Full-fledged Inflation Targeting Research Articles

THE KEY RATE OF THE CENTRAL BANK AS A MONETARY POLICY TOOL

The article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of the interest policy of the National Bank of Ukraine. It is noted that the accounting rate is one of the monetary instruments, with the help of which the central bank establishes for banks and other subjects of the money market a benchmark for the value of the funds raised and placed. It was determined that in the process of implementing the interest policy, the National Regulator also sets the interest rate for permanent access instruments from: absorption of excess liquidity for the overnight term (for overnight deposit certificates) at the level of the discount rate; provision of additional liquidity for the overnight term (for overnight loans) linked to the discount rate. The study also states that the interest rate channel is the main channel of the transmission mechanism, because the mechanism of its action is that a change in monetary policy through a change in the discount rate directly affects short-term rates on the financial market, and through the yield curve - on long-term rates. The importance of returning to the inflation targeting regime, choosing its eclectic type, has been proven under favorable conditions. This will make it possible to apply a double mandate: ensuring price stability and, for example, maintaining the employment of the population. After all, full-fledged inflation targeting requires a sufficient level of development of the financial market, balanced state finances, an appropriate structure of the economy (free pricing, an insignificant level of dollarization of the economy, etc.). Also, under appropriate conditions, it is necessary to restore the symmetric corridor of interest rates and return to the operational design of the interest policy, which was in effect before the introduction of martial law.

Inflation targeting and its spillover effects on financial stability in emerging market economies

In this paper, we study whether adoption of inflation targeting monetary policy framework has spillover effects on financial stability in emerging market economies. Working with data for 64 emerging market economies, we develop financial stability and sector specific stability indices and identify the effect using dynamic panel data models in difference-in-difference framework. We find significant positive spillover effects of inflation targeting adoption on banking system resilience and external capital inflows arising from improved transparency and accountability of the central banks. Based on the results, the paper recommends to emerging market economies which are currently under inflation targeting lite regime, to adopt full-fledged inflation targeting monetary policy.

Türkiye'de Döviz Piyasası Baskısının Çıktı Üzerindeki Etkisi

It puts strain on the exchange market and affects negatively the expectations of the economic actors that a country’s national currency has high volatility and the central bank has inadequate reserves. In this study, it is examined by causality tests whether pressure on the foreign exchange market rising after the transition to full-fledged inflation targeting in the Turkish economy influences economic growth. According to findings attained by analyzing data from 2005:01 to 2021:10, it is concluded that the pressure on the foreign exchange market has an adverse effect on growth in the long duration.

Towards Full-Fledged Inflation Targeting Monetary Policy Regime in Mauritius

An increasing number of emerging and developing countries have adopted or are transitioning towards full-fledged inflation targeting (FFIT) as the main monetary policy framework to anchor inflation. In this paper, we explore the FFIT regime as a means for Mauritius to achieve stable inflation, anchor inflationary expectations and establish credibility in committing monetary policy towards price stability as its primary goal. This paper reviews and highlights issues experienced with the current monetary policy framework and the challenges in transitioning towards FFIT. Given that forecasting is central to FFIT, we develop a practical model-based forecasting and policy analysis system (FPAS) to support transition to FFIT, taking into account structural features and shocks that are specific to the Mauritius economy.

On the effect of full-fledged IT adoption on stock returns and their conditional volatility: Evidence from propensity score matching

Applied research on central banking has attempted to assess the effects of adopting full-fledged inflation targeting on several macroeconomic variables, while the impact of financial variables has been under-researched so far. This paper fills this gap by assessing and quantifying the effect of full-fledged inflation targeting on stock returns and their conditional volatility. For this purpose, it implements the Propensity Score Matching (PSM), which is immune against reverse-causality, self-selection and omitted-variable biases, on a sample of advanced countries over 1990:Q1–2015:Q1 period. The results suggest that full-fledged inflation targeting is effective in boosting stock market returns and reducing volatility.

Estimating the Neutral Interest Rate in the Kyrgyz Republic

This paper estimates the neutral interest rate in the Kyrgyz Republic using a range of methodologies. Results indicate that the real neutral rate is about 4 percent based on an average of models and 3.7 percent based on a Quarterly Projection Model. This is higher than in many emerging markets and is likely explained by higher public debt and an elevated risk premium, low creditor rights and contractual enforcement, and low domestic savings. The use of an estimate of the neutral interest rate provides useful guidance to monetary policy and enhances transparency and independence of the central bank. Our estimate provides a quantitative benchmark for the monetary policy stance in the context of a central bank that is building analytical capacity, integrating additional insights in its decision-making process, and working to improve its communication. Strengthening the monetary transmission mechanism will be critical to enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy, including by allowing more exchange rate flexibility to support the transition to a full-fledged inflation targeting regime, and reducing excess liquidity to enhance the credit channel, reducing dollarization and high interest rate spreads that adversely affect the transmission of the policy rate to the economy.

Inflation Targeting and World Monetary Shocks: Evidence from Developing Economies

The paper assesses the co-movement of local and foreign interest rate for developing countries with a full-fledged inflation targeting framework during and after the 2008 financial crisis. A panel linear optimizing monetary model is estimated by the fixed effects with spatial correlation standard errors over quarterly span from Q12007 to Q2 2019. The results suggest that inflation targeters are highly vulnerable to external monetary shocks, even after years of notable efforts to de-dollarization and complete shift towards a full-fledged inflation targeting. From a regime evaluation prospective, the inflation targeters’ response to world monetary shocks is compared to that of a group of fixed exchange rate rule economies and managed exchange rate countries with other monetary regimes. The findings provide evidence that inflation targeting countries are not different in their interest rate response to world monetary shocks compared to non-inflation targeting countries’, and instead of having more flexibility, inflation targeters show stronger reaction to world monetary shocks. These results are found robust when generated out from different subsamples and under assumptions of strict and flexible inflation targeting and policy inertia. The findings indicate that adopting inflation targeting as a framework for monetary policy does not by itself support the overall macroperformance and independence of monetary policy or force continuing commitment to the inflation targeting conditions.

Estimating the Neutral Interest Rate in the Kyrgyz Republic

This paper estimates the neutral interest rate in the Kyrgyz Republic using a range of methodologies. Results indicate that the real neutral rate is about 4 percent based on an average of models and 3.7 percent based on a Quarterly Projection Model. This is higher than in many emerging markets and is likely explained by higher public debt and an elevated risk premium, low creditor rights and contractual enforcement, and low domestic savings. The use of an estimate of the neutral interest rate provides useful guidance to monetary policy and enhances transparency and independence of the central bank. Our estimate provides a quantitative benchmark for the monetary policy stance in the context of a central bank that is building analytical capacity, integrating additional insights in its decision-making process, and working to improve its communication. Strengthening the monetary transmission mechanism will be critical to enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy, including by allowing more exchange rate flexibility to support the transition to a full-fledged inflation targeting regime, and reducing excess liquidity to enhance the credit channel, reducing dollarization and high interest rate spreads that adversely affect the transmission of the policy rate to the economy.

KREDIBILITAS BANK SENTRAL DAN PERSISTENSI INFLASI DI INDONESIA

Hubungan kredibilitas bank sentral dan persistensi inflasi masih menjadi kontroversi, padahal kepastian hubungan ini sangat penting untuk merumuskan kebijakan anti inflasi yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur tingkat persistensi inflasi dan menguji dampak kredibilitas bank sentral terhadap persistensi inflasi di Indonesia sejak penerapan inflation targeting framework dengan menggunakan model New Keynesian Phillips Curve Hybrid. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persistensi inflasi pada periode Full-Fledged Inflation Targeting (2006:1-2012:3) lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan periode Inflation Targeting Lite (2000:1-2005:4). Sementara itu, kredibilitas bank sentral berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap persistensi inflasi pada saat Indonesia menerapkan Full-Fledged Inflation Targeting, sedangkan pada saat Indonesia masih menerapkan Inflation Targeting Lite, kredibilitas bank sentral tidak berpengaruh terhadap persistensi inflasi. Ini menunjukkan bahwa perilaku inflasi di Indonesia masih bersifat backward looking pada masa penerapan Inflation Targeting Lite dan berubah menjadi forward looking setelah mengadopsi Full-Fledged Inflation Targeting. Perubahan ini ada kaitannya dengan meningkatnya kredibilitas bank sentral pada periode Full-Fledged Inflation Targeting.

KREDIBILITAS BANK SENTRAL DAN PERSISTENSI INFLASI DI INDONESIA

The relationship between the credibility of the central bank and the persistence of inflation is still ambigous as this information is crucial in setting the appropriate policy for combating an inflation problem. The objective of this paper is to measure the rate of inflation persistence and to examine the importance of the credibility of the bank central on the persistence of inflation in Indonesia by using the New Keynesian Phillips Curve Hybrid. It is found that the persistence of inflation in the period of full - fledged Inflation Targeting (2006:1-2012:3) lower when compared with the period of Inflation Targeting Lite (2000:1-2005:4). Meanwhile, the credibility of the central bank is significantly influencing the persistence of inflation only when Indonesia was implementing the Full-Fledged Inflation Targeting. When Indonesia was applying the Inflation Targeting Lite, the impact of bank central credibility on persitence inflation was not significant. These findings indicate that the behavior of inflation in Indonesia was backward looking during the periode of Inflation Targeting Lite and becoming forwardlooking after adopting the Full-Fledged Inflation Targeting Policy. This change is related to the increased credibility of the central bank in the full - fledged Inflation Targeting period.

FULL-FLEDGED INFLATION TARGETING FRAMEWORK DAN PERSISTENSI INFLASI

Setting the inflation rate may look simple but certainly not easy. This can be evidenced by frequent melencengnya inflation target has been set by Bank Indonesia. To overcome this, the 2004 Law No. 3 Article 7 were excluded, thus changing the policy framework of inflation targeting lite be a full-fledged inflation targeting. This means that Bank Indonesia will focus on regulating the rate of inflation only. The purpose of this study to determine whether the rate of inflation to be more easily controlled in the period of full-fledged inflation targeting. The method used is the autoregressive model estimation. The results showed that the application of full-fledged inflation targeting has not had a positive impact in regulating the rate of inflation. In the period 2005-2015, was inflation is still very difficult to control or tend to be persistent. Interestingly, this was due to the strong influence of the global economy on the Indonesian econom

The South African monetary policy and inflation targeting as a nominal anchor: Does the monetary policy become more effective?

This study investigates whether the South African inflation-targeting (IT) framework has performed the role of the nominal anchor and the process through which the monetary authority determines its instrument in the economy. The study employs generalised method of moments (GMM) estimators. The results of the post-IT adoption and full sample periods are characterised by forward-looking IT rule. Furthermore, the paper uses the augmented monetary policy rule to identify the factors that determine the monetary policy instrument for South Africa. The results confirm that the South African monetary economy practised full-fledged IT principle immediately after the adoption of the IT framework and the monetary policy rule serves as a nominal anchor for the economy. The policy implication is that for South Africa to continue keeping inflation to the required single-digit target, the Reserve Bank should further strengthen the IT framework adopted in the economy.

The Journey to Inflation Targeting: Easier Said than Done The Case for Transitional Arrangements along the Road

Countries with evolving monetary regimes that decide to embark on “the Journey to inflation targeting” may not be able to adopt a full-fledged inflation targeting regime immediately. Those countries would be better off adopting transitional arrangements that take advantage of the informational content of monetary aggregates, developing an economic analysis capacity, and concentrating on monetay operations aimed at steering money market interest rates. This approach would allow the central bank to buy time for developing the building blocks for effective monetary policy, support transparent central bank communication, and limit the potential for undesirable outcomes along the road.

Inflation-Forecast Targeting: Applying the Principle of Transparency

Many central banks in emerging and advanced economies have adopted an inflation-forecast targeting (IFT) approach to monetary policy, in order to successfully establish a stable, lowinflation environment. To support policy making, each has developed a structured system of forecasting and policy analysis appropriate to its needs. A common component is a modelbased forecast with an endogenous policy interest rate path. The approach is characterized, among other things, by transparent communications—some IFT central banks go so far as to publish their policy interest rate projection. Some elements of this regime, although a work still in progress, are worthy of consideration by central banks that have not yet officially adopted full-fledged inflation targeting.

Inflation-Forecast Targeting: Applying the Principle of Transparency

Many central banks in emerging and advanced economies have adopted an inflation-forecast targeting (IFT) approach to monetary policy, in order to successfully establish a stable, low-inflation environment. To support policy making, each has developed a structured system of forecasting and policy analysis appropriate to its needs. A common component is a model-based forecast with an endogenous policy interest rate path. The approach is characterized, among other things, by transparent communications—some IFT central banks go so far as to publish their policy interest rate projection. Some elements of this regime, although a work still in progress, are worthy of consideration by central banks that have not yet officially adopted full-fledged inflation targeting.

The Journey to Inflation Targeting: Easier Said than Done the Case for Transitional Arrangements Along the Road

Countries with evolving monetary regimes that decide to embark on “the Journey to inflation targeting” may not be able to adopt a full-fledged inflation targeting regime immediately. Those countries would be better off adopting transitional arrangements that take advantage of the informational content of monetary aggregates, developing an economic analysis capacity, and concentrating on monetary operations aimed at steering money market interest rates. This approach would allow the central bank to buy time for developing the building blocks for effective monetary policy, support transparent central bank communication, and limit the potential for undesirable outcomes along the road.

Capital Account Policies in Chile Macro-Financial Considerations Along the Path to Liberalization

This paper recounts Chile’s experience with capital account policies since the 1990s. We present how two external shocks were confronted under very different macroeconomic and capital account frameworks. We show that during the 1997-98 Asian-LTCM-Russia crisis, a closed capital account and relatively rigid exchange rate severely constrained the monetary policy response to the shock, aggravating the fall in domestic demand. During the 2008-09 crisis, a full-fledged inflation targeting framework allowed the authorities to implement a significant countercyclical response. We argue that domestic stability considerations lay behind the policy regime switch toward capital account liberalization from 1999 onwards.

Capital Account Policies in Chile Macro-financial considerations along the path to liberalization

This paper recounts Chile’s experience with capital account policies since the 1990s. We present how two external shocks were confronted under very different macroeconomic and capital account frameworks. We show that during the 1997-98 Asian-LTCM-Russia crisis, a closed capital account and relatively rigid exchange rate severely constrained the monetary policy response to the shock, aggravating the fall in domestic demand. During the 2008-09 crisis, a full-fledged inflation targeting framework allowed the authorities to implement a significant countercyclical response. We argue that domestic stability considerations lay behind the policy regime switch toward capital account liberalization from 1999 onwards.

To Cut or Not to Cut? That is the (Central Bank’s) Question: In Search of the Neutral Interest Rate in Latin America

This paper estimates neutral real interest rate (NRIR) ranges for 10 Latin American countries that either have full-fledged inflation targeting regimes in place or have recently adopted them, using an array of methodologies commonly used in the literature. We find that NRIRs have declined in the last decade, with more economically and financially developed economies exhibiting lower NRIR levels. Based on the estimated NRIRs, we assess that the current monetary stance (measured by the interest rate gap) is appropriately neutral in most of the considered economies, in line with closing output gaps. We also observe that the interest rate gap can be a good predictor of future inflation dynamics and economic growth. In addition, looking at the recent experiences in Brazil and Peru, we suggest that macro-prudential policies could affect the monetary stance even in the absence of direct interest rate changes, through affecting the NRIR.

Monetary policy communication in Turkey

This paper assesses the effectiveness of monetary policy communication of the Central Bank of Turkey (CBT) by quantifying the information content of its policy statements released right after the monthly Monetary Policy Committee meetings. First, we quantify the signal regarding the next interest rate decision and ask whether communication improves predictability. Our findings suggest that the role of statements in predicting the next policy move has strengthened following the adoption of a full-fledged inflation targeting (IT) regime. Second, we identify the surprise component of policy communication directly from market commentaries and assess its impact on the term structure of interest rates. We find that the response of the yield curve to policy statements has become highly significant for the unanticipated changes in the monetary policy communication, especially after the implementation of the IT. We also compare the yield curve impact of the surprise component of policy decisions (actions) with the surprises in policy communication (words). Our results suggest that the relative importance of communication in driving market yields has increased through time.