Full Answer Research Articles

Defence Disclosure: Is the Right to Full Answer the Right to Ambush

In Canada, a complete set of codified defence disclosure rules does not exist. Rather, these rules exist in piecemeal form, some being statutory, some common law and others in place for the sake of expedience. Like the Crown, the defence is required to disclose at the investigative, pretrial and trial stages. Although defence disclosure appears to run contrary to the accused's right to silence and the right to make full answer and defence, it is emphasized that these rights are not absolute. They must be assessed against other Charter principles. The accused, for example, rarely remains silent until the final stages of the trial to subsequently "ambush " the Crown with his or her defence. The "ambush" defence, perceived as a strategic advantage, denies fundamental principles of fairness and ultimately hinders the search for truth. The author examines the numerous benefits of codifying the procedural rules. A clear statement of disclosure obligations, for example, would avoid lengthy debates over disclosure rules and thus ultimately lead to quicker resolution of the real issue. Further, should they operate unfairly against either party, the court would be in a position to waive them. Due to the many advantages and the corresponding lack of disadvantages such legislation would confer, it is strongly urged that a set of procedural disclosure rules be statutorily enacted.

Charter Roadblocks to Defence Disclosure

This article examines the issue of compelled defence disclosure in light of the framework for discovery set out in Stinchcombe v. The Queen and s. 7 of the Charter. The author contends that the introduction of compelled defence disclosure into the Canadian criminal law system would be inappropriate given the current s. 7 Charter analysis. The principles of Crown disclosure gleaned from Stinchcombe and current rationales for imposing obligations of disclosure on the defence are reviewed. The impact upon the accused's right to silence, right to make full answer and defence, and the right against self-incrimination, is used to illustrate the inadequacies of the current justifications for compelled defence disclosure. The author concludes that while incremental expansion of particular existing defence obligations to disclose may be appropriate, it appears that the constitutional barriers to implementing full reciprocal defence disclosure in Canada are complete and just.

Attainment of Tightness in Boolean Spaces

We consider some questions of Donald Monk related to attainment of the tightness function in Boolean spaces. Then we prove in ZFC that attainment of tightness in the sense of the definition does not imply attainment of tightness in the free sequence sense. Our results give rise to full answers to [2, Problems 41, 42].

Submolecular adventures of brain tyrosine: what are we searching for now?

This overview summarizes recent findings on the role of tyrosyl radical (TyrO(*)) in the multitudinous neurochemical systems of brain, and theorizes on the putative role of TyrO(*) in neurological disorders [Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)]. TyrO(*) and tyrosine per se can interact with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) via radical mechanisms and chain propagating reactions. The concentration of TyrO(*), ROS and RNS can increase dramatically under conditions of generalized stress: oxidative, nitrative or reductive as well, and this can induce damage directly (by lipid peroxidation) or indirectly (by proteins oxidation and/or nitration), potentially causing apoptotic neuronal cell death or autoschizis. Evidence of lesion-induced neuronal oxidative stress includes the presence of protein peroxides (TyrOOH), DT (o,o'-dityrosine) and 3-NT (3-nitrotyrosine). Mechanistic details of protein- and enzymatic oxidation/nitration in vivo remain unresolved, although recent in vitro data strongly implicate free radical pathways via TyrO(*). Nitration/denitration processes can be pathological, but they also may play: 1). a signal transduction role, because nitration of tyrosine residues through TyrO(*) formation can modulate, as well the phosphorylation (tyrosine kinases activity) and/or tyrosine hydroxylation (tyrosine hydroxylase inactivation), leading to consequent dopamine synthesis failure and increased degradation of target proteins, respectively; 2). a role of "blocker" for radical-radical reactions (scavenging of NO(*), NO(*)(2) and CO(3)(*-) by TyrO(*)); 3). a role of limiting factors for peroxynitrite formation, by lowering O(2)(*-) formation, which is strongly linked to the pathogenesis of neural diseases. It is still not known if tyrosine oxidation/nitration via TyrO(*) formation is 1). a footprint of generalized stress and neuronal disorders, or 2). an important part of O(2)(*-) and NO(*) metabolism, or 3). merely a part of integral processes for maintaining of neuronal homeostasis. The full answer to these questions should be of top research priority, as the problem of increased free radical formation in brain and/or imbalance of the ratios ROS/RNS/TyrO(*) may be all important in defining whether oxidative stress is the critical determinant of tissue and neural cell injury that leads to pathological end-points.

Modular Categories and Orbifold Models

In this paper, we try to answer the following question: given a modular tensor category $\A$ with an action of a compact group $G$, is it possible to describe in a suitable sense the ``quotient'' category $\A/G$? We give a full answer in the case when $\A=\vec$ is the category of vector spaces; in this case, $\vec/G$ turns out to be the category of representation of Drinfeld's double $D(G)$. This should be considered as category theory analog of topological identity ${pt}//G=BG$. This implies a conjecture of Dijkgraaf, Vafa, E. Verlinde and H. Verlinde regarding so-called orbifold conformal field theories: if $\V$ is a vertex operator algebra which has a unique irreducible module, $\V$ itself, and $G$ is a compact group of automorphisms of $\V$, and some not too restricitive technical conditions are satisfied, then $G$ is finite, and the category of representations of the algebra of invariants, $\V^G$, is equivalent as a tensor category to the category of representations of Drinfeld's double $D(G)$. We also get some partial results in the non-holomorphic case, i.e. when $\V$ has more than one simple module.

The stability of stationary rotation of a regular vortex polygon.

This paper is devoted to the Lord Kelvin's (1878) problem on stability of the stationary rotation of the system of n equal vortices located in the vertices of a regular n-gon. During the last decades this problem again became actual in connection with the investigation of point vortices in liquid helium and electron columns in plasma physics. This regime is described by the explicit solution of the Kirchhoff equations. The corresponding eigenvalue problem for the linearization matrix can be also decided explicitly. This was used in the works of Thomson (1883) and Havelock (1931) to obtain exhaustive results on the linear stability. Kurakin (1994) proved that for n</=6 also the nonlinear orbital stability takes place. The case n=7 was doubtful-one can find in the literature statements about both stability and instability with incomplete or erroneous proofs. In this paper we prove that for n=7 the nonlinear stability still takes place. Thus the full answer to Kelvin's question is that the regular vortex n-gon is stable at n</=7, while at n>/=8 it is unstable. We also present the general theory of stationary motions of a dynamical system with symmetry group. The definitions of stability and instability are necessary to modify in the specific case of stationary regimes. We do not assume that the system is conservative. Thus, the results can be applied not only to various stationary regimes of an ideal fluid flows but, for instance, also to motions of viscous fluids. (c) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Public Identity in Defining the Boundaries of Public and Private: The Example of Latent Anti-Semitism

THOSE who study everyday communication know that people evaluate the situation in which they will communicate with their partners before communication actually begins. In this evaluation they primarily determine whether they should follow the rules that govern public or private communication. The act of communication itself occurs through constant reevaluation of the situation , the goal of which is to develop a consensus about the public or private nature of the communication engaged in. Such evaluation of the private or public nature of an interaction is perhaps the most common example of defining the borders of public and private spheres. As researchers dealing with latent public opinion have shown (Angelusz, 1996a), the main factor determining whether opinions are hidden or clearly manifested is the political and social system , mainly through the structure of the public realm. On the one hand, opinions may be hard to identify in the course of research because the members of the society in question do not readily form opinions about relevant subjects. On the other hand, some individuals in society hide their opinions because of “a refined attempt to seek psychological advantage, existential SOCIAL RESEARCH, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Spring 2002) Public Identity in Defining the Boundaries of Public and Private: The Example of Latent Anti-Semitism BY ANDRÁS KOVÁCS dependence, or a fear of the harder social consequences” (Angelusz, 1996a: 21.). Even in advanced democratic societies with well-functioning public realms, racial, religious, and other group prejudices belong in a category of opinions that are often kept hidden because their public expression would amount to an open breach of the consensus rejecting such views. As in the case of any other form of illegitimate public behavior, this would give rise to psychological conflicts and possibly even personal disadvantage . This observation has been verified through empirical research. Research on prejudice—and on anti-Semitism in particular— has revealed a strong latency pressure: respondents consider it risky to express anti-Jewish opinions. For example, in the course of a survey performed in Austria in the summer of 1991, 27 percent of those who took part in the survey avoided providing a response when they were asked whether the number of Jews in influential positions should be limited, while 31 percent refused to take a position on whether a law should regulate the amount of property or land Austrian Jews could obtain (Karmasin, 1992: 31-34). In Germany in 1989, 20 percent of respondents to a survey agreed with the statement, “If I am talking about Jews, I am always very careful, because it is very easy to get your fingers burnt,” while 15 percent stated that “I don’t tell just anybody what I think about Jews” (Bergmann and Erb, 1991b: 280). This same statement was accepted by 25 percent of respondents in a 1993 survey of Hungarian university students, while 52 percent of the same students thought that “if you say something bad about Jews, you are immediately branded an anti-Semite” (Kovács, 1997: 58). Using Luhmann’s definition (Luhmann, 1984: 458), scholars concerned with the problem of latency distinguish between two forms of latency. They speak of conscious or factual latency (people do not have developed opinions about certain issues), and of communicative or functional latency (participants in the communication hide their real opinions) (Bergmann and Erb, 1986, 1991a; Bellers, 1990). Opinions may be concealed in two ways: 180 SOCIAL RESEARCH respondents avoid addressing a problem even though they do hold opinions; or they declare views that are not their real perspective . Two types of motivation may explain why a respondent avoids answering survey questions. It may be that some people really have no developed opinions about the issues raised; the problems of the survey are of no interest to them. But it is also possible that the refusal to give a full answer is a means of hiding opinions. Using Luhmann’s categories, the first group is characterized by factual latency, the second group by communication latency. Gilljam and Granberg call the former “real nonattitudes or true negatives,” and the latter “pseudo-nonattitudes or false negatives” (Gilljam and Granberg, 1993: 349). * As we know, the public expression of racial, religious, or...

A NOTE ON FIXED POINTS OF CERTAIN RELATIVELY FREE NILPOTENT GROUPS

Let P be the variety of all polynilpotent groups of class row (c 1,…,cr ) and N c be the variety of all nilpotent groups of class c. In this note, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for a relatively free group Fn (P ∧ N c ) of finite rank n, with n ≥ 2, to have a non-trivial element fixed by every automorphism of Fn (P ∧ N c ). Using this condition and the works of Wever [6] and Burrow ([1] and [2]), we give a full answer to a Miasnikov's question.

Impacts of Overlapping International Regimes: The Case of Biodiversity

Recent decades have witnessed an upsurge in transborder environmental problems, as well as the creation of a large number of international arrangements to meet these challenges. From this has come scientific and political interest in understanding the actual factors that determine the effectiveness and successful implementation of international environmental agreements. These agreements have been negotiated without explicit measures to resolve the frequently conflicting goals of overlapping economic regimes. This raises the question of how such overlap may affect the formation and subsequent implementation of environmental regimes. The focus in this article is on the overlap between one environmental and one trade-related regime. These are the international Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) [1] and the trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPs) under the World Trade Organization (WTO). In response to the worldwide loss of species and ecosystem decay, the CBD was agreed to in Rio in 1992 and entered into force in 1993. One year later, the TRIPs agreement under the WTO was formally established. The CBD is concerned with conservation of biological diversity and equitable sharing of benefits derived from the world's genetic resources. [2] TRIPs, being part of a trade regime, seeks to discourage policies that obstruct trade liberalization in any area--including that of biotechnology, which is based on the utilization of genetic resources. How do the functional scopes of these institutions overlap and what are the implications for the operation of the CBD? I will argue that the overlap between the CBD and TRIPs conc erns both diverging norms and diverging regulations pertaining to the same issue area. At present, we lack both systematic mapping of types of institutional overlap and mapping of effects from overlap. There is little knowledge about how institutional overlap may affect the effectiveness of international environmental cooperation. [3] Clearly, within the scope of an article it is hardly possible to provide a full answer to these questions. The aim here is to propose a typology for approaching analysis of institutional overlap, develop some assumptions, and apply these to the analysis of the CBD and TRIPs. In the first part of the article, I propose a typology based on compatible and diverging norms and rules, in order to determine the scope and type of overlap. Against this backdrop, I develop assumptions concerning the scope for synergy and conflict in different situations of institutional overlap. In the second part, I study the two regimes--the CBD and TRIPs--in light of this framework, in order to illustrate how the typology may be used. Finally, I discuss the analytical implications of el aborating or diverging from traditional regime theory. The analysis of several regimes active in a single issue area may bring about lessons other than those that an isolated regime study might engender. This discussion is confined to how the overlapping regime approach may add to our understanding of the regime formation process, as it is premature to draw conclusions about impacts in the implementation phase. Overlapping International Institutions: Analytical Framework The analytical approach builds on theoretical contributions from the field of institutionalism and international relations--more specifically, regime and implementation studies. Regimes are often defined as implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given issue-area. [4] The term implementation is used to indicate deliberate efforts by national authorities to follow up their international commitments in domestic policies within the specific issue area. [5] Domestic implementation involves ratification, legislation establishing domestic policies, and programs aimed at following up international commitments at the national level. …

Sentinel node localization: do or dye alone?

The sentinel node concept is a revolutionary advance in cancer staging and has led to a flurry of research; the second biennial International Sentinel Node Conference has just been held. Sentinel node theory states that the sentinel node (or nodes) is the first lymph node to receive drainage from a tumour, having direct lymphatic connection with the tumour site. Histological scrutiny of such a node will determine whether metastasis to regional lymph node has occurred. The term was first coined by Cabanas in 1977 [1] in the context of penile carcinoma, but gained widespread interest in 1992 when Morton et al [2] applied the technique to patients with intermediate thickness malignant melanoma. The potential lies in those cancers where surgical excision of the tumour and regional draining lymph nodes are curative for early stage disease. However, elective regional nodal clearance (ELND) benefits only the minority of patients in this group who actually have occult regional lymph node metastases, and the technique itself has significant morbidity. Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) aims to improve management by targeting ELND to only those patients who will benefit from it. Interest has focused on malignant melanoma and breast carcinoma, but feasibility studies have been performed in vulval, cervical, head and neck, colorectal and gastric carcinoma. For the theory to apply, metastases should progress in a stepwise manner to the sentinel node first, rather than to nodes randomly, and this is thought to be true in melanoma where the incidence of skip metastases is less than 1% [2]. State-of-the-art technique requires sentinel node imaging and is a good example of a new application of ‘‘old’’ technology. In a modification of the lymphoscintigraphic techniques developed in the late 1970s, radiolabelled colloids (Tc nanocolloid in the UK) are injected in or around the tumour site, and drainage patterns and sentinel nodes are visualized with a gamma camera. The nodes are then marked on the skin surface and in theatre the surgeon uses patent blue dye to identify lymphatic tracks and sentinel nodes, guided by a hand-held gamma probe. Excised sentinel nodes are then sent for histological analysis and subsequent ELND is only performed on those whose sentinel nodes contain metastases. Good communication between radionuclide radiologist/physician, surgeon and histologist is essential. Do patients benefit? We do not have the full answer yet, but we are closest to it in melanoma. It has been fiercely debated whether patients with tumours of Breslow thickness 1–4 mm, of whom 20% will have occult nodal metastases, should have wide local excision (WLE) alone or ELND. A large multicentre trial (the American Intergroup Melanoma study) of WLE plus ELND vs WLE alone demonstrated significant survival benefit from WLE plus ELND in patients below 60 years, which was greatest for non-ulcerated melanomas 1–2 mm thick [3]. A similar World Health Organisation (WHO) trial of truncal melanomas 1.5–4 mm thick demonstrated significantly better 5-year survival rates in patients with nodal metastases at ELND compared with WLE alone (48.2% vs 26.6%) [4]. When lymphatic mapping and SNB are used to identify and stage nodal basins, those with negative sentinel nodes have a significantly better disease-free 3-year survival than those whose nodes are positive (88.5% vs 55.8%) [5]. With most centres reproducing high technical success rates in retrieving sentinel nodes, SNB is now a recognized staging procedure and the American Joint Committee for Cancer has revised its staging system for melanoma to include sentinel node status. The imminent results of the Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial should tell us whether SNB prolongs 5-year survival. Whilst that trial’s co-ordinators wish to wait before declaring SNB the standard of care for early melanoma, the WHO has already done so [6]. In the USA, ELND has been the standard of care, despite it being unnecessary in about 80% of cases. If SNB is introduced to decide who are the 20% of patients who need to go on to ELND, the projected healthcare savings to the USA are $172 million per year [7]. In the UK, where the standard of care has been WLE and ‘‘watchful waiting’’, the sentinel node procedure costs the Received 29 January 2001 and accepted 22 February 2001. The British Journal of Radiology, 74 (2001), 475–477 E 2001 The British Institute of Radiology

Minimal and non-minimal answers to yes-no questions

Against the theoretical and methodological background of conversation analysis (CA), the author addresses the issue of the contextual conditions for a specific type of grammatical phenomenon: answers to yes-no questions. She distinguishes five kinds of answers: two minimal ones, one next to minimal one, and two sentential types of answers. Minimal and non-minimal types of answers are shown to be doing different kinds of work in an interaction, full sentence answers addressing a wider range of features oriented to in the context either by the questioner or in the interpretation. The different types are placed along a confirmation-negation continuum.

Scott's Pageants: The Example of "Kenilworth"

KENILWORTH FALLS INTO THAT ABUNDANT CATEGORY OF SCOTT NOVELS forgotten by most twentieth-century readers, yet it is an important book in context both of Scott's career and of cultural history of novel. In some respects it marks apex of his popularity and influence. Brought out by Constable in January 1821 at literally unheard-of price of thirty-one shillings, it was first published in triple-decker format: a fact that in itself makes Kenilworth arguably most influential work of fiction of nineteenth century. Despite its high price, book sold briskly: 10,000o copies in first three weeks, another 3,000 in next month, a second edition within six weeks of first.(1) And if you read through contemporary reviews, what you find is one unending hymn of praise. In 1821 Author of Waverley was almost beyond criticism. Balzac called plot of Kenilworth the grandest, most complete, most extraordinary of Scott's achievements.(2) The novel's popularity lasted, too: Kenilworth was one of half-dozen Scott novels most often reprinted in nineteenth century. What did nineteenth-century readers respond to in Kenilworth that later readers have trouble discerning? The short answer, I believe, is spectacle. A fuller answer would involve an inquiry into way twentieth-century criticism has gone about writing history of novel. For all good work done over last twenty years on nineteenth-century fiction--and there has been a lot of it--when we come to write histories of form we continue too often to equate the novel with the of domestic realism. Such definitions exclude much more than they include, leaving vast tracts of prose narrative unaccounted for. If, as John Sutherland contends, map of nineteenth-century fiction has shrunk to Lilliputian dimensions,(3) that is partly because we remain enthralled by what we might call Jamesian theories of novel. By those criteria, narratives like Kenilworth simply don't signify, at least not in ways we have agreed to consider interesting. Kenilworth does offer a domestic drama in form of marital tribulations of Amy Robsart and Earl of Leicester, but it is just about as dull as it could be. If you trace reception history of this in nineteenth century, one thing you learn is that few readers have ever found Leicester-Robsart plot terribly compelling or have made mistake of considering it focus of narrative as a whole. Instead, what nineteenth-century readers responded to most enthusiastically in Kenilworth are precisely those aspects that are apt to seem least novelistic to us, namely elaborate spectacles surrounding figure of Queen Elizabeth. The entire narrative builds towards climactic revels at Leicester's castle in honor of Queen, and Scott's descriptions of them dominate last third of novel. For critics inclined to dislike or dismiss Scott, these sections of Kenilworth provide abundant ammunition. For one thing, they are full of egregious historical inaccuracies. For another thing, all that fictional pageantry and spectacle, all that wassailing and declaiming and striking of poses, all that gadzookery, somehow just doesn't seem sufficiently serious. Collectively we remain puritan enough in our sensibilities to insist that novels, if we are going to waste our time reading them, ought somehow to improve us. Kenilworth inaugurated--and this is another mark of its importance in history of novel--that thriving subgenre of Victorian fiction, lusty (and utterly unserious) Elizabethan costume drama, kind of thing Thomas Carlyle so roundly disapproved of in nineteenth century and Georg Lukacs disparaged in twentieth. The kind of thing serious literary critics have always tended to dismiss. Yet it is worth asking what cultural work such novels performed. As Nicola Watson has recently reminded us, Victorian iconography of Elizabeth was complex and diverse. …

Two examples concerning almost continuous functions

In this note we will construct, under the assumption that union of less than continuum many meager subsets of R is meager in R, an additive connectivity function f:R→R with Cantor intermediate value property which is not almost continuous. This gives a partial answer to a question of Banaszewski (1997). (See also Question 5.5 of Gibson and Natkaniec (1996–97).) We will also show that every extendable function g:R→R with a dense graph satisfies the following stronger version of the SCIVP property: for every a<b and every perfect set K between g(a) and g(b) there is a perfect set C⊂(a,b) such that g[C]⊂K and g↾C is continuous strictly increasing. This property is used to construct a ZFC example of an additive almost continuous function f:R→R which has the strong Cantor intermediate value property but is not extendable. This answers a question of Rosen (1997–98). This also generalizes Rosen's result (1997–98) that a similar (but not additive) function exists under the assumption of the Continuum Hypothesis, and gives a full answer to Question 3.11 of Gibson and Natkaniec (1996–1997).

Catégories prémodulaires, modularisations et invariants des variétés de dimension 3

An abelian k-linear semisimple category having a finite number of simple objects, and endowed with a ribbon structure, is called premodular. It is modular (in the sense of Turaev) if the so-called S-matrix is invertible. A modular category defines invariants of 3-manifolds and a TQFT ([T]). When is it possible to construct a modularisation of a given premodular category, i.e. a functor to a modular category preserving the structures and ‘dominant’ in a certain sense? It turns out (2.3) that this amounts essentially to making ‘transparent’ objects trivial. We give a full answer to this problem in the case when k is a field of char. 0 (as well as partial answers in char. p): under a few obvious hypotheses, a premodular category admits a modularisation, which is unique (th. 3.1, and cor. 3.5 in char. 0) The proof relies on two main ingredients: a new and very simple criterion for the S-matrix to be invertible (1.1) and Deligne's internal characterization of tannakian categories in char. 0 [D]. When simple transparent objects are invertible, the criterion is simpler (4.2) and the modularisation can be described more explicitly (prop. 4.4). We conclude with two examples: the premodular categories associated with quantum $\hbox{\sf SL}_N$ and $\hbox{\sf PGL}_N$ at roots of unity; in the first case, we obtain modular categories which were built independently by C. Blanchet [B]; in the second case, we obtain modularizations in all the cases where Y. Yokota [Y] found Reshetikhin-Turaev invariants of 3-manifolds, thereby improving as well as explaining Yokota's results.

"Not a Simple Task": Professional Historians Meet Popular Historymakers

I am flattered and pleased that The Public Historian has devoted this roundtable The Presence of the Past. Developments in public history provided a key context for undertaking the survey that led the book, and a number of public historians generously contributed the conceptualization of the book-and even the wording of specific questions in the survey. So, I am delighted have this discussion within one of the key communities that launched it. It is especially gratifying that the book has encouraged people ask some very fundamental questions about the place of the past in our culture and the role of professional historians in responding to, expanding, and challenging popular uses of the past. Those were precisely the kinds of questions that we had hoped provoke with the book. Within the limited space allocated me, I want respond very briefly these thoughtful and provocative comments, although-like any author-I hope that readers will turn the book for my (and our) fuller answers. Not surprisingly, I appreciate Spencer Crew's conclusion that The Presence of the Past offers useful guidance for historical organizations and especially museums by providing an important baseline of data. I would particularly want draw attention his point that museums need visitors engage with objects or ideas and bring their own analytical skills bear, and to encourage them see us [museums] as

La diffusion des musiques du monde arabe: une problematique culturelle

Since its creation in 1980, the I.M.A. has assigned itself the mission of making knownthe Arab world, its language, its civilization, its cultural and spiritual values; to favorcultural exchanges, particularly in the fields of science and technology, as wellthan to create spaces for common reflection between Europeans and Arabs on a world ofmore and more complex.From 1993, this vast and ambitious program included musical activities or more exactly live shows; because traditional music is generally inseparable from song and dance in the Arab world.Indeed, since the launch of this project, the problem of the orientation to be given to programming has first arisen: what criteria? for which public and for whichmarkets? How to solve the problem of the transfer of artists as well as their presentation in a framework different from their socio-cultural universe?Finally, what are the artistic, cultural and economic impacts of these artists?programmed, recorded, broadcast and promoted by I.M.A. on the European cultural space,or even on their own space?Also, the presentation and dissemination of shows from the Arab world on a stagerequires the consideration of logistical, socio-economic, cultural andaesthetic. The study and understanding of these phenomena is based on an approachmultidisciplinary. Also, would it be as pretentious as you can imagine to indulge you,here, full answers to all these questions. The object of my intervention isresulting from professional experience which combines theoretical questioning with practiceground. I will simply try to examine successively what is meant by musicsArabs ”, then the question of programming, followed by the experience of recording.

Mobile agents integrity for electronic commerce applications

The Mobile Agent (MA) paradigm proposes a new approach for designing applications in open and heterogeneous distributed environments. Several application areas can benefit from the adoption of the MA technology, because it can support electronic commerce transactions and help in information gathering, filtering, and negotiation. MA solutions provide mobility, autonomy and easy personalisation, but still lack a comprehensive and widely accepted security framework. Only a full answer to the requirement of protection for both execution sites and mobile shopping agents can leverage the adoption of MA solutions in the electronic commerce area. This paper proposes an MA environment to support secure and open electronic commerce applications. In particular, the paper focuses on how mobile shopping agents can be protected from malicious behaviour of execution sites and presents a range of solution strategies. The first solution makes use of a Trusted Third Party entity, while the second one is based on a distributed approach that does not assume the presence of trusted entities. In addition, these two solutions are integrated in a combined one. The paper compares the different approaches and describes their implementation performance.

On Plain and Hereditary History-Preserving Bisimulation

We investigate the difference between two well-known notions of&lt;br /&gt;independence bisimilarity, history-preserving bisimulation and hereditary&lt;br /&gt;history-preserving bisimulation. We characterise the difference between&lt;br /&gt;the two bisimulations in trace-theoretical terms, advocating the&lt;br /&gt;view that the first is (just) a bisimulation for causality, while the second&lt;br /&gt;is a bisimulation for concurrency. We explore the frontier zone between&lt;br /&gt;the two notions by defining a hierarchy of bounded backtracking bisimulations. &lt;br /&gt;Our goal is to provide a stepping stone for the solution to&lt;br /&gt;the intriguing open problem of whether hereditary history-preserving&lt;br /&gt;bisimulation is decidable or not. We prove that each of the bounded&lt;br /&gt;bisimulations is decidable. However, we also prove that the hierarchy&lt;br /&gt;is strict. This rules out the possibility that decidability of the general&lt;br /&gt;problem follows directly from the special case. Finally, we give a non-&lt;br /&gt;trivial reduction solving the general problem for a restricted class of&lt;br /&gt;systems and give pointers towards a full answer.

Judicial Discretion and Fundamental Justice: Sexual Assault in the Supreme Court of Canada

On August 22, 1991 the Supreme Court of Canada delivered its judgment in R. v. Seaboyer.1 At issue was the constitutionality of Criminal Code provisions limiting a defendant's ability to introduce evidence about a complainant's previous sexual activity or reputation in trials for sexual assault. Writing for a seven-justice majority, Justice Beverly McLachlin declared that the prohibition against the admission of sexual activity evidence infringed the right to a fair trial guaranteed under sections 11(d) and 7 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. According to Justice McLachlin, the impugned provision failed the test of constitutionality because, with only limited exceptions, it categorically prohibited defendants from introducing potentially exculpatory evidence. In her judgment, defendants could not make full answer and defense to sexual assault charges unless judges retained significant discretion to admit such evidence. Seaboyer was the first in a series of judgments that broadened the rights of sexual assault defendants, contrary to the policy preferences and constitutional arguments advanced by the Canadian federal government and the Canadian feminist movement.2 One interpretation of these judgments is that they reflect judicial hostility toward women's rights generally and feminist legal analysis in particular. Support for this interpretation can be found in a 1989 study of equality rights litigation by the Canadian Advisory Council of the Status of Women, books by Michael Mandel and Allan Hutchinson, and recent judgments in which the Court has divided along gender lines.3 There is, however, significant evidence to suggest that this

Estimation of the number of sexual partners for the nonrespondents to a large national survey.

For a random sample of 4548 respondents to the British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles, item nonresponses were assessed by utilizing alternating least squares and optimal scaling. Of men who did not answer the question on number of lifetime partners, 61% were estimated to have had 10 or more partners, whereas 48% of female nonrespondents were estimated to have had no partners. Among the latter, the percentage of those with 10 or more partners was also elevated to the level almost twice that of respondents. However, the overall impact of the estimates on the distribution of lifetime partners was hardly noticeable due to the relatively small proportion of incomplete answers to this question. Those who did not respond to the question of number of lifetime partners were likely to be over 45 years, of lower social class, and poorer education in comparison with those who answered the question fully. A larger proportion of the former were of Asian extraction and non-Christian in comparison to the latter, particularly among women. Not providing a complete answer to the question on the number of lifetime partners was associated with the nonresponse rate in the range of 90% on the questions of STD clinic attendance and drug abuse. Heavy smoking was more prevalent among male nonrespondents in comparison to those who provided a full answer to the question on the number of lifetime partners.