Full Experimental Design Research Articles

Neurotoxicity of Aluminium Chloride and Okadaic Acid in Zebrafish: Unravelling Alzheimer's Disease Model via Learning and Memory Function Evaluation.

Introduction/ objectivesAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by a progressive decline in cognitive abilities, especially learning and memory. To validate the zebrafish as a suitable model organism for AD, the study examined the effects of two neurotoxin agents, aluminium chloride (AlCl3) and okadaic acid (OKA). In the full experimental design, both neurotoxins were administered intraperitoneally at three distinct doses (low, medium, and high) twice weekly for 21 days. At three time points, behavioural tasks were conducted on day 7 (short duration), day 14 (moderate duration), and day 21 (long duration). The behavioural tasks consisted of a novel tank test lasting six minutes, followed by a T-maze tank test lasting five minutes. MethodsIn this article, the T-maze tank test was discussed in detail to evaluate which neurotoxins and their optimal dosages are impactful in developing a zebrafish AD model towards learning and memory functions. This evaluation measured four parameters: the amount of time spent in the wrong arm, the total distance travelled in the deeper chamber, and the 3-h and 24-h inflexion ratios. ResultsIn summary, a 100 nM dosage of OKA with a maximum of 21 days of evaluation resulted in significant (p < 0.05) outcomes in all parameters evaluated. The longest duration was spent in the wrong arm, accompanied by a reduction in the total distance travelled in the deeper chamber and a decreasing pattern in the 3-h and 24-h inflexion ratios. ConclusionThese observations suggest that OKA is the optimal choice of neurotoxin for a validated and optimised zebrafish AD model.

Optimisation of the carvacrol encapsulation method into PHBV nanoparticles

The need of sustainable food packaging preserving food from degradation conducted to increase research on active packaging using essential oil, as carvacrol, for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The encapsulation of this kind of volatile molecules is necessary and nanoencapsulation into biopolymers, as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) showed an increasing interest as a green solution, although this method again need to be improved. In this study, a full experimental design was developed to select the best method (nanoprecipitation and emulsification) and operating conditions (PHBV molecular weight, surfactant concentration, carvacrol/PHBV ratio and Aqueous/Organic phase volume ratios) to encapsulate carvacrol into PHBV. In this purpose, for each tested conditions, encapsulation efficiency (process efficiency, carvacrol recovery, PHBV recovery and loading capacity), as well as nanoparticles’ morphology and size were estimated, and statistically analysed. Carvacrol recovery and loading capacity were significatively highest (61 % and 100 % respectively) using emuslification method, low surfactant concentration, high carvacrol/PHBV ratio (for loading capacity) and low PHBV molecular weight (for carvacrol recovery). To the contrary, PHBV recovery increased (93 %) using the nanoprecipitation method, a high surfactant concentration and a low carvacrol/PHBV ratio, while process efficiency increased (73 %) with a low carvacrol/PHBV ratio and a low aqueous/organic phase volume ratio. Moreover, small spherical-shaped and separated nanoparticles were obtained using emulsification method, high surfactant concentration but low carvacrol/PHBV ratio. Therefore, including all the aspects of carvacrol nanoencapsulation into PHBV (shape and encapsulation efficiency) using emulsification method, with a low level for all parameters except the surfactant concentration are the most suitable strategy.

Electrochemical Detection of Tobramycin Resistance in Escherichia Coli

The development of techniques to detect the presence of resistance in pathogens are urgently needed to face the deadly spread of multi-drug-resistant bacteria. The present work presents the electroanalytical quantification of tobramycin (TOB) retention in susceptible and resistant bacterial strains of Escherichia coli. The electrochemical characterization of TOB demonstrates the suitability of electrochemistry for drug detection. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) parameters were optimized by full factor experimental designs, which increased two-times the electrochemical current response, improving the overall sensitivity of the method. The developed assay was able to differentiate between resistant and susceptible E. coli strains within 15 min. The demonstrated methodology is expected to be applicable to both drug efflux-mediated and drug uptake inhibition-mediated resistant bacteria. Because these two mechanisms represent the most predominant reasons for drug resistance in bacteria, the reported method has a strong potential to be a reliable, fast, and cost-efficient alternative for antibiotic resistance detection.

Optimizing methylene blue adsorption conditions on hydrothermally synthesized NaX zeolite through a full two-level factorial design.

Besides being hazardous to humans and aquatic organisms, dyes present in water reservoirs limit sunlight's availability to aquatic plants and animals, making significant impact on their growth and development. Herein, the adsorptive removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution using type X (NaX) zeolite by full experimental design 2 n was studied. The physical and chemical properties of NaX zeolite were identified using various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyses. Results confirmed that NaX zeolite had a cubic shaped crystalline structure with 2-4 μm size and high (375 m2 g-1) specific surface area, having 90% optimal adsorption efficiency. Langmuir and Elovich isotherm models were best fitted to adsorption experimental data and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model describes well the adsorption kinetic data. Akaike information criteria (AIC) was used to assess the best fitted models on the experimental data. A thermodynamic study reveals that the MB adsorption onto NaX was exothermic, spontaneous, and feasible.

Experimental study on preparation and performance of the Corn Straw Fiber (CSF) reinforced EPS concrete

With the full factor experimental design method carried out, 20 sets of EPS concrete specimens with different mass fractions of Corn Straw Fiber (CSF) and Expanded-Polystyrene (EPS) particles were designed to study their density, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, mass loss and strength loss after freeze-thaw cycles, and changes in thermal conductivity, to evaluate the effect of CSF content and EPS content on the properties of EPS cement-based composites. The experimental results show that adding CSF can improve the mechanical properties of EPS concrete while reducing its density, the maximum increase rate of compressive strength is 69.7 %, with a maximum value of 1.12 MPa; The maximum improvement rate of flexural strength is 127.38 %, with a maximum value of 0.885 MPa; The maximum improvement rate of splitting tensile strength is 68.07 %, and the maximum value is 0.256 MPa. After 50 standard freeze-thaw cycles, straw fibers can delay the quality loss of EPS concrete, but show adverse effects on its strength loss, the maximum quality loss rate is 4.23 %, and the maximum loss rates for the three strengths are 24.46 %, 24.22 %, and 24.61 %, respectively. In addition, in terms of improving the thermal insulation performance of EPS concrete, the role of the two aggregates is manifested as EPS > CSF, and the thermal conductivity coefficient values under different aggregate dosages were obtained, when the content of EPS is 1.4 % and the content of CSF is 4 %, the minimum thermal conductivity value is 0.0402 W/(m·°C), and the thermal conductivity coefficient of calcium silicate board is 0.0378 W/(m °C) by the thermal conductivity coefficient formula of composite materials. which can serve as a reference for selecting building insulation materials in areas with high temperature differences.

Manufacture of thermoplastic molds by fused filament fabrication 3D printing for rapid prototyping of polyurethane foam molded products

PurposePolyurethane (PUR) foam parts are traditionally manufactured using metallic molds, an unsuitable approach for prototyping purposes. Thus, rapid tooling of disposable molds using fused filament fabrication (FFF) with polylactic acid (PLA) and glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) is proposed as an economical, simpler and faster solution compared to traditional metallic molds or three-dimensional (3D) printing with other difficult-to-print thermoplastics, which are prone to shrinkage and delamination (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polypropilene-PP) or high-cost due to both material and printing equipment expenses (PEEK, polyamides or polycarbonate-PC). The purpose of this study has been to evaluate the ease of release of PUR foam on these materials in combination with release agents to facilitate the mulding/demoulding process.Design/methodology/approachPETG, PLA and hardenable polylactic acid (PLA 3D870) have been evaluated as mold materials in combination with aqueous and solvent-based release agents within a full design of experiments by three consecutive molding/demolding cycles.FindingsPLA 3D870 has shown the best demoldability. A mold expressly designed to manufacture a foam cushion has been printed and the prototyping has been successfully achieved. The demolding of the part has been easier using a solvent-based release agent, meanwhile the quality has been better when using a water-based one.Originality/valueThe combination of PLA 3D870 and FFF, along with solvent-free water-based release agents, presents a compelling low-cost and eco-friendly alternative to traditional metallic molds and other 3D printing thermoplastics. This innovative approach serves as a viable option for rapid tooling in PUR foam molding.

Bio-versus Chemical Approaches to Produce Maltodextrin (de 9 – 12) for Potential Applications in Functional Foods and Pharmaceuticals

Maltodextrin is recognized as a food and pharmaceutical additive that is safe for direct human consumption. The physical and chemical properties of maltodextrin strongly depend on its DE (dextrose equivalent) index. Maltodextrin is a hydrolyzed product derived from starch that has gained numerous industrial applications since the last few decades. Currently, there is an increasing demand for modified starch products. Unfortunately, the relevant production process remains inefficient, leading to relatively low product quality and performance. This paper reports the results of parameterized production processes of maltodextrin with DE values ranging from 9 to 12, achieved by hydrolyzing cassava starch. Two approaches were conducted in this work, including hydrolysis with the catalysis of α-amylase enzyme and HCl acid. In the α-amylase enzyme method, various factors were investigated, such as starch content, hydrolysis time, enzyme concentration, and hydrolysis temperature. In the HCl acid method, process parameters were studied, including starch content, HCl acid concentration, reaction time, and temperature. For both approaches, the DE index of maltodextrin was selected as the objective function, and it was found to be influenced by several process conditions. Utilizing a full Design of Experiment (DoE) plan, a regression equation was developed to illustrate the influence of these factors. From the regression equation, the optimal conditions for the production of desired maltodextrin were derived and compared between the two hydrolysis methods.

Optimization and Validation of Sensitive UPLC-PDA Method for Simultaneous Determination of Thymoquinone and Glibenclamide in SNEDDs Formulations Using Response Surface Methodology

The development of analytical procedures capable of simultaneous determination of two or more drugs is in crucial demand due to the availability of different formulations that are composed of different APIs. The presented study aimed to optimize and validate a simple, accurate, and sensitive UPLC analytical method for the simultaneous determination of thymoquinone (TQ) and Glibenclamide (GB) using response surface methodology, and apply this method in pharmaceutical formulations. A 32 full design of experiment was utilized to study the impacts of the independent parameters (acetonitrile ACN concentration, A; and column temperature, B) on the drugs’ analytical attributes (viz, retention time, peak area, and peak asymmetry, in addition to the resolution between TQ and GB peaks). The results revealed that the independent parameters exhibited highly significant (p &lt; 0.05) antagonistic effects on retention times for TQ and GB peaks, in addition to the agnostic effect on GB peak symmetry (p-value = 0.001). Moreover, antagonistic impacts (p &lt; 0.05) on the resolution between TQ and GB peaks were found for both independent factors (A and B). The statistical software suggested 46.86% of ACN (A) and 38.80 °C for column temperature (B) for optimum analytical responses. The optimized green method was discovered to be acceptable in terms of selectivity, precision, accuracy, robustness, sensitivity, and specificity. Moreover, the optimized simultaneous method was successfully able to determine the contents of TQ and GB in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery (SNEDD) formulation, in which the results showed that GB and TQ content within the prepared formulations were 1.54 ± 0.023 and 3.62 ± 0.031 mg/gm, respectively. In conclusion, the developed assay was efficient and valid in analyzing TQ and GB simultaneously in bulk and self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDs) formulations.

Hydroxyapatite coating for control degradation and parametric optimization of pure magnesium: an electrophoretic deposition technique for biodegradable implants

Design of orthopedic implants is a challenging task to cope with desired properties, therefore, numerous metal-alloy and coating were utilized in the fabrication of implants as alternative options. Magnesium (Mg)-based alloys are among the unique materials owing to their promising properties to avoid cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity; however, the fast degradation of Mg limits its clinical applications. In this study, hydroxyapatite (HA) nano-powder was coated on pure Mg as the compositions of both materials are promising biodegradable bone-compatible materials. The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique was used to produce a bioactive coating on pure Mg. The research novelty highlighted for the first time, the EPD parameters were optimized via the full Design of Experiment (DoF) approach during HA coating of Mg, while the weight loss of pure Mg and HA coated Mg were investigated in SBF for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The surface morphologies of both materials were investigated before and after coating. The bioactivity of the coated samples was examined in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) and investigated using SEM. Surface roughness, contact angle measurement, scratch test, wear test, an in-vitro study in SBF, electrochemical corrosion, and cellular studies were conducted according to the standard approaches. The results show that HA coated Mg samples are compatible for orthopedic implants in terms of surface roughness, wettability, adhesion, wear sustainability, HA growth, corrosion rate, and cell viability. Thus, the biological, mechanical, and cellular properties of HA-coated implants are suitable and recommended as alternatives to biodegradable implants.

The Effect of Peer Mentoring on Acceptance of and Intention to Use Web 2.0 Tools

Purpose: This study seeks to shed light on the effect of peer mentoring on the acceptance of and intention to use Web 2.0 tools.&#x0D; Design/Methodology/Approach: In the study, the static-group comparison pretest-posttest design, which falls into the category of weak experimental designs, was applied. The study group consisted of 165 (Experiment=76, Control=89) pre-service teachers continuing their second-year education in different departments of a public university in the 2021-2022 academic year. The implementation period of the study lasted for eight weeks and a total of 16 hours. In the study, the "unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model-2 / UTAUT2" scale was used as a data collection tool. The SPSS 26 package program was employed to analyse the data obtained in theß study. T-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlational t- test were used in the analyses.&#x0D; Findings: İt was concluded that the acceptance of and intention to use Web 2.0 tools among the- pre-service teachers receiving peer mentoring and teacher guidance were positively affected with a higher rate of effect for pre-service teachers receiving peer mentoring. Results based on gender revealed that the effect of peer mentoring on the acceptance of and intention to use technology among pre-service teachers was in favour of female pre-service teachers in various constructs. Results based on the ownership of a computer revealed that the effect was in favour of pre-service teachers owning computers in various constructs. And finally, results based on the department variable revealed that the effect was at a higher level for pre-service teachers in English Language Education than pre-service teachers in Elementary Mathematics Education. The results of the present study also contain some recommendations for future studies on the topic.&#x0D; Highlights: The effect of different blended models can be examined in similar studies. Similar studies can be carried out with a full experimental design and mixed model methods. Studies can be re-examined with different variables.

The effects of perceived COVID‐19 threat on compensatory conviction, thought reliance, and attitudes

AbstractThis research examines how people can defend themselves from the threat associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic by relying more on their recently generated thoughts (unrelated to the threat), thus leading those thoughts to have a greater impact on judgement through a meta‐cognitive process of thought validation. Study 1 revealed that the impact of the favourability of self‐related thoughts on self‐esteem was greater for those feeling relatively more (vs. less) threatened by COVID‐19. Study 2 manipulated (rather than measured) the favourability of thoughts and assessed the perceived COVID‐19 threat. Results also showed that the impact of thoughts on subsequent self‐evaluations was greater for those feeling more threatened by COVID‐19. Study 3 conceptually replicated the results using a full experimental design by manipulating both thought favourability andthe perceived COVID‐19 threat, moving from the self to a social perception paradigm, and providing mediational evidence for the proposed mechanism of compensatory thought validation. A final study addressed some alternative explanations by testing whether the induction of threat used in Study 3 affected perceptions of threat while not having an impact on other features.

Evaluating Some Functional Properties of Surfaces with Partially Regular Microreliefs Formed by Ball-Burnishing

In the present work, functional properties of three different types of regular microreliefs, formed by ball burnishing process on flat surfaces are evaluated. For their estimation, heights and material ratio curve’s criteria were used, according to the international standard ISO 21920-2:2021. The influence of the regular relief’s type and ball burnishing process parameters on the surface functional properties were investigated using full factors experimental design. Based on the obtained results, statistical models were derived that describe the dependencies between the topography characteristics and the regular reliefs’ types and regime parameters of the ball burnishing process. Based on the obtained results, several conclusions have been formulated about the applicability of these standardized methods and criteria for evaluating the functional characteristics of the different types of regular reliefs at the end of the work.

Comparing the surface hardness of mild steel processed with CO₂ and fibre lasers

The microhardness of low carbon mild steel was analysed after surface treatment by using carbon dioxide CO₂ and Fibre laser for comparison. Identical input parameters were used to compare the increase between the as-supplied material hardness and the treated surface. Microhardness testing was used to measure the surface hardness and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the microstructural changes in the substrate. It was found that the laser scanning speed had a significant effect on the increased surface hardness, while the laser power was a less significant factor. The samples processed with the lower laser fluence of the Fibre laser exhibited a hardness increase of 38% with maximum depth of 200 μm, while those processed by the CO₂ laser exhibited a hardness increase of 41% with a maximum depth of 50 μm. A full design of experiment (DoE) model was modified for the optimization and prediction of the laser hardening process. The processing parameters applied were the laser beam power and the scanning speed.

Multivariate optimization of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using ionic liquid for the analysis of ultraviolet filters in natural waters

In this work, a vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method, using an ionic liquid as the extracting solvent was developed, for the simultaneous analysis of three UV filters in different water samples. The extracting and dispersive solvents were selected in a univariate way. Then, the parameters such as the volume of the extracting and dispersive solvents, pH and ionic strength were evaluated using a full experimental design 24, followed by Doehlert matrix. The optimized method consisted of 50 μL of extracting solvent (1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate), 700 μL of dispersive solvent (acetonitrile) and pH of 4.5. When combined with high-performance liquid chromatography, the method limit of detection ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 μg L−1, enrichment factors between 81 and 101%, and the relative standard deviation between 5.8 and 10.0%. The developed method demonstrated effectiveness in concentrating UV filters in both river and seawater samples, being a simple and efficient option for this type of analysis.

Not revenge, but change is sweet: Experimental evidence of how offender change and punishment play independent roles in victims' sense of justice.

What positive effects do victims gain by punishing their offenders? Previous research suggests that punishment increases victims' justice-related satisfaction only when the offender indicates that they changed their moral attitude and behaviour. However, offender change may increase justice-related satisfaction independently of punishment. So far, it is empirically unclear whether punishment affects satisfaction beyond offender change (e.g. by producing the change), and whether punishment has positive effects on victims that are independent of offender change, specifically how it empowers victims. In two studies, we use a full experimental design to test the unique influence of punishment and offender change on victims' justice-related satisfaction and empowerment. In a third study, we extend the design and additionally test for the effects of assigned versus self-selected punishment. Across three studies (N= 824) with different methodological approaches, we consistently found that offender change alone increased victims' justice-related satisfaction-and this effect was not moderated by punishment. Study 2, but not Study 3, showed that punishment alone empowered victim-and this effect was not moderated by offender change. This indicates that offender change and punishment have independent roles in producing positive effects on victims. Overall, it was offender change and not punishment that made victims feel that justice has been done.

Sensory quality and consumer perception of high pressure processed orange juice and apple juice

High pressure processing (HPP) is an alternative to thermal pasteurization (TP) of beverages that can impart an extended shelf-life while delivering products with “fresh-like” sensory properties. However, studies documenting the sensory changes associated with HPP of fruit juices and their relation to consumer preferences are limited. In this paper, the effect of HPP on sensory quality and consumer perception of orange- and apple juice was investigated using a full experimental design with samples varying in treatment (HPP, TP), storage time (0, 3, 11 weeks for orange juice and 0, 4, 12 weeks for apple juice) and storage temperature (4 °C, 25 °C). Samples were first analyzed by descriptive analysis with a trained panel and subsequently submitted to a consumer liking test (N = 75). Treatment and storage conditions had a significant impact on sensory quality and on consumer perception. HPP could better maintain the sensory quality of both juices. Cold storage was effective in maintaining the product quality over the entire storage period. The main drivers of consumer liking were attributes associated with shorter storage times and/or cold storage (e.g., intensity of orange aroma and flavor in orange juice, apple flavor and aftertaste in apple juice), and to a lesser extent to treatment.

Modeling Electropolymerization of Methylene Blue in the Presence of Pillar[6]arene and DNA

For the first time, cumulative effect of the changes in the concentration of methylene blue (MB), pillar[6]arene (P6) and DNA in the MB electropolymerization performed by repeated cycling of the potential of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with carbon black (CB) was described by construction of generalized linear models within the full factor experiment design. The proposed models of the currents and potentials of the peaks attributed to the monomeric and polymeric MB forms fully describe synergistic effect of the reaction mixture components and their contribution to the efficiency of electropolymerization and accumulation of the redox active layer on the electrode. The MB concentration exerted the biggest effect on the redox peak currents of the coating. DNA addition decreased the redox peak currents to a degree mostly pronounced for the high MB concentrations. The P6 addition significantly improved the conditions of the electron exchange and increased the redox peak currents, especially at low MB concentrations. The results obtained can find application for the optimization of the assembling conditions in the DNA sensors design.

The effect of breast self-examination training on nursing students by using hybrid-based simulation on knowledge, skills, and ability to correctly evaluate pathological findings: Randomized Controlled Study

AimTo investigate the effectiveness of hybrid simulation-based training and classical-based training with the Miller pyramids' ability to evaluate students' knowledge, skills and pathologies in breast self-examination. BackgroundBreast cancer incidence is becoming more common among women in developed and developing countries. Nurses should be capable of evaluating breast self-examination knowledge, abilities and pathologies. MethodA randomized full experimental design was used. Two groups were formed: a hybrid simulation-based training group (n = 36) and a classical-based training group (n = 36)—students in the hybrid simulation-based group trained on a standardized patient with a wearable breast attachment. The classical-based training group received training on the breast model. The laboratory performance of the students was evaluated one week after the training. Their performance on the standardized patient was evaluated against the checklist in the clinical setting one week after the laboratory. Before and after the training, each student's knowledge of basic and Application steps was evaluated. Students completed the self-description form regarding the clinical process after the clinical performance. All participants received 60 min of theoretical and 60 min of demonstration training. While the students in the hybrid simulation-based training group completed the 55-minute simulation training, the students in the Classic-based training group practised on the desktop breast model for 10 min. The hybrid simulation-based training group received 175 min of total training time, whereas the classical-based training group received 130 min. ResultsCompared with classical-based training, teaching BSE with hybrid simulation-based training raised students' total knowledge score, application step score, skill score and pathological evaluation score (p < 0.05). Students who trained using hybrid simulation-based training experienced low levels of anxiety but increased levels of excitement and motivation (p < 0.05). The education and counselling scores of students who received hybrid simulation -based simulation training were higher than those who received classical-based training (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups' BSE mean pre-test basic knowledge scores (p = 0.186). BSE mean application steps knowledge scores difference (pre-test-post-test) of the groups was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001) ConclusionThe ability to accurately evaluate breast self-examination on knowledge, skills and pathological findings of students in the hybrid simulation-based training group was higher than in the classical-based training group. Besides, the students' perceived communication, education and counselling efficiency in the hybrid simulation-based training group were higher compared with the classical-based training group.

Optimization of Formulation Parameters in Preparation of Fructus ligustri lucidi Dropping Pills by Solid Dispersion Using 23 Full Experimental Design.

Oleanolic acid (OA) is an active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Fructus ligustri lucidi (FLL). Its clinical use is restricted because it is water-insoluble and has limited dosage forms of administration at present. Hence, the FFL dropping pills were prepared by the hot-melt method of solid dispersion technology. A 23 factorial design was used to examine the effects of the materials used to prepare the dropping pills (e.g., different ratios of PEG4000 and PEG6000, FLL extract loading, and percentage of Tween 80) on parameters such as dropping pill roundness, weight variation, and disintegration time. Moreover, 23 full factorial design was utilized to search for the optimal formulation for dissolution experiments. The results showed that the percentage of Tween 80 demonstrated significant effects on dropping pill roundness, weight variation, and disintegration time; FLL extract loading affected roundness and weight variation; and different ratios of PEG4000 and PEG6000 only affected disintegration time. The optimal formulation of the dropping pills released 70% of the drug after 30 min of dissolution release, which was faster than commercially available FLL Chinese medicines. Furthermore, the amount released was higher than that of commercially available formulations. In this study, a solid dispersion technique was used to successfully produce FLL dropping pills. In addition to improving the water insolubility of FLL and increasing the dissolution release percentage of the drug, we increased the application value of FLL and reduced the issues of traditional administration dosage forms.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Animasi terhadap Motivasi Belajar IPS

This research takes the theme of learning media. This research was conducted in the fifth grade of SD Negeri Kalirejo, Bagelen, Purworejo. The purposes of this study are (1) to describe the social studies learning process by using animation media, (2) to find out how much students' learning motivation before and after using animation media, (3) to find out the effect of using animation media on students' social studies learning motivation. The design of this study uses a full experimental design (true experimental design) through pretest and posttest. The pretest and posttest were carried out in the same group. The subjects or population in this study were fifth grade students at SD Negeri Kalirejo, Bagelen, Purworejo, Academic Year 2020/2021. The data sampling technique was carried out by interview and observation questionnaires. While the data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. The results of the research show that: (1) The use of animation media in social studies learning is carried out through the planning, implementation and evaluation stages. (2) There is an increase in students' learning motivation for social studies after using animation media compared to before using animation media from what was in the moderate category to the very good category. (3) There is an effect of using animation media on social studies learning motivation of fifth grade students at SD Negeri Kalirejo, Bagelen, Purworejo.