Full Deposit Insurance Research Articles

The long-run effects of risk: an equilibrium approach

Advanced economies tend to have large financial sectors which can be vulnerable to crises. We employ a DSGE model with banks featuring limited liability to investigate how risk shocks in the financial sector affect long-run macroeconomic outcomes. With full deposit insurance, banks expand balance sheets when risk increases, leading to higher investment and output. With no deposit insurance, we observe substantial drops in long-run credit provision, investment, and output. Reducing moral hazard by lowering the fraction of reimbursed deposits in case of bank default increases the probability of bank default in equilibrium. The long-run probability of bank default under a regime with no deposit insurance is more than 50% higher than under a regime with full deposit insurance for high levels of risk. These differences provide a novel argument in favor of deposit insurance. Our welfare analysis finds that increased risk always reduces welfare, except when there is full deposit insurance and deadweight costs from default are small.

Problems and Major risks in the Banking Sector of Azerbaijan

Aim. The presented study aims to perform a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of problems and risks in the banking sector of Azerbaijan and to develop recommendations for improving the efficiency and reliability of its functioning in accordance with national interests.Tasks. The author shows the key problems and risks in the country’s banking sector, focusing on dollarization as the main risk; investigates the content and causes of dollarization; examines new trends, particularly the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the banking sector of Azerbaijan.Methods. A systems approach to identifying the major factors affecting the development of the banking sector in Azerbaijan serves as the methodological basis of this study. The author also uses the methods of scientific analysis, such as the statistical method, comparative, fundamental, and functional analysis, and expert assessment. The study reflects the ideas set forth in the scientific works of economists on the problems of the institutional development of the banking system in the country under consideration.Results. According to the results of the study, the patterns and current problems in the development of the banking sector of Azerbaijan after the devaluation of 2015 are identified. Its major risks and current state are analyzed, and the reasons for the dollarization of the economy as the main channel of risk for the banking sector of Azerbaijan are determined. In addition, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on this sector is analyzed.Conclusions. Positive and negative aspects are identified by performing a risk analysis of the banking sector of Azerbaijan. On the positive side, there are large strategic monetary reserves, a relatively low level of public debt, a single authority for regulating and supervising financial markets, basic risk management elements, and full deposit insurance. The vulnerabilities of the banking sector of Azerbaijan include fragile capital positions of the banking system, high credit risks of banks, low capitalization of banks, lack of legal mechanisms for regulating and selling non-performing assets, lack of effective tools for the rehabilitation and restructuring of banks, weak corporate governance in the financial services sector, low financial literacy, increased monetary and credit risks in the banking sector.

Limited deposit insurance coverage and bank competition

Abstract Deposit insurance designs in many countries place a limit on the coverage of deposits in each bank. However, no limits are placed on the number of accounts held with different banks. Therefore, under limited deposit insurance, some consumers open accounts with different banks to achieve higher or full deposit insurance coverage. We compare three regimes of deposit insurance: no deposit insurance, unlimited deposit insurance, and limited deposit insurance. We show that limited deposit insurance weakens competition among banks and reduces total welfare relative to no or unlimited deposit insurance.

Limited Deposit Insurance Coverage and Bank Competition

Deposit insurance schemes in many countries place a limit on the coverage of deposits in each bank. However, no limits are placed on the number of accounts held with different banks. Therefore, under limited deposit insurance, some consumers open accounts with different banks to achieve higher or full deposit insurance coverage. We compare three regimes of deposit insurance: No deposit insurance, unlimited deposit insurance, and limited deposit insurance. We show that limited deposit insurance weakens competition among banks and reduces total welfare relative to no or unlimited deposit insurance.

Limited Deposit Insurance Coverage and Bank Competition

Deposit insurance schemes in many countries place a limit on the coverage of deposits in each bank. However, no limits are placed on the number of accounts held with different banks. Therefore, under limited deposit insurance, some consumers open accounts with different banks to achieve higher or full deposit insurance coverage. We compare three regimes of deposit insurance: No deposit insurance, unlimited deposit insurance, and limited deposit insurance. We show that limited deposit insurance weakens competition among banks and reduces total welfare relative to no or unlimited deposit insurance.

Limited Deposit Insurance Coverage and Bank Competition

Deposit insurance designs in many countries place a limit on the coverage of deposits in each bank. However, no limits are placed on the number of accounts held with different banks. Therefore, under limited deposit insurance, some consumers open accounts with different banks to achieve higher or full deposit insurance coverage. We compare three regimes of deposit insurance: No deposit insurance, unlimited deposit insurance, and limited deposit insurance. We show that limited deposit insurance weakens competition among banks and reduces total welfare relative to no or unlimited deposit insurance.

A model of the interactions between asset prices bubble bursts and twin crises

This study develops a model to analyze the Interactions between twin crises—the banking crisis and the currency crisis—and their coincidence with the asset prices bubble bursts. Results show that the origin of both crises comes from agents worrying about the upcoming asset prices bubble bursts when bad economic fundamentals are announced. There are multiple equilibria crises in both two systems. Twin crises are caused by deteriorated fundamentals and fundamental-driven self-fulfilling prophecy. Our model offers some policy implications. First, it is unable to prevent twin crises by suspending deposit convertibility, full deposit insurance and financial dollarization. Second, suspension of currency convertibility can prevent a currency crisis, but not a banking crisis. However, the effect of lender of last resort is ambiguous. Finally, strict risk supervision and minimum capital requirements each can curtail twin crises.

Deposit insurance and moral hazard problem: the case of Turkish banking system

We investigate the effect of full deposit insurance introduced in 1994 on the financial performance of Turkish commercial banks. We construct a model, under reasonable assumptions, with deposit insurance where banks undertake excessive risk – moral hazard risk. Empirical investigation using experimental design approach supports our moral hazard hypothesis. Our findings indicate that banks subject to the moral hazard behaviour show significant increases in foreign exchange position risk and deterioration in capital adequacy relative to their benchmark after introduction of full deposit insurance system. We relate this excessive risk-taking to the moral hazard behaviour by commercial banks. The research results indicate that complete deposit insurance system distorts the incentive structure of commercial banks and thus, prevents proper functioning of market discipline mechanism and leads to the taking excessive risk-taking.

Market Reaction to Risky Banks: Did Generous Deposit Guarantee Change It?

Summary Turkey experienced a massive banking crisis in February 2001, resulting in the loss of more than a thousand managerial jobs and the closure of 21% of all bank branches in the market. In this paper, we study the behavior of the market and the banks in Turkey before the crisis, from 1988 to 2000, which includes the period of full deposit insurance. The empirical results showed that not only depositors but also borrowers reacted negatively to risky banks and punished them even more during the period of generous government guarantee. However, in the same period, banks were found to increase their moral hazard behavior significantly. Although the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank recommend explicit deposit insurance for developing countries, the findings of this paper suggest that deposit insurance may not be an effective policy tool to improve market confidence, and it does not guarantee a stable economic environment even when the market reacts negatively to the moral hazard behavior of banks.

FULL DEPOSIT INSURANCE AND THE MORAL HAZARD PROBLEM: THE CASE OF THE TURKISH BANKING SYSTEM

This paper analyzes the effects of the full deposit insurance system introduced in 1994 on the financial performance of Turkish commercial banks using the experimental design approach. The research findings support the moral hazard hypothesis. The findings indicate that banks subject to moral hazard behavior show significant increases in foreign exchange position risk and deterioration in capital adequacy relative to their benchmark after the introduction of the full deposit insurance system. This excessive risk-taking is related to the moral hazard behavior by commercial banks. The research results indicate that the complete deposit insurance system distorts the incentive structure of commercial banks and thus prevents the proper functioning of the market discipline mechanism and leads to excessive risk-taking.

Lender of Last Resort and the Moral Hazard Problem

The paper considers a model in which limited liability causes an asset substitution problem for banks. The problem can at times become so severe that the current regulatory framework - based on a combination of effectively full deposit insurance, minimum capital requirements and prudential supervision - proves inadequate for mitigating the moral hazard. Against this background, consideration is given to the question of how, and at what cost, an increase in market discipline would improve incentives. Finally, the additional microeconomic incentive effects of lender of last resort (LOLR) arrangements in the various alternatives is discussed. In conclusion, it is argued that LOLR arrangements in which the terms of liquidity support depend on the bank's risk profile can be effective in improving the bank's incentives to make the desired risk choice in the first place.

Subordinated debt, market discipline, and banks' risk taking

The present paper demonstrates the ambiguous impact of subordinated debt on the risk-taking incentives of banks. It is shown that in comparison with full deposit insurance, subordinated debt reduces risk only if banks can credibly commit to a given level of risk. If, however, banks are not able to commit, subordinated debt leads to an increase in risk. This is because due to limited liability banks always have an incentive to increase their risk after the interest rate is contracted in order to reduce the expected costs of debt. Rational debt holders anticipate this behavior and accordingly require a higher risk premium ex ante. The higher interest rates in turn further aggravate the excessive risk-taking incentives of banks.

Financial opening, deposit insurance, and risk in a model of banking competition

We study the impact of competition on banks’ risk-taking behavior under different assumptions about deposit insurance and the dissemination of information. While financial opening increases banks’ riskiness, a risk-based deposit insurance or, alternatively, the public disclosure of financial information, are likely to mitigate this effect. Moreover, the limiting cases of uninsured but fully informed depositors, and risk-based full deposit insurance, yield the same equilibrium risk level. Although the welfare consequences of increased competition depend on its impact on risk, financial opening unambiguously improves welfare as we approach the limiting cases.

Financial Opening, Deposit Insurance, and Risk in a Model of Banking Competition

This paper studies the impact of competition on the determination of interest rates and banks` risk-taking behavior under different assumptions about deposit insurance and the dissemination of financial information. It finds that lower entry costs foster competition in deposit rate sand reduce banks` incentives to limit risk exposure. Although higher insurance coverage amplifies this effect, two alternative arrangements (risk-based contributions to the insurance fund and public disclosure of financial information) help to reduce it. Moreover, uninsured but fully informed depositors and risk-based full deposit insurance yield the same equilibrium risk level, which is independent of entry costs. The welfare implications of the different arrangements are also explored.

Financial Opening, Deposit Insurance, and Risk in a Model of Banking Competition

This paper studies the impact of competition on the determination of interest rates and banks’ risk-taking behavior under different assumptions about deposit insurance and the dissemination of financial information. It finds that lower entry costs foster competition in deposit rate sand reduce banks’ incentives to limit risk exposure. Although higher insurance coverage amplifies this effect, two alternative arrangements (risk-based contributions to the insurance fund and public disclosure of financial information) help to reduce it. Moreover, uninsured but fully informed depositors and risk-based full deposit insurance yield the same equilibrium risk level, which is independent of entry costs. The welfare implications of the different arrangements are also explored.