Full Arguments Research Articles

DeFi Common Sense: Crypto‐backed Lending in Janesh s/o Rajkumar v Unknown Person (‘CHEFPIERRE’)

One of the selling points of cryptoassets has been the ability to subject them to so‐called ‘smart contracts’ embedded upon blockchains; yet, despite numerous common law decisions accepting cryptoassets as property, until Janesh s/o Rajkumar v Unknown Person (‘CHEFPIERRE’) no courts have had the occasion to consider how such property (in this case, an NFT) interact with these ‘smart contracts’. The case considers ‘smart contracts’ in the context of decentralised finance (DeFi), thus also raising questions concerning the legal effectiveness and prudence of using cryptoassets as objects of security. Although the non‐participation of the defendant meant that the court was deprived of full arguments, the judgment remains worthy of consideration, both for what the court does consider – specifically, criticisms of the Ainsworth test of property – and what it does not.

Enterprising Academics: Heterarchical Policy Networks for Artificial Intelligence in British Higher Education

Purpose There is limited scholarship on artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education governance, despite the growing prevalence of AI-powered technologies in many fields, including education. However, as the technology is still nascent and has yet to reach its full potential, ideas and arguments abound, championing or cautioning against the use of these technologies. Design/Approach/Methods To fill this gap in research on policy networks and AI in British higher education, this article employs network ethnography and discourse analysis to study how ideas about AI-powered technologies in higher education circulate in policy networks in the United Kingdom. Findings The findings evidence a policy network showing signs of a heterarchy permeated by neoliberal rationales and populated by policy actors actively promoting artificial intelligence technologies to be used in education. Originality/Value This paper builds on existing research by looking at the university and not-for-profit sectors, in addition to the governmental and educational technology sectors. Using network ethnography, this article expands our understanding of the policy actors involved and critically analyzes ideas regarding the use of AI in education.

Assessing the Influence of Supreme Court’s Shadow Docket in the Judicial Hierarchy

The Supreme Court’s increased use of the “shadow docket” and the salience of the issues handled on the shadow docket have raised normative concerns over its use. Critics argue that the Supreme Court should not make law without following established procedures of a full briefing, oral arguments, and deliberation. Those seeking to defend the Court point out that decisions made on the shadow docket do not create binding precedent and only resolve the issue before the Court. We examine whether shadow docket decisions are used as precedent by lower courts. We come to two general conclusions. First, shadow docket cases are invoked as precedent much less frequently than merits docket cases. Second, shadow docket cases receive more engagement from the lower courts when the Supreme Court provides a justification for its shadow docket decision and when the Supreme Court grants relief and thereby changes the status quo. Our results help evaluate and provide responses to the normative criticisms of the Court’s reliance on the shadow docket to create law.

Preschool children’s mathematical arguments in play-based activities

The present study examines the structure and mathematical content of children’s mathematical arguments as part of communication in play-based activities. It shows how Nordin and Boistrup’s (The Journal of Mathematical Behavior 51:15–27, 2018) framework for identifying and reconstructing mathematical arguments, which includes Toulmin’s model of argumentation, the notion of anchoring (Lithner, Educational Studies in Mathematics 67:255–276, 2008) and a multimodal approach, can be used to identify and explore preschool children’s mathematical arguments. Two different types of argument that occurred during play-based activities were identified: partial arguments and full arguments. The findings reveal the extensive use of multimodal interactions in all parts of the children’s mathematical arguments. Moreover, the findings point to the crucial role of adults as dialogue collaborators in the argumentation that emerges in the play-based activities.

Argument Types Affect Children's Acquisition of a Novel Argument Structure.

Acquisition of an argument structure may be affected by the diversity of lexical types that appear in that structure (Conwell etal., 2011; Yang, 2016). Seventy-two 5- and 6-year-old English-speaking children completed a learning study where they were exposed to a novel argument structure and then tested on their ability to comprehend it. The number of verb types heard in the learning phase did not predict comprehension at test. However, learning with only full noun phrase arguments resulted in lower comprehension of the structure, particularly with pronouns. Hearing pronouns during learning supported comprehension of all argument types at test. These results indicate that pronominal arguments support argument structure learning by providing multiple cues that can facilitate thematic role assignment.

Topological methods for the resonant [formula omitted]-curvature problem in arbitrary even dimension

This paper is devoted to the problem of existence of conformal metrics with prescribed Q-curvature on closed Riemannian manifolds of even dimension n≥4, when the kernel of the associated GJMS operator is trivial and the total integral of the corresponding Q-curvature is a positive integer multiple of the one of the n-dimensional round sphere. Indeed, exploiting the variational structure of the problem, we develop a full Morse theory and algebraic topological arguments for existence for this non-compact geometric variational problem of high order, extending the works Ahmedou and Ndiaye (2019) and Ndiaye (2015) to arbitrary even dimensions.

The Peaceful Co-existence of Input Frequency and Structural Intervention Effects on the Comprehension of Complex Sentences in German-Speaking Children.

The predictions of two contrasting approaches to the acquisition of transitive relative clauses were tested within the same groups of German-speaking participants aged from 3 to 5 years old. The input frequency approach predicts that object relative clauses with inanimate heads (e.g., the pullover that the man is scratching) are comprehended earlier and more accurately than those with an animate head (e.g., the man that the boy is scratching). In contrast, the structural intervention approach predicts that object relative clauses with two full NP arguments mismatching in number (e.g., the man that the boys are scratching) are comprehended earlier and more accurately than those with number-matching NPs (e.g., the man that the boy is scratching). These approaches were tested in two steps. First, we ran a corpus analysis to ensure that object relative clauses with number-mismatching NPs are not more frequent than object relative clauses with number-matching NPs in child directed speech. Next, the comprehension of these structures was tested experimentally in 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds respectively by means of a color naming task. By comparing the predictions of the two approaches within the same participant groups, we were able to uncover that the effects predicted by the input frequency and by the structural intervention approaches co-exist and that they both influence the performance of children on transitive relative clauses, but in a manner that is modulated by age. These results reveal a sensitivity to animacy mismatch already being demonstrated by 3-year-olds and show that animacy is initially deployed more reliably than number to interpret relative clauses correctly. In all age groups, the animacy mismatch appears to explain the performance of children, thus, showing that the comprehension of frequent object relative clauses is enhanced compared to the other conditions. Starting with 4-year-olds but especially in 5-year-olds, the number mismatch supported comprehension—a facilitation that is unlikely to be driven by input frequency. Once children fine-tune their sensitivity to verb agreement information around the age of four, they are also able to deploy number marking to overcome the intervention effects. This study highlights the importance of testing experimentally contrasting theoretical approaches in order to characterize the multifaceted, developmental nature of language acquisition.

Assisted suicide and assisted voluntary euthanasia: Stransham-Ford High Court case overruled by the Appeal Court - but the door is left open.

Whether persons wishing to have doctor-assisted suicide or voluntary active euthanasia may make a court application based on their rights in the Constitution has not been answered by the Appeal Court. Therefore, if Parliament does not intervene beforehand, such applications can be made - provided the applicants have legal standing, full arguments are presented regarding local and foreign law, and the application evidence is comprehensive and accurate. The Appeal Court indicated that the question should be answered by Parliament because 'issues engaging profound moral questions beyond the remit of judges to determine, should be decided by the representatives of the people of the country as a whole'. However, the Government has not implemented any recommendations on doctor-assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia made by the South African Law Commission 20 years ago. The courts may still develop the law on doctor-assisted death, which may take into account developments in medical practice. Furthermore, 'the possibility of a special defence for medical practitioners or carers would arise and have to be explored'.

Well-posedness and convergence of the Lindblad master equation for a quantum harmonic oscillator with multi-photon drive and damping

We consider the model of a quantum harmonic oscillator governed by a Lindblad master equation where the typical drive and loss channels are multi-photon processes instead of single-photon ones; this implies a dissipation operator of order 2 k with integer k > 1 for a k -photon process. We prove that the corresponding PDE makes the state converge, for large time, to an invariant subspace spanned by a set of k selected basis vectors; the latter physically correspond to so-called coherent states with the same amplitude and uniformly distributed phases. We also show that this convergence features a finite set of bounded invariant functionals of the state (physical observables), such that the final state in the invariant subspace can be directly predicted from the initial state. The proof includes the full arguments towards the well-posedness of the corresponding dynamics in proper Banach spaces of Hermitian trace-class operators equipped with adapted nuclear norms. It relies on the Hille−Yosida theorem and Lyapunov convergence analysis.

Réflexion théorique sur la place des mécanismes cognitifs mnésiques et temporels dans l’addiction

IntroductionAddictions can be regarded as cognitive disorders related to neurobiological impairments. On the one hand, some cognitive impairments occur as a result of substance intake and withdrawal upon stopping intake, while, on the other hand, cognitive mechanisms are responsible for initiating and maintaining addiction. In this review, we detail the memory and temporal mechanisms involved in this pathology. MethodologyWe reviewed the literature dedicated to the mechanisms of conditioning association between a substance and a context, and the memory and temporal mechanisms involved in the maintenance of addiction. Cognitive impairments in this context are accompanied by both short-term and long-term neurobiological disorders. ResultsDrug-context conditioning is dependent on learning abilities in rats and humans, and it is the first step towards the development of an addiction. In fact, with the beginning of an addiction, it is the context associated with the substance intake, which determines the reinforcing factors (such as pleasure in the case of drug consumption) for the development of an addiction. Maintenance of addiction is related to the persistence of this association between context and substance. Furthermore, the impulsiveness of patients renders them unable to delay their gratification. Consequently, even if delayed gratifications are more valuable, patients prefer immediate gratification such as substance use. DiscussionThe memory and temporal mechanisms of addiction are central to the initiation and maintenance of drug addiction. They also affect patients’ ability to develop projects for the future. The salience of the memory association between drug and context is accompanied by a decline in autobiographical memories, which become poor and lacking in detail. It is probably these impairments which are responsible for the difficulty that the patients have while investigating their story during psychotherapy. On the other hand, given that even though delayed gratification is greater patients prefer immediate gratification, they have difficulty making plans for the future and constructing their own personality. These cognitive impairments are sustained by neurobiological correlates such as dopamine dysregulation in the short-term and changes in neural plasticity in the cortico-meso-limbic system in the long term. ConclusionWe reviewed full arguments which highlight that addiction is mediated by cognitive mechanisms which are related on the one hand to clinical symptoms and, on the other hand, to neurobiological alterations. According to the literature, memory and time mechanisms seem to be central to the initiation and maintenance of addictive behaviours. More research is needed to improve our knowledge of the cognitive mechanisms of addiction and to develop new tools for treating patients.

The Sherpa and the Sage: Neville on the Determinate and the Possible

robert neville deserves congratulations on the completion of his magnum opus and obviously on the life of study and reflection that led to it. We meet at the foot of Pike’s Peak, looking up at over 14,000 feet of solid stuff. Perhaps neville created a Pike’s Peak of words, but more importantly, he scaled a much greater everest of thought. his new, three-volume effort delivers the results of that climbing more than the full arguments. The full arguments are to be found in the many “journals” neville kept during his regular climbs in various ranges of human thought. All of that effort and exploration, recorded in over twenty previous books, led to this most magnificent climb called Philosophical Theology. neville is among the few philosophers of his generation who was not tempted to slide onto the easy path of mere criticism, or to rest at the halfway point of original scholarship. leaving these comfortable plateaus aside, he pressed upward to the rarified atmosphere of original philosophical thought, seeking to converse, firsthand, with the immortals, from master Kung and socrates to heidegger and Whitehead. one could get a serious case of edema at that height, and it is a long way to fall if you lose your grip. your cherished system could plummet into a chasm so obscure that no one would ever see it again. Thus, in an age of professionalization, when successful careers were found in the foothills (or even the valleys and swamps) of human intellectual endeavor, robert neville looked up instead of down, as if to ask: “did we not have sufficient climbers through the ages who showed the way up the face? did we not have fine analogues to the sherpa people among the best scholars, scholars who visit the peaks and deliver descriptions of the view to those below, and who serve as guides to those daring enough to climb? if so, then why shouldn’t we, too, scale the rugged face of creative thinking?” Yes, indeed, we do have scholarly climbers and other guides. but i think neville has always wanted to live up there near the summit, to chat with the immortals, even to correct them on some important points, to be visited by the wisdom seekers and to reward the scholarly sherpas he sees most often, sending messages down to the mortals in the valleys and swamps by means of them (messages largely unheard, sadly). __s __n

Case assignment, case concord, and the quantificational case construction

Abstract This paper examines a controversial and particularly complex case phenomenon called quantificational case attested in a number of historically unrelated Slavonic and Finno-Ugric languages, and attempts to establish certain novel cross-linguistic generalizations and conclusions. In particular, it will be argued that (i) instead of standard one-to-one case assignment, in which one case assigner is case-related to one case assignee, a many-to-many case flow is attested; (ii) nominal case is not a privilege of full DPs, arguments or thematic roles; (iii) case reflects either local or nonlocal functional structure, whether in the verbal or nominal domain; and that (iv) there is no distinction between case assignment and case concord. An analysis is provided using the probe–goal system of recent minimalist theory, although some modifications to this system are required. In particular, the system is generalized to cover the reported instances of many-to-many case assignment in which one probe can affect several goals and several probes can affect the case features of the one and the same goal.

Encoding three-participant events in the Lao clause

Any language will have a range of predicates that specify three core participants (e.g. ‘put’, ‘show’, ‘give’), and will conventionally provide a range of constructional types for the expression of these three participants in a structured single-clause or single-sentence event description. This article examines the clausal encoding of three-participant events in Lao, a Tai language of Southeast Asia. There is no possibility in Lao for expression of three full arguments in the core of a single-verb clause (although it is possible to have a third argument in a noncore slot, marked as oblique with a prepositionlike element). Available alternatives include extraposing an argument using a topic-comment construction, incorporating an argument into the verb phrase, and ellipsing one or more contextually retrievable arguments. A more common strategy is verb serialization, for example, where a threeplace verb (e.g. ‘put’) is assisted by an additional verb (typically a verb of handling such as ‘carry’) that provides a slot for the theme argument (e.g. the transferred object in a putting scene). The event construal encoded by this type of structure decomposes the event into a first stage in which the agent comes into control over a theme, and a second in which the agent performs a controlled action (e.g. of transfer) with respect to that theme and a

Word Order Pragmatics and Narrative Functions in Garrwa*

This paper presents an analysis of the order of full noun phrase arguments with respect to the verb in Garrwa non-personal narrative. Word order in this corpus is shown to be motivated by a combination of established pragmatic relations (here characterized as kontrast and rheme, following Vallduví & Vilkuna 1998), and some specific narrative functions relating to perspective structure (eg. shifts from one character's perspective to another). I also argue that the particular patterns found in the Garrwa corpus are related to its status as a verb initial language, typologically unusual in the Australian context. The results present a nice illustration of the need for close discourse based analyses of word order pragmatics, before universal primitive notions like ‘focus’ and ‘topic’, terms which have been commonly used in the Australianist literature, should be adopted.

Belief revision and uncertain reasoning

When a new piece of information contradicts a currently held belief, one has to modify the set of beliefs in order to restore its consistency. In the case where it is necessary to give up a belief, some of them are less likely to be abandoned than others. The concept of epistemic entrenchment is used by some AI approaches to explain this fact based on formal properties of the belief set (e.g., transitivity). Two experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that contrary to such views, (i) belief is naturally represented by degrees rather than in an all-or-nothing manner, (ii) entrenchment is primarily a matter of content and not only a matter of form, and (iii) consequently prior degree of belief is a powerful factor of change. The two experiments used Elio and Pelletier's (1997) paradigm in which participants were presented with full simple deductive arguments whose conclusion was denied, following which they were asked to decide which premise to revise.

The Enforcement of a Taiwanese Arbitration Award

[ Explanatory Note : During a recent seminar held in Hong Kong, it became apparent that lawyers and businessmen in Taiwan have the impression that arbitration awards made in Taiwan would not be recognised or enforced in other jurisdictions due to the non-recognition of Taiwan by other states. The seminar decided to devote one session to this topic; and with the enthusiastic support of two members of the Hong Kong Bar, Mr John Scott for the Applicants and Mr Joseph Fok for the Respondents, Mr David Sutton devised a judicial scenario over which Sir Michael Kerr presided (recently retired from the English Court of Appeal). There was a large audience of practitioners, including Hong Kong judges, who were all supplied with a summary of the facts. David Sutton had drafted the necessary court documents, and the two Counsel then produced full skeleton arguments, which the learned Judge received – as he often would in the Court of Appeal in London – partly on the previous evening and partly on the morning of the hearing. To avoid any embarrassing suggestion that the learned Judge might be competent to express any views on the law of Hong Kong, the mock application was forensically transferred from the Hong Kong Club and sited in London. Each Counsel had about 45 minutes to argue his case. While the learned Judge was trying to compose notes for a judgment at the back of the hall, there was a period of about half an hour for comments from the floor (an unusual phenomenon for a court hearing). An extempore judgment was then given on the lines set out below. Fortunately there is no possibility of it being reversed on appeal – except perhaps by contributors to subsequent issues of this journal.] This is an application to the …

Making Sense of Literature

In this commonsense approach to the fundamental issues involved in understanding and evaluating literary works, John Reichert examines the method and structure of rational critical argument and its relationship to the nature of reading. With clarity and vigor, he shows how we can cut through competing critical languages to sort right readings from wrong ones, better from worse. His incisive analyses are augmented by illustrations from distinguished critics writing about major literary works. Reichert considers criticism broadly as the imparting of one's understanding of a poem or play or novel to another reader. When the rhetorical function of critical language is recognized, seemingly distinct approaches to literature can be seen as different though often compatible means to a single end. He contends that the critic's job is not to report a personal response but to describe how a reader any reader ought to respond to a particular work. This necessitates postulating the author's intention at every turn, so that criticism becomes an account of what the author does to the reader by means of the work. Taking off from recent developments in the philosophy of language, Reichert proposes answers to questions such as: What is involved in the understanding ofmetaphor, irony, and fiction? What knowledge must the reader bring to the text to understand it? And in what ways may the meaning of the text be regarded as stable? He sets out to refute attempts by Beardsley, Peckham, Kermode, Culler, and Ellis, among others, to define the essential nature or function of literature. Finally, with a simple account of how the everyday assessments we make of people and actions apply to literary works, Reichert demonstrates that full evaluative arguments are never purely formal or literary, but always, in a broad sense, moral.

PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATIONS: IS JUSTICE SERVED OR OBSTRUCTED BY CLOSING THE DOCTOR'S MOUTH ON THE WITNESS STAND?

Excerpt Physicians and surgeons are required by the ethics of their profession to preserve the secrets of their patients which have been communicated to them or learned from the inspection of sympt...