Differences In Fuel Consumption Research Articles

Does Engine Oil Type Affect Fuel Consumption in Passenger Vehicles? A Two-Year Investigation

Reducing fuel consumption to decrease CO2 emissions has become a key development factor in the automotive industry. An effective way to decrease fuel consumption is to reduce the influence of various sources of energy loss. One way to increase engine efficiency is to use low-viscosity engine oils to reduce friction losses in the engine’s tribological systems. The aim of the article was to analyze the relationship between the type of engine oil and fuel consumption in a group of 12 passenger cars. This was a homogenous group of identical cars, equipped with the same engine, operated under very similar conditions. Three groups of engine oils (Revline, Total, Orlen) were tested in vehicles and stressed with comparable workloads. The experiment was conducted over two years (two stages of research). The collected results were presented using graphs and compared using statistical tests, split into two stages of research, with four seasonal temperature groups. The study provides a detailed description of fuel consumption differences taking into account variations in ambient temperature. The analyses were focused on finding answers to two research questions: does the type of engine oil affect the variation in combustion levels, and what is the variability of fuel consumption in different seasons due to the ambient temperature variability? Briefly, in both stages of the study, vehicles using Revline oil attained the highest average fuel consumption throughout the study period. Vehicles using Total oil showed similar results to those using Revline oil, with the difference in fuel consumption not as noticeable during warmer months. Conversely, vehicles using Orlen oil demonstrated the lowest fuel consumption values during colder months, but higher levels during warmer months.

Comparative Assessment of Supervisory Control Algorithms for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle

The study examines alternative on-board energy management system (EMS) supervisory control algorithms for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The optimum fuel consumption was sought between an equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) algorithm and a back-engineered commercial rule-based (RB) one, under different operating conditions. The RB algorithm was first validated with experimental data. A method to assess different algorithms under identical states of charge variations, vehicle distance travelled, and wheel power demand criteria is first demonstrated. Implementing this method to evaluate the two algorithms leads to fuel consumption corrections of up to 8%, compared to applying no correction. We argue that such a correction should always be used in relevant studies. Overall, results show that the ECMS algorithm leads to lower fuel consumption than the RB one in most driving conditions. The difference maximizes at low average speeds (<40 km/h), where the RB leads to more frequent low load engine operation. The two algorithms lead to fuel consumption differences of 3.4% over the WLTC, while the maximum difference of 24.2% was observed for a driving cycle with low average speed (18.4 km/h). Further to fuel consumption performance optimization, the ECMS algorithm also appears superior in terms of adaptability to different driving cycles.

Performance, Emissions, and Efficiency of Biodiesel versus Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils (HVO), Considering Different Driving Cycles Sensitivity Analysis (NEDC and WLTP)

The use of biofuels in vehicles becomes more advantageous than the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly because it uses renewable sources of energy. Recently there are some concerns about biodiesel sources, and hydrotreated vegetable oils (HVO) appear as a possible advanced solution. To understand the effect that the implementation of the new and old European type-approval test cycles (NEDC e WLTP) has on the results of these fuels considering pollutant emissions and fuel consumption results, a EURO V vehicle was subject to these cycles and also to engine performance evaluation tests. For this analysis, the fuels considered were: B0 (pure diesel), B7 (7% of biodiesel), B15 (15% of biodiesel), B100 (pure biodiesel), and HVO15 (15% of HVO). The findings lead to the conclusion that completely replacing fossil fuels with biofuels is not the most cost-effective approach. No significant differences were observed considering the two homologation cycles, the oldest (NEDC) and the actual (WLTP) and the use of HVO also does not present any relevant differences concerning the fuel consumption differences to B0 (+0.58% NEDC and +0.05%WLTP), comparing well with biodiesel behavior (−1.74% NEDC and −0.69%WLTP for B7 and +1.48% NEDC and 1.89% WLTP for B15). Considering the power of the engine obtained with the fuels, the differences are almost negligible, revealing variations smaller than 2% for B7, B15, and HVO15.

Exhaust emission and fuel consumption characteristics of light duty under different driving cycles

This paper focuses on light duty of china 6 with the same emission control technology. three vehicles, with different engine displacements, were selected to study the emission and fuel consumption characteristics under three test cycles of NEDC, WLTC and CLTC. The results show that the emissions of CO, THC and NOx under WLTC cycle are minimum, compared with the NEDC and CLTC circulation. with the decrease of the engine displacement, the difference of CO and THC emissions increases among different cycles, which shows small displacement engine vehicles are greatly affected by driving cycles. Compared with other testing conditions, the PN emissions are relatively larger, but the difference of PN emissions is very small among the three test cycles.The fuel consumption of the WLTC test cycle is the smallest among the three cycles. As the engine displacement decreases, the fuel consumption difference decreases, indicating that the fuel consumption of large displacement engine vehicles is greatly affected by the cycle condition.

An Automated Vehicle Fuel Economy Benefits Evaluation Framework Using Real-World Travel and Traffic Data

Increasing automation is a consistent development trend in the automobile industry. However, real-world evaluation of the operational and energy consumption differences between automated vehicles and comparable manually driven vehicles has been limited. This study helps fill the information gap by comparing the operation and fuel economy of vehicles in adaptive cruise control (ACC) and non-ACC modes based on large-scale field test data collected by Volvo Car Corporation (Volvo Cars) from vehicles traveling on the designated project road network in Gothenburg, Sweden. The test vehicles' travel data are classified by driving mode (ACC vs. non-ACC) and driving conditions, which refer to traffic speed and road grade in this study. The results from the data logging fleet are used to estimate the aggregate fuel consumption differences at the Drive Me road-network level for vehicles traveling in ACC vs. non-ACC mode based on appropriately weighting the total amount of travel that took place on the network under different driving conditions. At the ACC penetration levels observed in the field test data, vehicles tended to drive more smoothly in ACC mode than in non-ACC mode. The corresponding travel-weighted fuel consumption rate for vehicles in ACC mode was about 5%-7% lower than for vehicles in non-ACC mode when traveling at similar conditions. Sensitivity analyses impart confidence in this result, and in the future, the established evaluation framework could be used to objectively quantify potential on-road fuel consumption impacts from vehicles with even higher levels of automated driving capability.

A Single-Degree-of-Freedom Energy Optimization Strategy for Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This paper presents a single-degree-of-freedom energy optimization strategy to solve the energy management problem existing in power-split hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The proposed strategy is based on a quadratic performance index, which is innovatively designed to simultaneously restrict the fluctuation of battery state of charge (SOC) and reduce fuel consumption. An extended quadratic optimal control problem is formulated by approximating the fuel consumption rate as a quadratic polynomial of engine power. The approximated optimal control law is obtained by utilizing the solution properties of the Riccati equation and adjoint equation. It is easy to implement in real-time and the engineering significance is explained in details. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, the forward-facing vehicle simulation model is established based on the ADVISOR software (Version 2002, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA). The simulation results show that there is only a little fuel consumption difference between the proposed strategy and the Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP)-based global optimal strategy, and the proposed strategy also exhibits good adaptability under different initial battery SOC, cargo mass and road slope conditions.

Impact of Ambient Conditions of Arab Gulf Countries on the Performance of Gas Turbines Using Energy and Exergy Analysis

In this paper, energy and exergy analysis of typical gas turbines is performed using average hourly temperature and relative humidity for selected Gulf cities located in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain and Qatar. A typical gas turbine unit of 42 MW is considered in this study. The electricity production, thermal efficiency, fuel consumption differences between the ISO conditions and actual conditions are determined for each city. The exergy efficiency and exergy destruction rates for the gas turbine unit and its components are also evaluated taking ISO conditions as reference conditions. The results indicate that the electricity production losses occur in all cities during the year, except in Dammam and Kuwait for the period between November and March. During a typical day, the variation of the power production can reach 4 MW. The rate of exergy destruction under the combined effect of temperature and humidity is significant in hot months reaching a maximum of 12 MW in July. The presented results show also that adding inlet cooling systems to the existing gas turbine units could be justified in hot periods. Other aspects, such as the economic and environmental ones, should also be investigated.

Investigating the Effect of Advanced Automatic Transmissions on Fuel Consumption Using Vehicle Testing and Modeling

In preparation for the midterm evaluation (MTE) of the 2022-2025 Light-Duty Greenhouse Gas (LD GHG) emissions standards, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is refining and revalidating their Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) tool using newly acquired data from model year 2013-2015 engines and vehicles. ALPHA is a physics-based, forwardlooking, full vehicle computer simulation capable of analyzing various vehicle types with different powertrain technologies, showing realistic vehicle behavior, and auditing of all internal ener gy flows in the model. As part of the validation of ALPHA, the EPA obtained model year 2014 Dodge Chargers equipped with 3.6 liter V6 engines and either a NAG1 five-speed automatic transmission or an 845RE eight-speed automatic transmission. Vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer; test results showed eight-speed vehicles averaging 6.5% reduction in unadjusted combined city-highway fuel consumption compared to five-speed vehicles. In addition, an 845RE eight-speed transmission was obtained and tested in a standalone transmission test rig. The measured transmission parameters were used in ALPHA to simulate the behavior and fuel consumption of the eight-speed Dodge Charger. A companion model for the five-speed Charger was also constructed; the resulting simulated fuel consumption for both vehicles closely matched the test results. This paper uses the validated ALPHA model to predict the effectiveness improvement of real-world transmissions over a baseline circa 2008 four-speed transmission, and to predict further improvements possible from future eight-speed transmissions. To that end, transmission models for a four-speed automatic transmission and future eight-speed automatic transmissions were constructed, and ALPHA was used to predict the fuel consumption differences of a Dodge Charger equipped with these transmissions. A fuel consumption reduction of over 12% was predicted when comparing a future eight-speed transmission to a baseline four-speed. Predicted fuel consumption reduction was over 16% when the engines were resized to maintain a constant acceleration performance.

Evaluation on effects of using low biodiesel blends in a EURO 5 passenger vehicle equipped with a common-rail diesel engine

Abstract The effects of the use of low biodiesel blends in performance, fuel consumption and NO x emissions was investigated during tests carried out with a Renault Megane 1.5 dCi equipped with recent injection and exhaust emission control technologies. To accomplish this goal, several tests were performed using the European homologation cycle concerning CO 2 emissions of vehicles, known as the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). This was executed using a chassis dynamometer, a fuel weighting equipment, an exhaust emissions analyzer and the software developed to acquire data and control the execution of the cycle. Besides the accomplishment of the NEDC cycle tests with three diverse fuel blends, performance tests were also realized, enabling to get the full load engine response considering the use of different fuels. The chosen biodiesel produced from original oils of soybean (84%) and palm (16%), was mixed in proportions of 0%, 7%, and 20% on a volumetric basis, allowing to test comparatively the results for these different fuel blends (B0, B7 and B20). The obtained results reveal some interesting findings regarding all the involved aspects. The consumption was not consistently increased with the use of biodiesel, revealing the existence of other factors besides the lower heating value to explain the fuel consumption differences. Likewise, the NO x emissions with biodiesel use does not present significant raise. In fact, when B20 was used, the levels of NO x emitted by the vehicle present a reduction in all the NEDC, which was more pronounced in the urban part of the NEDC. The performance analysis did not reveal any relevant differences, however the use of B7 promote an improvement on torque and power in the order of 2% relatively to B0.

Field Measurement and Calibration of HDM-4 Fuel Consumption Model on Interstate Highway in Florida

Fuel consumptions are measured by operating passenger car and tractor-trailer on two interstate roadway sites in Florida. Each site contains flexible pavement and rigid pavement with similar pavement, traffic and environmental condition. Field test reveals that the average fuel consumption differences between vehicle operating on flexible pavement and rigid pavement at given test condition are 4.04% for tractor-trailer and 2.50% for passenger car, with a fuel saving on rigid pavement. The fuel consumption differences are found statistically significant at 95% confidence level for both vehicle types. Test data are then used to calibrate the Highway Development and Management IV (HDM-4) fuel consumption model and model coefficients are obtained for three sets of observations. Field measurement and prediction by calibrated model shows generally good agreement. Nevertheless, verification and adjustment with more experiment or data sources would be expected in future studies.

Optimal Target States for Satellite Cluster Flight Control on Near-Circular Orbits

One of the methods for maintaining a cluster of satellites in long-term bounded relative distances is keeping the satellites on near-circular orbits having the same mean semimajor axes and mean inclinations. This approach allows some freedom in determining the reference mean semimajor axis and reference mean inclination for the cluster. In this paper, this freedom is used to find the optimal target values of the mean semimajor axis and mean inclination, with the optimization criteria being either the total propellant consumption of the cluster or the fuel consumption differences among satellites. The optimization problems are solved analytically, assuming that a fixed-magnitude thruster is used for closed-loop orbit control, and new results are presented, providing simple closed-form expressions for the optimal target states. Simulations are used for validating the results, showing that much propellant can be saved by properly setting the cluster reference orbit.

Experimental Investigation to Fuel Consumption Characteristics of Light-Duty Passenger Vehicle under Sliding Condition

Technical level of driving behavior has run as high as 20% impact on vehicle’s fuel consumption, so choosing proper operation mode is one effective way to improve the vehicle’s running fuel economy. Vehicle sliding on level road is often used by driver, and analyzing vehicle’s fuel consumption characteristics during sliding condition has practical significance on realizing the reasonable driving and lowering fuel consumption. Taking some light-duty diesel passenger vehicle as experimental object, this paper discussed the variation discipline and curves involving sliding speed, sliding time and fuel consumption rate based on various sliding tests, especially analyzed the fuel consumption difference of sliding in neutral and sliding in different gears. Finally, following conclusions are achieved: the average fuel consumption rate while vehicle sliding in different gears is similar, which is about to 1/50 of sliding in neutral’. While sliding, the vehicle’s fuel consumption rate basically maintains at a low level. But once the sliding speed decreases too low, the fuel consumption rate increases dramatically. Therefore, aiming at lowing fuel consumption and reducing emission discharge, vehicle sliding in gear should have priority to sliding in neutral and choosing a reasonable sliding speed range is important for reducing vehicle’s running fuel consumption and exhaust emission.

바이오디젤의 농용트랙터 적응성 검토

Biodiesel of 20% (BD20) and 100% (BD100), alterative fuels for tractor, were tested for its power and competitiveness in the various farm operations including plowing and rotary tilling in the paddy fields. No troubles such as engine ignition or abrupt stopping were monitored during the works of plowing, rotary tilling and travelling on the road. According to the tractor PTO test in accordance with OECD tractor PTO test codes, no significant PTO output difference was found between the three fuels. However, fuel consumption rates were different between the biodiesels and diesel fuel in the paddy works, where as biodiesel percentage increased more fuels were spent than the diesel fuel. The reason for this phenomenon seems came from density difference of the three fuels. Maximum fuel consumption difference occurred between BD100 and diesel fuel was about 10% in the plowing. More energy was spent on the rotary tilling operations than the plowing, where 35~40 % more fuel needed on rotary tilling than plowing. Of the exhaust gases, more <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> was discharged from diesel fuel than biodiesels, but more NOx from biodiesels and CO was hard to determine which fuel produce more amount.

The new all-wheel drive generation from BMW

With the EfficientDynamics strategy, the BMW Group aims to achieve a sustained reduction in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions while simultaneously improving driving functions. With the BMW 7 Series, a new generation of all-wheel drives will be produced in series and also deployed in future as construction kits for other model series. With this new generation, the fuel consumption difference between all-wheel drive and standard drive vehicles can be minimised while keeping the performance the customer values at the same level.