per hectare, ie compared to the current irrigation regime was saved 25-30% of water, and rice yield increased by 6.0-8.0 centners per hectare. In addition, an effective method of weed control in rice fields is the destruction of weeds by water regime without the use of pesticides and the improvement of irrigation technology of rice crop. As a result of the research it was found that maintenance of 20 cm water layer in checks after full germination of rice seeds provides 84% weed suppression and high yield of rice without herbicides

Variable seed quality hampers the use of Themeda triandra (Poaceae) for seed production, agriculture, research and restoration: a review

Themeda triandra (Forssk.) is a tussock grass of international importance for its keystone role in grassy ecosystems and, hence, is often a focus for seed production, research and ecological restoration. However, these applications can be challenged by its seed biology, including seed dormancy and the variability of seed traits among populations. The literature on these topics has not been well synthesised. To address this, we reviewed the relevant literature for Themeda triandra seed and found that seed quality is often poor but highly variable, and there are no current quality-assurance standards. Seed characteristics such as weight, awn length and desiccation tolerance can vary with seed ploidy (i.e. the number of chromosome sets). Germination rates of fresh Themeda triandra seed can be as low as 5%, which may be due to seed dormancy. Dormancy varies among populations and with seasonal conditions, and a period of dry storage at room temperature for 8–10 months may be needed before it will reach its full germination potential. No single treatment is effective in overcoming dormancy across all populations. The application of gibberellic acid can increase germination by ~30% in some populations. Although plant-derived smoke products can be effective, they also lack standardisation. Other treatments including the application of heat, or wet–dry cycling warrant further investigation. We recommend the standardisation of Themeda triandra seed testing and labelling, which would allow end users to assess value for money when purchasing seed commercially.

Investigation of the medium for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) immature embryo culture

Germination of immature embryos of interspecific crosses in vitro is the most important problem in barley breeding programs. The effect of four media types (MS, ½ MS, B-5, ½ B-5 on immature embryo culture of nine barley varieties (Sameer, Buraq, Aksad, Shuaa, Arevat, Alwarkaa, Alhadher, Amel, and Rihan) was studied by using completely randomized design (C.R.D.) with six replicates. Analysis of variance showed highly significant effects due to varieties, media, and interaction for all studied characteristics, indicated high variation among varieties and media. Aksad variety was significantly superior to all varieties for all studied traits except root number (RN). Medium of ½ B-5 was significantly superior to all media for all studied traits. Aksad interactions with media except B-5 media gave full germination with highly significant superiority over all interactions. Aksad x ½ B-5 interaction showed a highly significant superiority for shoot length (SL) and RL. As a result, ½ B-5 medium was the efficient medium for germination of immature embryos of most varieties. These varieties could be used in breeding program of interspecific crosses with wild species by using ½ B-5 medium.

Effect of «Quantum» system preparations on biometric parameters of potato plants

The article presents the results of research on the influence of different preparations of the «Quantum» system on the biometric parameters of potato plants of the medium-early variety «Zhytnytsia» and the medium-ripening variety «Melaniya». The purpose of the research is to develop new and improve existing agrotechnical measures for growing new potato varieties on sod-podzolic sandy loam soils of Ukrainian Polissya. It has been experimentally proven that the application of a complex of agrotechnical measures has a positive effect on the biometric indicators of potato plants development during the growing season. New potato varieties «Zhytnytsia» and «Melaniya» responded positively to fertiliser application, their rates and methods. According to the studies conducted in 2021–2022, both «Zhytnytsia» and «Melaniya» varieties distinguished 2 variants, the 4th and 6th, where N90P60K90 (locally) + «Quantum Seamin» (0,5 l/t) + Prolonged nitrogen (leaf – budding, flowering, after flowering) and N90P60K90 (locally) + «Quantum Diafan 3-18-18» (2 l/t) + Prolonged nitrogen (leaf – budding, flowering, after flowering) were applied. In 2021 in the varieties «Zhytnytsia» and «Melaniya» on average the period from planting to full germination was 44 days, from planting to budding – 58 days, from planting to flowering – 64 days. The period from planting to tops dieback in 1, 3 and 5 variants of «Zhytnytsia» variety was 100 days, and in 2, 4 and 6 variants – 110 days. Accordingly, in «Melaniya» variety these figures were 110 and 120 days. The highest density was found in variants 4 and 6, respectively, 49.3 and 47.5 thousand bushes/ha. In the same variants the field germination rate was 92.5 % and 89.1 %; the number of stems was 3.9 (401.7 thousand pcs/ha) and 3.5 (367.5 thousand pcs/ha) per plant respectively; plant height was 77.0 and 73.0 cm; leaf surface area was 229.2 and 194.3 cm² respectively. Similar results were obtained for the «Melaniya» variety. The same variants had a longer growing season due to the use of prolonged nitrogen, which had a good effect on the yield. Thus, after analysing these indicators, we can conclude that the best options for varieties «Zhytnytsia» and «Melaniya» are variants 4 and 6. Key words: potato, budding, flowering, tops dieback, density, height, leaf surface area, preparations.

Quality, field germination of seeds and phenolic profiles of modern sugar sorghum hybrids

Purpose. To establish and analyze the biological features of seed quality indicators, field germination of seeds, and phytochemical composition of modern sugar sorghum hybrids 'Sugargraze ARG' (Argentina), 'Sioux', 'Mohawk' (USA) and 'Ananas' (Ukraine). Methods. Physiological-biochemical, agrochemical and statistical methods were used in the study. The content of phytochemicals in the seeds of the studied sugar sorghum hybrids was determined by the extraction method. Results. In the studied sorghum hybrids, a high concentration of the main phenolic profiles of the seeds was established. The quantitative component depended on the color of the pericarp of the grain, which affected the quality indicators of germination and field germination of the seeds. In hybrid 'Sioux', which has a dark brown color of the pericarp and the highest content of polyphenolic profiles (50.4%), germination energy, laboratory and field seed germination were low and amounted to 84, 90 and 80%, respectively. The high level of these indicators was formed by the hybrid 'Ananas' with the lowest content of phenolic profiles (38.1%) and with non-pigmented pericarp, which had germination energy, laboratory and field similarity of 96, 98 and 89%, respectively. Hybrids 'Sugargraze ARG' (light brown grain color) and 'Mohawk' (pink grain color) had indicators of germination energy of 90 and 95%, laboratory germination 93 and 96%, field germination 82 and 81%, respectively, and were characterized by an average content of phenolics profiles of 45.7 and 42.5%, respectively. Conclusions. The hybrid of American origin 'Sioux' that has a high content of phenolic compounds in the seeds, ensured the preservation of plants in the phase of full germination at the level of 87%, while Ukrainian hybrid 'Ananas' with the lowest content of phytochemical compounds also had the lowest preservation rate (80%) among the studied hybrids. In 'Sugargraze ARG' and 'Mohawk' that have medium phenol content, the rate of plants preserved in the full germination stage was 84–85%.

Effect of Soaking Tubers in Potassium Humate and Foliar Application of Nano-Calcium Fertilizer on some Growth Traits of Two Potato Cultivars

In the spring of 2022, researchers from the University of Mosul’s Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry conducted an experiment on a vegetable field. In this experiment, we looked at three variables: first, the effects of two different potato cultivars (Montreal and EL-Beida). For the second part, we soaked potatoes in a solution of potassium humate with a concentration of (0, 0.5, 1 g L-1). Therefore, the experiment had 18 treatments (2 3 3), with the third factor being Nano-calcium fertilizer with three concentrations of (0, 1.5, and 2.5 g L-1) applied to plants at three stages of plant growth: the first 20 days after full germination, the second and third stages, with a 20-day interval between addition and another. Cultivars were positioned in the primary plots, with the interaction between two additional variables located in sub-plots, as part of a factorial experiment inside a split-plot utilizing the Randomized Complete Block Design with three repetitions. Duncan’s multiple range test for comparing means was used to analyze the data at a 5% significance level. This leads to the following conclusion: Of the cultivars tested, the Montreal variety performed best when soaked in potassium humate at two different concentrations, increasing both leaf area and dry matter percentage in the vegetative development (0.5 and 1). both total chlorophyll content and leaf area were significantly increased by g.L-1. The best statistically significant data for plant height, number of aerial stems, and leafy area were obtained after spraying calcium Nano-fertilizer at two doses.

Chemical protection of potatoes from fungal diseases, taking into account the stability of the variety

In the conditions of the Moscow region in 2019-2022 the effectiveness of funicides of new chemical classes in the potato protection system against rhizoctoniosis, late blight and alternariosis was studied, taking into account the different resistance of varieties (Gulliver, Grant, Sante) to diseases. Potato tubers were treated with the preparation Idikum, SC before planting, its biological effectiveness in reducing the incidence of rhizoctoniosis in the full germination phase was 76.7-95.7 %. It was found that the effectiveness of the preparation depended on the degree of disease development, the stability of the variety and the phase of crop development. In addition, when etching the planting material with Idikum, SC, there was no population of rhizoctosis sclerotia and the spread of dry rot on tubers of the new yield significantly reduced (1.6-5.0 times) compared to the control. The proposed scheme of potato protection in conditions of epiphytotic development of late blight and early blight based on combined chemicals Metaxil, SP, Inside, SC with contact fungicides Raek, CE, Talent, SC, Tirada, SC showed high efficiency in reducing harmfulness of the diseases, which allowed to extend the growing season of plants, to ensure a higher yield of potatoes, its marketability and quality. The use of preparations provided an increase in yield by 36.3-47.5 %, depending on the prevailing weather conditions of the growing season and on the variety in relation to the control (without treatment). It has been established that the biological effectiveness of the protection scheme in reducing the degree of late blight and early blight increased from susceptible to relatively stable varieties and, accordingly, this trend continued with an increase in yield. Higher increases were obtained on unstable varieties Gulliver and Sante (10.6-13.5 t /ha, or 45.7-56.0 %), lower – on the relatively stable variety Grand (7.8 t/ha, or 36.0 %). The contribution of the application of the protection scheme to the overall variation of gross and marketable potato yields was 76.5-81.0 %, gene-type - 7.9-12.5 %, the interaction of these factors – 3.7-4.7 %.

Ozone Processing of Corn Grains: Effect on Seed Vigor and Surface Disinfection

ABSTRACT Ozone treatment of corn seeds with respect to determination on changes in germination ability, germination under salt stress, seedling growth, seedling root length, conductivity and inactivation of endogenous microflora was studied. Corn seeds immersed in water treated by fixed ozone dose of 12.5 g/m3 for 1 (1O3), 3 (2O3) and 5 min (3O3) at room temperature. Ozone treatment provided full germination (100%) of the corn seeds on the 2nd day; whereas 66.6% of the control seeds germinated on the 8th days after planting. Ozone treated seedling were significantly taller and stronger than the control samples with significantly longer seedling root. Germination under 100 mM salt stress for ozone treated seeds was significantly higher than that of the control samples. Electrical conductivity of the seeds was significantly affected by the measurement time rather than ozone treatments. Ozone treatments provided significant inactivation on total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and total mold and yeast of the endogenous bacteria revealing maximum of 5.31 and 6.15 log reductions, respectively. It was concluded that ozone treatment at 12.5 g/m3 for 5 min can be utilized to treat corn seeds as these treatment parameters provided maximum inactivation on endogenous microflora with improvement of vigor and stronger seedling formation.

Dose optimization of silicon for boosting arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization and cadmium stress mitigation in maize (Zea mays L.)

The foliar applied silicon (Si) has the potential to ameliorate heavy metals, especially cadmium (Cd) toxicity; however, Si dose optimization is strategically important for boosting the growth of soil microbes and Cd stress mitigation. Thus, the current research was performed to assess the Si-induced physiochemical and antioxidant trait alterations along with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) status in maize roots under Cd stress. The trial included foliar Si application at the rate of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20ppm while Cd stress (at the rate of 20ppm) was induced after full germination of maize seed. The response variables included various physiochemical traits such as leaf pigments, protein, and sugar contents along with VAM alterations under induced Cd stress. The results revealed that exogenous application of Si in higher doses remained effective in improving the leaf pigments, proline, soluble sugar, total proteins, and all free amino acids. Additionally, the same treatment remained unmatched in terms of antioxidant activity compared to lower doses of foliar-applied Si. Moreover, VAM was recorded to be at peak under 20ppm Si treatment. Thus, these encouraging findings may serve as a baseline to develop Si foliar application as a biologically viable mitigation strategy for maize grown in Cd toxicity soils. Overall, the exogenous application of Si helpful for reducing the uptake of Cd in maize and also improving the mycorrhizal association as well as the philological mechanism and antioxidant activities in plant under cadmium stress conditions. Also, future studies must test more doses concerning to varying Cd stress levels along with determining the most responsive crop stage for Si foliar application.

Effect of pH on germination and seedling growth of maize

Soil pH is one of the most important limiting factors for crop cultivation, including maize. About 30-40% of the world's arable land is acidic, and over a billion ha is alkaline. Today, there are 205 million ha of arable land under maize in the world, so it ranks third in area after rice and wheat. Maize hybrids have wide genetic variability and high pH tolerance. We tested the tolerance of maize hybrids seedlings of ZP 4708 and ZP 5797 to pH 5, 6, 7, and 8. Results showed that hybrid ZP 4708 has a higher adaptability to low and high pH, due to the higher value of germination energy (GE), shoot length (ShL), shoot fresh weight (ShFW), shoot dry weight (ShDW), germination rate index (GRI), and seedling vigor index (SVI) than hybrid ZP 5797. Results further showed, on average for hybrids, that pH 5 and pH 8 significantly decreased the GE, root length (RL), ShL, root fresh weight (RFW), ShFW, root dry weight (RDW), shoot fresh weight (ShDW), and SVI. These parameters did not differ significantly between pH 6 and pH 7. Seed germination was not affected by the pH, indicating that the seed vigor of both hybrids supports full germination potential. However, it could be expected that exposure to the lowest and highest pH values of the medium could affect seedlings growth in the field conditions, even though germination is high. SVI showed a positive and significant correlation with all investigated parameters, except germination (G) and relative seedling water content (RSWC).

ВЛИЯНИЕ СРОКОВ ПОСЕВА НА ЗАСОРЁННОСТЬ И УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ЧЕЧЕВИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ СЕВЕРНОГО КАЗАХСТАНА

The purpose of the work is to study the timing of sowing lentils in the southern chernozems of Kostanay region when the optimal temperature regime of the soil is reached, their effect on the contamination of crops and crop yield. The research was carried out in 2021-2022 at the experimental field of «Agricultural Experimental Station «Zarechnoye» LLP (Kostanay region, Republic of Kazakhstan). The experiment studied the timing of sowing lentils – May 22 (control), May 25, May 27, May 31. The predecessor is spring wheat. The technology of tillage is No-till. There is a tendency to decrease the level of contamination of lentil crops in the phase of full germination, as the sowing dates are postponed from early to late. Thus, the total number of weeds during sowing on May 30 is reduced by 5 times compared to the control variant (May 22) – 18.5 pcs/ m2. The growing season of lentils in 2021 was 82-84 days, in 2022 – 80-83 days. On average, the highest yield of lentils was obtained when sowing on May 27 – 11.17 c/ha, which is higher than the control by 1.01 c/ha.

Technology of high-yield cultivation by planting a new variety of mung bean to improve land reclamation condition, increase its productivity, and ensure ecological stability

It is important to plant new early varieties of mung bean from leguminous crops in irrigated lands. These crops create very favorable conditions for the crops that will be planted after them. In the year following the planting of the new “Charos” variety of intensive mung bean, an additional yield of 5-7 q/ha of cotton and 7-9 quintals of grain was achieved. Therefore, when mung bean is planted as a repeated crop, the weeds in the field are reduced by 70-80 percent, while ensuring the enrichment of the soil with nutrients. In the autumn, when mung bean fields are plowed up by roots, soil fertility increases and the structure improves, as a result of raising the level of underground water to the optimal level, i.e. 2.5-3.0 meters, it was found that water-saving technologies can be widely used in planting agricultural crops. In the soil and climatic conditions of the Bukhara region, when the intensive type of mung bean “Charos” is planted, the full germination period is 5 days earlier than the Local (control) variety, 4 days compared to the Radost variety, and 3 days earlier than the Navruz variety and ripened 10-15 days earlier than Local (control), Radost, Navruz varieties. Productivity was on average 28-30 quintals per hectare, which was 6-9 q/ha more than other varieties. When this variety is planted, the stem is resistant to lying down, and until harvesting, the pods do not crack and the grain does not spill, it is very convenient to harvest with combines. For 2-3 years after planting mung bean, the use of chemical fertilizers is reduced by 25-30%, which ensures the stability of the environment and production of a clean product.

INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZED FERTILIZERS BY BIOPREPARATIONS ON POTATO PRODUCTIVITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT BANK

The paper presents the results of research on the peculiarities of growth, development and formation of elements of productivity of medium-sized varieties of potatoes Miracle, depending on the impact of biological products in foliar feeding. The use of biological products leads to a prolongation of the growing season of medium-ripe potato variety Miracle in the years of research on average by 3 - 13 days. The shortest vegetation period of 80 days is observed in the control variant (var. 1) and the longest vegetation period of 91 and 93 days was observed in experimental variants 7 and 8 where application in the germination phase and flowering phase of preparations Kristalon special and Intermag Potatoes, respectively. Morphological characteristics of the medium-ripe variety of Miracle potato increased under the influence of the applied biological products in comparison with the control variants. At the same time, the largest habit of potato plants was formed on the variants of the experiment where the application in the phase of full germination and budding phase of Crystal special and Intermag Potato was used (variants 7 and 8, respectively). The levels of yield and marketability of potatoes of medium-ripe potato varieties Miracle in the years of research were high, while the conditions in 2019 were more favorable compared to 2018 by an average of 5.3 - 7.5 t / ha. It should also be noted that the lowest values of yield and marketability of tubers were observed in the control variant where the application of background N90P90K90 was used, and the use of biological products in foliar feeding in the phases of full germination and budding led to an increase in the above indicators. The highest values of yield and marketability of tubers in the years of research were observed in options 7 and 8, where the application of Crystal special and Intermag Potato was used for foliar feeding. The level of starch content of tubers of medium-ripe varieties of potatoes Miracle in the years of research, on the contrary, reacted negatively to the use of biological products. And the collection of starch per unit area directly depends on the level of yield of potato tubers, and accordingly the highest values of starch collection per unit area were obtained in the variants of the experiment where the highest yield was obtained.

The Concepts of Seed Germination Rate and Germinability: A Re-Evaluation for Cool-Season Grasses

Temperature is one the most influential environmental factors for the germination and establishment of grass species. The specific objective of this study was to determine the effects of low constant temperature on the time needed to express the full germination capacity of nondormant seedlots. Fifteen accessions, comprising seven of Lolium perenne L., three of Festuca arundinacea Schreb., three of Dactylis glomerata L. and two of Triticum aestivum L., were evaluated at constant temperatures of 5 and 21 °C. As expected, the germination rates were faster at 21 °C than at 5 °C. Indeed, at 5 °C seeds needed up to twenty-one times longer to reach the maximum germination than when tested at 21 °C. The genotypic variability found for the ratio of germination rates between the two temperatures (i.e., germination rate at 5 °C/germination rate at 21 °C) was much more variable than what is found in the literature for perennial cool-season grasses. On the other hand, in most cases, no significant differences were observed in the germinability (the capacity to germinate) response to 5 °C and 21 °C. Within the four species, twelve of the fifteen studied accessions expressed the same germinability at 5 °C and 21 °C, when given enough time. Only three accessions had final germination percentages higher at 21 °C than at 5 °C. Our results suggest that, in general, nondormant seeds at low temperatures germinate as well as nondormant seeds at near-optimal temperatures, provided they have enough time to express their germination capacity. These findings cast doubts on the validity of conclusions drawn in many studies where germination experiments were performed for a period insufficient to obtain full germination at low temperatures. Another major finding in this work concerns the risk of wrongly estimating germinability at low temperatures.

Influence of Foliar Top-Dressing on the Yield of Soybean Varieties

The use of complex microfertilisers on a chelated basis in agricultural technologies of the main crops is limited due to the lack of clear recommendations on the norm, methods, and timing of their use in particular production conditions and the levels of expected yield increase. Based on the rather specific mechanism of action of drugs, these recommendations are adjusted by investigating the level of reaction of plants and crops in particular zonal and weather conditions. The purpose of this study was to establish the reaction of soybean varieties to foliar top-dressing with complex Vuksal Microplant microfertiliser. Scientific research was conducted according to the field method during 2019-2021. According to the scheme of the experiment, the following varieties were investigated: Krynytsia, ES Hladiator, Melodiia, Korona, Feieriia, Etiud, Sava, Orfei, Everest, which are classified as early-maturing. The crop was fertilised according to the following variants: N15P30K40; N15P30K40+1 Vuksal Microplant top-dressing and N15P30K40+2 Vuksal Microplant top-dressing. According to the tasks of experimental studies, the field germination rate of seeds was identified by calculating the density of plants in the phase of full germination for all repetitions of the experiment; phenological observations were made in variants of the experiment using the method of variety testing of agricultural crops; the leaf surface area was determined according to the clear-cutting method and the yield was established according to the weight method using direct combining of each site. Statistical processing of experimental data was performed using the Microsoft Excel and Statistica 10.0 application software package. A variant of the fertiliser system was established, which provides a substantial impact on soybean yield and a variety that formed stable productivity over years with changing weather conditions. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended to grow the Etiud soybean variety in production crops with culture fertilisation according to the system of applying macroelements at the rate of N15P30K40 and performing two top-dressings with the Vuksal Microplant complex fertiliser on a chelate basis at the rate of 2 l/ha. The first spraying should be carried out in the phase of 2 ternate leaves (BBCH 13-14), and the second in the phase of bean formation (BBCH 70-71)

ESTIMATION OF DENSITY OF SPRING BARLEY PLANTS DEPENDING ON TECHNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES OF GROWING

During the research period, the impact of fertilizers and foliar fertilization on the indicators of germination and preservation of spring barley plants was assessed. The obtained research results indicate the dependence of these indicators on mineral fertilizers and foliar fertilization. As mineral fertilizers promote seed germination and intensify the processes of growth and development of spring barley plants, improve the development of the root system, moisture absorption, as well as the efficiency of assimilation of macro- and micronutrients. Conducting foliar fertilization can improve the supply of mineral nutrients in critical periods of growth and development, which has a positive effect on the bookmark and formation of generative organs, plant resistance to disease, stress resistance of plants at high temperatures, drought, increases photosynthetic activity and increases and the quality of the grain harvest. Field germination was influenced by soil temperature and humidity during seed germination and fertilization system. The highest field similarity in the varieties Aizhan (84.1%) and Aristei (83.3%) was observed in the variants of the experiment, where mineral fertilizers were applied at a dose of N30P30K30, which is 1.2% more, respectively. The density of plants in the phase of full germination, depending on the variety, varied in the range of 328.4-336.8 pieces / m2 and differed insignificantly according to the variants of the experiment. Preservation of spring barley plants, depending on the study option, varied from 77.4 to 81.7%.In the variant of studies for the application of mineral fertilizer at a dose of N30P30K30, the preservation of plants was in the variety Aizhan - 79.8% and in the variety Aristei - 79.0%, which is higher than the control by 1.9 and 1.6% or 10.1 and 9.2 pcs / month With the joint application of mineral fertilizer at a dose of N30P30K30 and foliar fertilization of plants with the biological product Yara Vita in the phase of emergence of plants in the tube and in the phase of earing in varieties Aijan and Aristei plant survival was 81.4 and 81.5%; 81.3 and 81.3%, which is higher than the control by 3.5 and 3.6% and 3.9 and 3.9%. With the joint application of mineral fertilizer at a dose of N30P30K30 and foliar feeding of plants with microfertilizer Vuxal in the phase of plant emergence in the tube and in the phase of earing in varieties Aijan and Aristei plant survival was 81.6 and 81.7%; 81.4 and 81.5%, which is higher than the control by 3.7 and 3.8 and 4.0 and 4.1% or 16.2 and 16.7 and 17.1 and 17.5 units / м².

Assessing the germinability of coastal Limonium minutum (Plumbaginaceae) under different temperature and salinity conditions: implications for its conservation

Background and aims – Limonium minutum is an endemic plant of the eastern Balearic Islands (Majorca and Minorca), where it grows in coastal rocky habitats. The effects of temperature and salinity on seed germination of Limonium minutum were evaluated in order to set a protocol for recovery of this species in this habitat.Material and methods – Experiments to determine the effect of temperature have been carried out at temperature conditions between 10 and 23°C. Tests to determine the effect of salinity have been evaluated at 18°C with concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mM of MgCl2, MgSO4, NaCl, and Na2SO4.Key results – Maximum germination took place between 16 and 20°C. Based on the salinity tests, the highest germination values were obtained with distilled water. The use of saline solutions resulted in significant decreases in the germination percentage. However, in almost all treatments, seed germination was observed. The T50 increased at low temperatures and with increasing salt concentration.Conclusion – Limonium minutum has a wide germination temperature range and a high resistance to salinity. After being exposed to different saline solutions, once washed with distilled water, the seeds recover their full germination capacity; therefore, the effect of salts is an osmotic and non-toxic effect for this species. Sowing seeds in late August ensures that the species has an optimal chance to survive in coastal habitats.

The promising variety of European radish Ophelia grown in protected and open ground conditions

Among the existing variety of vegetables, table root crops are very popular both in the Russian Federation and abroad: carrots, beets, radishes, turnips and parsnips. These crops are sources of natural vitamins; due to low prices for marketable products and seeds, they have been cultivated in Russia. Among all vegetables, radish ranks first by the content of potassium, magnesium and calcium salts; it also contains iron and phosphorus. When growing new varieties and hybrids of radish suitable for the mechanized harvesting, one should pay attention to the strength of leaves, the erectness of leaf rosettes, the uniformity of immersion in the soil and the easy pull-out of root crops. The collection of root crops Raphanus sativus L. VIR is annually replenished with numerous samples of the latest selection, primarily from China, Japan, and the Netherlands, as well as samples collected in Central Asia and the Caucasus. The main task of greenhouse vegetable growing is year-round or off-season production of high-quality vegetables (daikon, radish and turnip). As a result of the research, a new variety of European summer radish Ophelia was created for growing in protected and open ground conditions. It is an early ripening variety: it takes 33-38 days from full germination to the beginning of economic ripeness. Leaf rosettes are of medium size, light green. The vegetable has white elliptical roots. The Base is rounded. The pulp is white and opaque

Weediness of oil flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum L.</i>) crops depending on the cultivation technologies and seed inoculation in the steppe Crimea

Weed control is one of the important issues that modern agriculture sets itself, especially in conditions of minimization of production. The purpose of the current study was to comparatively research the effect of direct sowing and the traditional cultivation technology of oil flax when treating seeds with a complex of microbial products on the weediness of agrophytocenosis. The study was carried out in the stationary trial of the FSBSI “Research Institute of agriculture in Crimea” in 2017-2019, in dry conditions of the steppe Crimean Peninsula, on southern low-humus blackearth (chernozem). Weediness of flax crops was estimated by a quantitative method with the determination of the varietal composition of weeds in the phase of full germination and before harvesting. In all variants, in the “herringbone” phase there was applied a tank mixture of herbicides Herbitox, VKR (MCPA 500 g/l) with a rate of 0.5 l/ha + Magnum, VDG (metsulfuron-methyl 600 g/kg) with a rate of 5 g/ha to fight against monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds. There was found that for three years of study, the varietal composition of weeds differed insignificantly for both technologies, but their number under a direct sowing in the phase of full sprouting was in 1.6 times more than in the case with traditional technology. By the phase of full flax ripeness, the number of weeds decreased in 1.3 times using traditional technology and in 2.4 times under a direct sowing, and the difference between technologies was leveled. Seed inoculation had no significant effect on the weediness of the sowing. The conditions of the year had a significant effect on the weed component of the agrophytocenosis.