Full Factorial Experimental Design Method Research Articles

Experimental study on Corn Straw Fiber (CSF) toughening EPS concrete

The natural Corn Straw Fiber (CSF), it has the advantages of light weight, high strength, good toughness and renewable, can delay the cracking and improve the toughness of cement-based materials. The effects of different mass fractions of CSF and Expanded-Polystyrene (EPS) particles on the compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and their failure modes, load-displacement curves and toughness of EPS concrete were analyzed by full factorial experimental design method. The compressive toughness index (I0, I1) and fracture energy (Gf) were defined to evaluate the effect of CSF on toughening EPS concrete. The results show that the addition of CSF can improve the compressive strength, flexural strength and cracking toughness of EPS concrete to a certain extent. The maximum compressive strength occurred in the E1F3 specimen with a CSF content of 3 % in Group I, which was 1.12 MPa, and the improvement rate was also the highest among the four groups, reaching 69.7 %. The compressive toughness index I1 also reached its maximum in the E1F3 specimen; The maximum flexural strength occurred in the E3F4 specimen with a 4 % CSF content in Group III, which was 0.885Mpa, with the highest improvement rate of 127.38 %. The maximum fracture energy Gf reached 0.827 in the E3F4 specimen. However, another additive, EPS particles, did not significantly improve the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. According to the SEM images and toughening mechanism analysis, it was discovered that tight adhesion between EPS particles and CSF with cement matrix, and the failure mode of CSF was tensile fracture, which could maximize the effect of CSF high tensile toughness. On the basis of mechanical properties and toughening effect, the relationship formulas between variable factors and strength, toughness index were fitted, and the optimal content of EPS and CSF were determined to be 1.3 % and 3 %, respectively.

Factorial experimental design based on multiple factors for sensors and actuators development

Factorial experimental design based on multiple factors for sensors and actuators development

Study on the relationship between structure and moisturizing performance of seamless knitted fabrics of protein fibers for autumn and winter

Abstract With dry weather and low humidity in autumn and winter, human skin is usually prone to dryness, even leading to itchy skin and other problems, so it is important to do a good job of skin moisturizing. The fabrics produced by using protein fiber have a certain moisturizing effect on human skin. Five types of yarn including collagen fiber, cheese protein fiber, silkworm pupa protein fiber, cashmere protein fiber, and viscose are chosen as veil materials, while nylon/spandex composite fiber is chosen as inner yarn material. Three fabric structures including the weft plain stitch, 1 + 1 mock rib, and 1 + 3 mock rib are selected for the study. Based on the full factorial experimental design method, 15 samples of seamless knitted fabrics are produced using a circular knitting machine. In order to investigate the effects of different veil materials and fabric structure of seamless knitted fabric on skin moisturizing performance, the skin moisture content test and the trans-epidermal water loss test were carried out before and after the fabric samples were wrapped around the skin of 20 participants. The results show that both the veil materials and the fabric structure have significant effects on the skin moisture content. The use of collagen yarn as the veil material and 1 + 1 mock rib as the fabric structure results in better moisturizing effects on human skin. In terms of the trans-epidermal water loss test, the fabric structure has significant effects on the results, while the veil material has no significant effect on it. However, the value of trans-epidermal water loss of the fabric with protein yarn is smaller than that of the fabric with ordinary viscose. Therefore, using cheese protein yarn as the veil material and 1 + 1 mock rib as the fabric structure results in a smaller trans-epidermal water loss value.

Machining efficiency and geometrical accuracy on micro-EDM drilling of titanium alloy

ABSTRACT In the current study, micro-electric discharge drilling (µEDD) is conducted on a titanium grade 2 alloy using a tungsten carbide (WC) tool electrode of 496 µm diameter. Capacitance, voltage, and feed rate are selected as machining variables to conduct the experiments based on the full factorial experimental design method. Overcut, material removal rate (MRR), circularity, and hole taper are considered as performance measures. Furthermore, overall evaluation criteria (OEC) is utilized for multiple-objective optimization by allotting varying and equal weight percentages to each response measure. The results of OECs are compared with a revolutionary heuristic multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA), resulting in a similar optimal parametric combination and close response measures are obtained. Micrographic investigation demonstrates that at lower capacitance and voltage levels, there is less burr formation, recast layer, and circularity error. Moreover, FESEM and EDS analyses are employed to investigate the machined surface topology and elemental composition respectively.

The Effect of Aluminium Injection Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of the Material Produced by High Pressure Die-Casting

Aluminium is one of the basic materials used in many sectors, especially in automotive, defence and aviation. Generally, aluminium parts are manufactured by using injection molding methods in many sectors, such as automotive, etc. Injection presses that are used for die-casting material have a lot of parameters, affect the molded parts’ properties. In this study, the effect of injection parameters on the mechanical properties was investigated. Firstly, a test part that is shaped currently on the injection press machine in a sector was found out. An aluminum alloy, named Al〖Si〗_12 Cu (EN AC 47000), that is used widely in die-casting techniques was preferred. Three injection parameters, such as, injection velocity (m/s), time of the mold opening (s) and molten metal temperature (0C), were selected. And all works were planned with the full factorial experimental design method. Thus, the test parts were manufactured by using an injection molding machine. Moreover, many tests, such as hardness and tensile, were performed on the test parts to investigate the effect of injection parameters on the mechanical properties of the material. The tests were analysed with the full factorial and ANOVA method. As a results of the analysis, the highest hardness value was obtained as 85 HB when the molten metal temperature was 750 ℃, the injection velocity was 1.3 m/s, the mold opening time was 10 s, and the highest breaking strength was obtained as molten metal temperature 725 ℃, injection velocity 4 m/s, when the mold opening time was 12 s was found to be 264 MPa.

The Influence of Diamond Burnishing Process Parameters on Surface Roughness of Low-Alloyed Aluminium Workpieces

This study describes the determination and optimization of burnishing process parameters and their effects on surface roughness of EN AW-2011 aluminium alloy workpieces. The process has a low environmental load and the chip-free burnishing process improves the integrity of the machined surface, but to achieve this, the different burnishing parameters, for example, burnishing force, feed rate, speed and number of passes, must be properly defined according to the material of the workpiece. In our research, a full factorial experimental design method is used to plan and carry out the experiments and to determine the most appropriate parameter range for this material quality.

Improving the poor texture and technological properties of chicken wooden breast by enzymatic hydrolysis and low-frequency ultrasound.

Wooden breast (WB) is a recurrent myopathy in fast‐growing birds, which alters the appearance, functionality, and the texture of the breast muscle. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the effect of a combined use of papain enzyme and ultrasound on the texture of WB chicken using response surface methodology and (ii) to assess the effect of marinating on the quality of WB chicken meat. Full factorial experimental design method was used to obtain the ideal conditions to soften the WB meat. The independent variables were the concentration of papain (0.1%–0.3%) and the time in ultrasonic bath (10–30 min); shear force (SF) was the dependent variable. The optimum results were obtained at a concentration of 0.2% papain and 20 min on ultrasound. Papain enzyme had a great influence on the texture of WB meat, reducing its hardness. However, the effect of the ultrasound time on the SF response was not observed. The marinated WB meat showed similar SF values and texture profile than those from normal (N) meat, with reduction in the parameters of protein and lipid oxidation. The use of papain without ultrasound bath proved to be an efficient means for improving the tenderness of WB breasts.Practical ApplicationThis study shows the efficiency of the application of two technological procedures (enzymatic treatment and ultrasound) to improve the texture profile and technological properties of chicken breasts affected by the wooden breast myopathy. The economic loss caused by the world‐wide occurrence of wooden breast is enormous, and the application of papain has been found to counteract the impaired properties of this abnormal chicken breasts. Since papain is already widely used in the food industry to tenderize meat, its application in improving the quality of WB meat is straightforward.

Parametric study of electric discharge machining of titanium grade 2 alloy in distilled water

The current article provides a detailed discussion on the machining of titanium grade 2 alloy in an electric discharge machine (EDM). Copper is taken as a tool electrode, and distilled water is taken as dielectric for machining purpose. Machining with hydrocarbon oil in EDM causes environmental pollution and severe threats to the operator's health. Machining is carried out in distilled water to replace the hazardous hydrocarbon oil. The full factorial experimental design method is adopted to realize the outcome of input parameters on the output parameters. The consequence of current (Ip) and pulse-on time (Ton) are analyzed on response measures viz. material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR), and surface roughness (SR). The cause of change in MRR, TWR, and SR trends is discussed. All the response measures show a rising trend with a rise in the value of process parameters. Analysis of Variance is implemented to notice the contribution fraction of each control variable on the response measures. Optical microscopic images are analyzed at lower and higher energy settings to observe the difference in surface morphology. MRR varies from 2.142 to 10.116 mg/min, TWR from 0.251 to 1.356 mg/min, and SR from 4.1 to 9.6 µm, respectively. Overall evaluation criteria are used to obtain input parameters to optimize the performance parameters.

EFFECTS OF AIR-COOLING-HOLE GEOMETRIES ON A LOW-PRESSURE DIE-CASTING PROCESS

A significant precondition for the production of high-quality castings is keeping an optimum temperature of the respective parts of the die cavity surface. This temperature depends on the temperature of the material, the quantity of metal, the method of cooling the casting die, the thermal conductivity of the die material, and the time during which the casting remains in the die. In addition, the cooling characteristics of alloy steel dies, used in the production of aluminum-alloy wheels with the low pressure die casting (LPDC) method, have critical effects on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the product. Ducted air coolers are widely used for the cooling of these alloy steel dies. However, the geometrical designs of the air-cooling holes are limited. In this study, we define the effects of the geometry of the cooling holes on the cooling power of the die, the efficiency of the air consumption with the Full Factorial Experimental Design method and to determine the optimum values for LPDC. Pilot production has been carried out on an industrial scale to verify the data obtained by experimental design. The experimental and real data were compared based on the values of the yield strength and the secondary dendrite arm spacing in the microstructure.

Maximum Negative Poisson’s Ratio of Double-Core Helical Auxetic Yarns Under Uniaxial Loading: A Study on the Effect of Structural Parameters via Full Factorial Experimental Design Method

Auxetic textiles have been attracted the attention of many researchers due to their enhanced mechanical behavior during loading condition. The developed Double-core helical auxetic yarn (DC-HAY) is a structural material with negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) behavior. It consists of two similar soft yarns with a higher diameter and a stiff yarn with a lower diameter. The stiff yarn has been twisted around the soft yarns, alternatively. In this paper, the effect of structural parameters including, the initial helical angle of wrap component with five levels, diameter ratio of components with three levels, and modulus ratio of components with two levels, on Poisson’s ratio of DC-HAY, has been investigated through the full factorial experimental design method. SPSS software has been used for analyzing the results. The results showed that the highest maximum NPR belongs to the sample with the lowest initial helical angle, highest diameter ratio of components, and highest modulus ratio of components. Also, it has been found that all the main factors have a statistically significant effect on Poisson’s ratio of DC-HAY at a 95% of confidence level.

Analysis of Surface Roughness, Sound Level and Machine Current in the Turning of Hardened AISI S1 Steel

In this study, surface roughness values, sound levels and instantaneous current values were measured with calibrated devices in accordance with the experimental parameters. In this study, turning tests were carried out on AISI S1 steel material workpieces at three different depth of cuts, three different feed rates and 3 different cutting speeds without coolant. A full factorial experimental design method was used. Three different cutting speeds (135, 155, 175 m/min), feed rates (0.045, 0.090, 0.135 mm/rev) and depth of cuts (0.04, 0.08, 0.12 mm) as control factors have been selected. The effect levels on the surface roughness of the control factors with analysis of variance (ANOVA) performed using the experimental results were determined. Finally, the confirmation tests were performed and showed that the analysis is successfully implemented. As a result of analysis, the most effective cutting parameter on all the output parameters was found to be the feed rate. Its influence on the sound level was found to be 60.26%. The feed rate was followed by the cutting speed (22.87%) and the depth of cut (6.58%), respectively. The motor current values were influenced by feed rate, cutting speed and depth of cut by 52.71%, 18.73% and 23.88%, respectively.

Effect of abandonment of cooling and lubrication on surface roughness and cylindricity in turning of steel

One of the defining global issues today is to reduce the load on the environment. Thus, in this paper, the effect, and consequences of the abandonment of cooling and lubrication were investigated when turning of non-alloyed steel. The 2D and 3D surface roughness parameters, cylindricity deviations and circularity errors were examined at different feeds and cutting speeds. The experiments were performed, using the full factorial experimental design method. It was found that with dry machining, the average roughness is slightly higher with increasing productivity, however, at lower feed and cutting speeds, the surface has better wear resistance and lubricant retention, and cylindricity deviation can be minimized.

A felületvasalás felkeményedésre és feszültségállapot-változásra gyakorolt hatásának elemzése

Jelen tanulmányban az élettartam-növelő felületszilárdító eljárások közé tartozó vasalás technológiájának vizsgálatával, az azzal kapcsolatos eredmények bemutatásával foglalkozunk. Analizáljuk, hogy a megmunkálás során beállított paraméterek (vasalási erő, előtolás, sebesség, járatszám) milyen hatással vannak a felületi mikro-keménységre, valamint a feszültségállapotra, illetve elemezzük a köztük lévő korrelációs kapcsolatokat. A kísérletek megtervezése és végrehajtása a teljes faktoriális kísérlettervezés módszerével történik.

Analysis of Cylindricity Error of High and Low Temperature Storage Tested Alternator Stators

This paper investigates the internal shape correctness of alternator stators occurring in high and low temperature storage tests. This kind of failure can affect the adequate operation of alternators since vibrations can occur during rotation of the other part of the alternator, the rotor. This error can reduce the efficiency of the alternator. The aim of this study is to examine the influence of different testing parameters, such as the temperature and the running time of the test, and whether or not the stator is equipped with a damping element. For the experiments we used the full factorial experimental design method. The measurement of the cylindricity of the specimens was done with a circular and position error measuring machine. From the measured data, special improvement ratios can be calculated in order to define the appropriate range of testing parameters that resulting greater deformity. A further aim is to compare the different cylindricity parameters and the features of theirs measured values.

Az élettartam-növelő környezetbarát vasalási eljárás felületi mikro-keménységre gyakorolt hatásának vizsgálata

Az olyan hagyományos megmunkáló eljárások, mint az esztergálás vagy a marás alkalmazása felületi egyenetlenségek, hibák úgy, mint szerszámnyomok és karcok kialakulásához vezethetnek, mely energia disszipációt (súrlódást) és felületkárosodást (kopást) eredményez. Ezzel szemben a forgácsleválasztás nélküli környezetbarát vasalási eljárás egyértelműen javítja a megmunkált felület integritását. Jelen tanulmány ennek az élettartam-növelő felületszilárdító eljárásnak a felületi mikro-keménységre gyakorolt hatását vizsgálja gyenge ötvözésű alumínium esetén. A kísérlet megtervezéséhez és végrehajtásához a teljes faktoriális kísérlettervezés módszere került felhasználásra, a darabok felületi mikro-keménységének mérését pedig Wilson Instruments Tukon 2100B gyártmányú mérőberendezésen történt.

A felületvasalás alakhelyességre és felületi mikro-keménységre gyakorolt hatásának vizsgálata

Jelen tanulmányban az élettartamnövelő felületszilárdító eljárások közé tartozó felületvasalás technológiájának vizsgálatával, bemutatásával, valamint ennek a megmunkálási módnak a hengerességre és felületi mikro-keménységre gyakorolt hatásának elemzésével foglalkozom 42CrMo4 jelölésű ötvözet esetén. Az egyes jellemzők méréséhez egy köralak- és helyzethiba mérő-, valamint egy Vickers keménységet meghatározó berendezést használtam fel annak bizonyítására, hogy a felületvasalás előnyösen alkalmazható ezen az anyagminőségen.

Analysis of the factors affecting the dimensional stability of socks using full-factorial experimental design method

Socks, which are a necessary item of clothing, need to be comfortable, affordable, and retain their quality throughout their life. Dimensional stability is one of the basic requirements of socks. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contributing factors, that is, elastane percentage, main yarn material, and process type on dimensional stability of socks. Four different percentages of elastane in plaiting yarn (4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%), two main yarns materials (100% cotton and polyester/cotton 52/48), and two process types (wash and bleach) were taken as level of input variables to study the effect on dimensional stability of socks using full-factorial experimental design method. Statistical tool (analysis of variance) was used to check the significant effect of different factors. It was found that with the increase in elastane percentage, shrinkage was decreased. Cotton was found to have more shrinkage percentage as compared to polyester/cotton. In addition, it was observed that washing treatment produced significantly lesser shrinkage than bleaching. These data present a great interest to sock manufacturers who can make better choices to manufacture, dimensionally stable socks.

Optimization of cutting parameters with respect to roughness for machining of hardened AISI 1040 steel

Abstract Today, energy consumption and environmental issues are important topics in all industries around the globe. However, quality is in direct proportion with energy consumption, since better surface finish means more energy consumption. The main objective of this work is minimizing both surface roughness and power consumption by estimating the optimum machining parameters. In this study, turning tests were carried out on three different hardened AISI 1040 steels (10, 15, 20 HRC) at three different depths of cuts (1.2, 2.4, 3.6 mm), feed rates (0.15, 0.25, 0.35 mm × rev−1) and cutting speeds (120, 140, 160 m × min−1) without coolant. The effects of cutting parameters and workpieces hardness on surface roughness, sound level and power consumption were examined. These analyses were conducted using a full factorial experimental design method. The response surface methodology and analysis of variance were also used to determine the effects of input parameters on the response variables. Experimental results showed that an increase in the feed rate value causes an increase in the surface roughness, the sound level, and the power consumption values. The results of the presented work show that feed rate is the most effective machining parameter that affects surface roughness and power consumption. Following feed rate, depth of cut and cutting speed also have an important impact. Thus, decreasing the value of feed rate and depth of cut will reduce the amount of power consumption.

Termikusan tesztelt generátor állórészek hengerességének vizsgálata

A tanulmány a generátor állórészek belső alakhibájának vizsgálatával foglalkozik, melyet magas és alacsony hőmérsékleten való tesztelési eljárás idéz elő. Ez a fajta meghibásodás befolyásolhatja a generátorok megfelelő működését, mivel a generátor egy másik alkatrészének, a rotornak a forgása során rezgések léphetnek fel. Kijelenthető, hogy ennek a hibának a hatása csökkenti a generátor teljesítményét. A publikáció célja annak vizsgálata, hogy a különböző tesztelési paraméterek úgy, mint hőmérséklet, tesztelési idő, az állórész el van-e látva rezgéscsillapító gyűrűvel vagy sem, milyen hatással bírnak. A kísérlet megtervezéséhez és végrehajtásához a teljes faktoriális kísérlettervezés módszerét alkalmaztuk. Az egyes elemek hengerességének mérése Taylor Hobson Talyrond 365 gyártmányú köralak- és helyzethiba-mérőberendezésen valósult meg. A mért adatokból speciális viszonyszámokat alkottam, annak érdekében, hogy meghatározzam azt a paramétertartományt, mely a legnagyobb mértékű deformációt okozza.

Research on Erosion-Corrosion Rate of 304 Stainless Steel in Acidic Slurry via Experimental Design Method.

A full three-factor two-level factorial experimental design method was carried out to investigate the effects of a single factor and their combining actions on weight loss of 304 stainless steels (304 SS). Quantitative analysis was performed to calculate the contribution values of temperature, rotation speed, sulfuric acid concentration, and synergistic actions. In particular, an 8 × 8 matrix was designed for the first time to define variation direction of erosion wear rate by qualitative analysis. The results show that slurry temperature has the most significant influence followed by sulfuric acid concentration. Rotation speed has the smallest effect. The synergies of the parameters all accelerate the weight loss rate, but they exhibit different intensity. This research provides useful guidelines for estimating the effects of environmental factors and material design in practical engineering application.