Fuel Blend Ratio Research Articles

Exploring the impact of aluminum oxide nanoparticles on waste transformer biodiesel blend under variable injection timing

This study investigated the use of nano-blended biodiesel, made by mixing waste transformer biodiesel with nanoscale aluminum oxide particles. A fuel blend ratio containing both diesel and biodiesel components was created with 100 parts per million of alumina nanoparticles. All tests were conducted at various loads in an engine, using diesel, biodiesel, and nano-blended biodiesel fuel. The outcomes demonstrated that adding nanoparticles improved engine thermal efficiency and reduced emissions, especially at higher fuel injection timings. The greatest increase in brake thermal efficiency, 6% higher than diesel mode, was achieved with a nano-blended biodiesel formulation containing 100 ppm of aluminum oxide, at a fuel injection timing of 27 before top dead center under full load conditions. With a constant nanoparticle-blended biodiesel content and fuel injection timing of 27 before top dead center, reductions of 1.5% in smoke, 33% in hydrocarbon, and 8% in carbon monoxide emissions were observed, with a 9.7% increase in NO emissions.

Experimental study on the co-firing and NOx emission characteristics of bituminous coal and its medium temperature pyrolysis char

To address the issues of ignition difficulty, incomplete burnout, and high NOx emissions during coal char combustion in industrial applications, a series of co-firing experiments involving bituminous coal and its medium-temperature pyrolysis char were conducted using a micro fluidized bed analysis system. The experiments explored co-firing behaviors and NOx emission characteristics for five different fuel blending ratios in an environment with 21 % oxygen concentration, across temperatures between 923 K and 1223 K. The study delved into the synergistic effects of coal and char co-firing, as well as the influence of combustion temperature and fuel blend ratio on the co-firing efficiency and NOx emissions. The results show a synergistic effect in the co-firing of bituminous coal and char, influenced by reaction temperature and coal-to-char blend ratio, which evolves as combustion progresses. In the 923–1073 K range, initial coal addition to the blend enhances reactivity. However, as the reaction advances or coal content exceeds 75 %, this synergy shifts to an inhibitory effect. At temperatures above 1023 K, increased proportions of coal in the blend are associated with improved burnout rates, especially when the coal content is at or above 50 %. Moreover, at a combustion temperature of 1123K, there is a marked decrease in nitrogen oxide emissions, with coal blend ratio of 25 % and 50 % showing particular efficacy in reducing these emissions. These results provide valuable insights for the efficient and clean utilization of coal char in industrial combustion processes.

Study on Oxidation Activity of Hydrogenated Biodiesel–Ethanol–Diesel Blends

In the pursuit of understanding the oxidation mechanisms of hydrogenated biodiesel fuels and elucidating the combustion behavior of biomass fuels when blended with diesel, this study presents a comprehensive investigation into the reaction mechanism of hydrogenated biodiesel–ethanol–diesel mixtures. We develop a comprehensive reaction mechanism encompassing 187 components and 735 reactions for hydrogenated biodiesel–ethanol–diesel mixtures. Through kinetics analysis under varied conditions, including 1.0 MPa pressure, an equivalence ratio of 1.0, and temperatures of 900 K and 1400 K, we explore the impact of cross-reactions and changing fuel blend ratios on low- and high-temperature oxidation. Our findings indicate that oleic and stearic acid methyl esters serve as better substitutes for representing hydrogenated biodiesel kinetics than methyl decanoate. At lower temperatures, increased hydrogenated biodiesel and ethanol content leads to reduced OH generation, impacting reactivity. Conversely, higher temperatures result in enhanced OH production with increased hydrogenated biodiesel and ethanol concentrations, promoting reactivity. A cross-reaction analysis reveals CH2O as a prominent product, with the CH2O→HCO→CO pathway playing a pivotal role. In summary, our research unveils the intricate oxidation mechanisms of hydrogenated biodiesel–ethanol–diesel mixtures, providing insights into their combustion characteristics and offering implications for optimizing fuel blends for cleaner and more efficient energy solutions.

Experimental study on the effect of speed and port-injected fuel blend ratio on a reactivity-control compression ignition (RCCI) engine performance

In the present study, an experimental investigation on a port-injected gasoline-ethanol blended RCCI engine was carried out. The results showed a maximum cylinder pressure, and HRR as 91 bar, and 64 J/CA respectively at 3000 rpm for the G25E75-RCCI engine operation, and a minimum of 58 bar and 12 J/CA at 2600 rpm for baseline fuel (D100G0E0). The engine showed a minimum emission of NOx and CO2 for G25E75- RCCI. Unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide, which are critical issues in RCCI combustion, were reduced at intermediate speeds in G50E50-RCCI combustion which can be considered as a good finding in the study. The brake power in RCCI mode slightly increased over the diesel case at higher speeds while the brake torque was seen to be consistently higher across the entire speed range, 2000–3000 rpm with a maximum at 2400 rpm for a G50E50-RCCI engine. The brake thermal efficiency with RCCI was observed to be on par or higher over conventional diesel at higher speeds. The fuel blend of G25E75 showed higher efficiency at higher speed while G50E50 yielded better thermal efficiency at lower speeds. RCCI operation as such resulted in better performance at higher speeds while the best overall emission performance was noticed at intermediate speeds. In this regard, further work is called for to identify the optimal operating conditions by varying further the port-injected fuel blend ratio along with other variables tested in this study.

Characterization, performance assessment, techno-economic potential, and process optimization of scrap tire pyrolysis in Bangladesh

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of tire pyrolytic oil (TPO) blends on diesel engine performance, evaluate the techno-economic viability, and optimize the process variables using the response surface methodology (RSM) in order to increase the maximum product yield. To test engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics, the derived pyrolytic oil was employed in a four-stroke diesel engine with different diesel fuel blend ratios. It has been found that engine performance using a pyrolytic oil blend is much closer to the diesel fuel engine performance. This paper has briefly explored the economics of TPO production and the reliability improvements of the pyrolysis processes to make them viable for commercial applications. The techno-economic feasibility analysis has been conducted on a 10 tons'/day capacity pyrolytic plant. It has been found that the total cost and net revenue generation from one ton of scrap tires are $225.25 and $410.2, respectively. Additionally, the 8-year project's payback period is only 2.96 years, while the internal rate of return (IRR) was found to be 27.81%. The reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions was estimated at 1,658.62 tons per year. The RSM was used to optimize the process parameters for maximizing product yield. At the ideal conditions of 464.11 °C operating temperature, 59.53 min of running time, and 1.63 cm particle size, the projected maximum pyrolytic oil yield of 87.31 wt% and char yield of 7.63 wt % was reached. The reliability and applicability of the process were ensured through the developed regression model for pyrolytic oil and char with a high F-value and low P-value. The predicted results were validated, and it was found that the experimental data varied only by 1.21% from the predicted values. Therefore, this study provides investors with scientific guidance for pyrolysis-based energy generation projects in Bangladesh that are financially viable.

Experimental Investigation for Determining an Ideal Algal Biodiesel-Diesel Blend to Improve the Performance and Mitigate Emissions Using a Response Surface Methodology.

The ongoing depletion of the world's fossil fuel sources and environmental damage has compelled the quest for alternative energy. Excellent characteristics of biodiesel include its renewable nature, safety, absence of sulfur, environmental advantages, and biodegradability, which can eradicate the above problems. In this study, algal oil was characterized to obtain the fatty acid profile, and the free fatty acid value of algal oil suggested a two-step process of esterification and transesterification for efficient biodiesel production. The performance and emission results of biodiesel and its blends (B10, B20, and B30) were investigated in a constant speed, single-cylinder, 4-stroke, 3.5 kW compression ignition engine at different loads for arriving at an appropriate fuel blend ratio. The response surface methodology technique is used to predict the ideal composition of microalgae-diesel using the experimental data with due weightage for the optimization criterion. The predicted blend ratio of B25 was tested on the engine and authenticated. The findings recorded an improvement in brake thermal efficiency to 31.42% and reduction in brake specific energy consumption to 9.82 MJ/kW h, unburned hydrocarbon to 85 ppm, carbon monoxide to 0.164% v/v, carbon dioxide to 4.115% v/v, nitrogen oxides to 691 ppm, and smoke opacity to 16.93%.

Effect of the addition of laying hens manure to the straw on gasification efficiency in updraft gasifier under air atmosphere

There is a gap for research dedicated to co-gasification of laying hens manure (LHM) with commonly used litter such as wheat straw. The lack of comprehensive studies for such blends with broad range of air–fuel equivalent ratios (AFER) is also a challenge. The study was performed on a laboratory scale fixed bed updraft reactor supplied with straw and LHM blends of different mixing ratios (25, 50, 75%) and at low (0.12–0.28) and high (0.30–0.45) AFER ranges. The main objective of the research was to recognize the impact of the LHM addition on the quality of the producer gas and process efficiency. For higher ranges of the AFER, the LHV of the producer gas remains in a range of 3.3–3.4 MJ/m3 depending of the fuel blend ratio, yielding the cold gas efficiency about 60% and the carbon conversion efficiency in range of 82–94%.

Experimental evaluation of performance and emission of diesel engine fueled with nano-material titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles supplemented diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends

The influence of metal-based nanomaterial Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and ethanol (C2H5OH) on engine performance and emission were studied. Various fuel blend ratios were created using TiO2 nanoparticles, diesel, biodiesel, and ethanol. The fuels used in the tests were diesel (D100) as baseline fuel, BD30D69E1 termed as fuel E1, BD30D68E2 termed as fuel E2, BD30D67E3 termed as fuel E3, BD30D66E4 termed as fuel E4, and BD30D65E5 termed as fuel E5. The test was performed on a 3.7 kW, single cylinder, water-cooled, diesel engine with a constant speed of 1500 RPM and varying load conditions. The outcomes of the study showed that the Brake specific fuel consumption was reduced for low load 5 % whereas increase for higher load up to 17 % and brake thermal efficiency improved and increased 6 % for higher load condition. Moreover, TiO2 additive improves engine performance and decreases CO 30 % and HC 6–21 %, CO2, smoke, and NOx emissions reduces in comparison to diesel whereas increased up to 18–70 % with the load and ethanol percentage in the blends.

Numerical investigations on the performance and emissions of a turbocharged engine using an ethanol-gasoline blend

Due to a scarcity of fossil fuel supplies and concerns about pollution, the use of ethanol in gasoline has become a priority in the automobile industry. This paper aims to investigate the effect of different ethanol-gasoline fuel blend ratios, namely E20 (% ethanol + % gasoline), E50 (% ethanol + % gasoline), and E75 (75% ethanol + 25% gasoline) on a 1.6 L turbocharged, 4-cylinder, 2017 Proton Preve Premium CFE CVT engine, where E0 (pure gasoline) is taken as reference fuel. In addition, different speed intervals, which include 1000 RPM, 2000 RPM, and 5000 RPM, are employed for each fuel blend. The production of four major emissions, NOx, CO, CO2, and HC, and performance parameters such as thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and brake-specific fuel consumption, are evaluated using SolidWorks for CAD modelling. This then is transferred to ANSYS for emission and performance analysis. According to the findings, increasing ethanol concentration and engine speed increases volumetric efficiency and brake-specific fuel consumption by up to 12.89% and 6.59%, respectively. It was also discovered that ethanol and increasing engine speed had an 11.39% reduction in thermal efficiency. Furthermore, the addition of ethanol occurs, along with an increase in speed, exhaust gas emissions are reduced by up to 21.74% compared to pure gasoline.

The Effect of Methanol-Dodecanol Addition on Performance and Smoke Emission in a CI Engine with Diesel Fuel

In the experimental study, the effects of diesel-methanol-dodecanol blends on en-gine performance and smoke emission in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, normally aspirated compression ignition engine were investigated. Fuel blend ratios in the study; Diesel (D100), diesel-methanol (D90M10) and diesel-methanol-dodecanol (D89M10D1) were used. In order to solve the phase separation problem in the diesel-methanol blend, 1% by volume of dodecanol was added. The test engine was oper-ated at four different loads (6, 12, 18 and 24 Nm) and constant engine speed (1800 rpm). The performance parameters such as brake specific fuel consumption, brake specific energy consumption and brake effective efficiency for each blend at various engine loads are calculated based on the experimental data. The results indicated that in low load conditions, the specific fuel consumption increased by maximum 8.4% with the addition of methanol to the diesel fuel, while this rate decreased to 3.7% with the addition of dodecanol. By adding dodecanol to the methanol-diesel mixture, minimum smoke opacity was obtained at low and high loads, respectively, at 32.72% and 53.75%.

Experimental investigation of combustion characteristics of ethanol–gasoline blended fuel in a T-GDI engine

Interest in reducing greenhouse-gas emissions has increased in past decades because of global warming. In particular, research on alternative fuels for internal combustion engines is in progress for eliminating dependence on existing fossil fuels. Bioethanol—an alternative fuel—has attracted attention because it can be applied without major modifications to conventional internal combustion engines that use fossil fuels. However, further research is necessary, because gasoline and ethanol have different spray and combustion characteristics owing to differences in their physical properties. In this study, the penetration length, spray angle, and spray pattern were analyzed through spray experiments in which the blend ratio of ethanol–gasoline blended fuel was varied. In addition, a direct injection-type flex fuel vehicle engine test device was built, and the combustion and knocking characteristics were investigated with respect to the ethanol ratio through an engine test. Compared with the brake-specific fuel consumption and the combustion pressure of E0, those of E100 increased by 28.7% (because the lower heating value was lower for E100) and reduced by 11.2%, respectively. The heat-release rate of E22 increased faster than that of E0 owing to the characteristics of ethanol, which is an oxygen-containing fuel, and the high vaporization rate. The anti-knock properties of ethanol were superior to those of gasoline; therefore, knocking hardly occurred for fuel blend ratios above E50.

Study on the performance and emission characteristics of pyrolytic waste plastic oil operated CI engine using response surface methodology

Depletion of fossil fuels, strict pollution rules, and potential generation of waste plastics strive to focus another facet of value addition by conversion of plastic wastes into alternate fuel for a diesel engine. The current study is intended to optimize the combined influences of engine load, fuel blend, and compression ratio on the performance and emission of a normal diesel engine fueled with waste plastic oil diesel (WPO) blend by using response surface methodology (RSM). Optimum engine performance i.e.maximum brake thermal efficiency and minimum NOx emissions are established using the technique of response surface methodology concerning three different engine input parameters engine load, compression ratios, and fuel blend ratio. The compression ratio of 17, 10% of WPO-diesel blending at full load conditions are found to be optimum input parameters. And accordingly, the brake thermal efficiency of 28.8% and NOx emission of 162.45 ppm are obtained under multi-response optimization techniques. A sensitivity analysis has also been accomplished to clarify the significant contribution of different parameters and their orders of importance. The compression ratio has resulted as the most significant factor followed by load and % fuel blend.

Auto-ignition of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether 3 (PODE3) blended with diesel and gasoline via combustion under homogeneous charge compression ignition

• PODE 3 /diesel/gasoline blends in a HCCI engine are studied for the first time. • High temperature kinetic reactions are dependent on cetane number of fuel blend. • Oxygen from PODE 3 helps promote better ignition when gasoline is added to PODE 3 . • Gasoline addition to PODE 3 presents higher efficiency than diesel addition. • PODE 3 demonstrates high potential in encouraging clean combustion. With high oxygen content and cetane number, PODE 3 is a favorable renewable fuel for engines. PODE 3 /diesel/gasoline blends in a HCCI engine are numerically studied for the first time. The effects of fuel blend ratio and equivalence ratio (ER) on auto-ignition are investigated. A highly compact and robust chemical mechanism has been implemented. Crank angle at which 50 percent of heat is released (CA50) displays higher sensitivity towards blend ratio in leaner mixtures with 50% PODE 3 displaying a change of 12.31 CAD at 0.34 ER and only 6.19 CAD at 0.5 ER when made in comparison to their respective CA50 at 100% PODE 3 . Furthermore, indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) is observed to be better with higher ER with 100% PODE 3 having a 23.3% increase in ITE at 0.5 ER than at 0.34 ER, and is generally higher with increased PODE 3 . Neat PODE 3 displays lowest CO and highest CO 2 for all cases, manifesting high oxidation reactivity. Additionally, acetylene levels are substantially lower for combustions at 0.5 ER as compared to 0.34 ER. Lastly, PODE 3 yields only 2.04 × 10 −10 g/cycle and 5.67 × 10 −11 g/cycle of C 2 H 2 at 0.34 ER and 0.5 ER respectively. With nearly no soot precursors, PODE 3 demonstrates high potential in encouraging clean combustion.

Experimental Investigation of Plastic Oil Blends on CRDi Engine for Various Fuel Injection Pressures

Common Rail Direct Engine (CRDI) engines are used for transportation and other sectors due to their high fuel conversion efficiencies. Waste plastic pyrolysis oil can be a substitute to the depleting petroleum reserves. Plastic oils are durable and takes longer time to degrade because of stronger molecular bonds and it repel to natural processes of degradation. This investigation deals with the effect of increasing the fuel blend ratio and with increasing the fuel injection pressures on single cylinder, CRDI diesel engine using plastic oil and diesel blend. The fuel blend varies from 5:95%, 10:90% and 15:85% (Plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel) respectively with various fuel injection pressures of 400 bar, 500 bar and 600 bar. The emission, performance and combustion characteristics were evaluated and analyzed in this work. Plastic oil blends were able to operate in diesel engines without any engine modifications. The results shows the brake thermal efficiency increases with the increasing fuel injection pressure. The engine with the fuel injection pressure of 600 bar gives better brake thermal efficiency at the full load condition for the 15PDB fuel blend. Hence it was concluded that the increasing the pressure, increases the performance and decreases the emissions.

Artificial neural network based determination of the performance and emissions of a Diesel engine using ethanol-diesel fuel blends

In this study, the performance and exhaust emission values in a four-stroke, four-cylinder turbocharged Diesel engine fueled with ethanol-diesel fuel blends (10% and 15% in volume) were investigated by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling. The actual data derived from engine test measurements was applied in model training, cross-validation, and testing. To train the network, fuel injection pressures, throttle positions, engine speed, and ethanol fuel blend ratios were used as input layer in the network. The outputs are the engine performance values (engine torque, power, brake mean effective pressure, and specific fuel consumption) and exhaust emissions (SO2, CO2, NOx, and smoke level (N%)) which were measured in the experiments.The back-propagation learning algorithm with three different variants, a single layer, and logistic sigmoid transfer function (log-sig) was used in the network. By using the weights of the network, formulations were given for each output. The network for test data yielded the R2 values of 0.999 and the mean % errors for test data are smaller than 3.5% for the performance and 8% for the emissions.

Simulation of co-gasification of coal and wood in a dual fluidized bed system

A comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) model based on multiphase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) approach is developed to simulate the co-gasification process of coal and wood in a dual fluidized bed (DFB) system. The pyrolysis of coal and wood, formation and conversion of tar and gaseous pollutants, as well as gasification and combustion reactions are integrated with dense gas-solid flow and heat transfer. The pilot DFB system comprises a bubbling bed gasifier and a fast fluidized bed combustor connected by loop seals. The model correctly predicts profiles of pressure and temperature, the yield and components of the product gas. The gas composition distributions, allocations of particle mass, and solid residence time inside the reactors are explored. The effects of various fuel blend ratios and particle sizes on gasification performances are also investigated. The results show that increasing coal ratio accelerates the steam gasification due to higher char content, which results in the increment of H2 and CO concentrations. The tar content in the product gas continues to decline, while the emissions of NH3 and H2S increase. The size variation of feedstock is not enough to dramatically affect product gas components. The tar content and product gas yield appear a slight upward trend with the smaller size. The variations of NH3 and H2S concentrations are consistent with those of bed temperature.

Investigation on H2/air combustion with C3H8 addition in the combustor with part/full porous medium

The premixed H2/air combustion with various propane blended ratios in two size stepped combustors with porous medium is experimentally and numerically studied. In order to improve the energy efficiency and power output of the micro thermophotovoltaic (TPV) system with InGaAsSb PV cells, the effects of step length and porous medium length in the chamber are comprehensively investigated. Moreover, the flow rate and the fuel blend ratio are sufficiently considered. The results indicate that the addition of 5% propane contributes to the modification of the combustion characteristics and flame regime, improving the energy conversion of fuel and thermal performance of the combustor. A big heat recirculation in porous medium and a small heat recirculation in the gap between the porous medium (part inserted) and the step are formed, which effectively boost the thermal performance. It is also noted that the two heat recirculations avail to achieving higher flame temperature and radiation temperature in a small size combustor. With the porous medium part inserted, the larger size combustor obtains higher energy efficiency and better working performance. In particular, the combustor C9-2–22, where the gap and the step length are both 2 mm, gains a power output of 2.91 W and a system efficiency of 2.0% at 5%C3H8-95%H2 fueled combustion.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Four Stroke Diesel Engine Using Sesame Biodiesel Blends with Addition of TiO2 Nano-Particles

Rising demand for fuel in various applications will now pose a major risk in terms of global emissions levels. Taking this issue into consideration takes significant attention. Hence the production of alternating fuels is required. Bio-diesel is environmentally friendly fuel consisting of fatty acid alkyl esters. This experimental study includes a comparative analysis to determine the effect of nano additives and their performance characteristics. The theme of the research is the combination of sesame oil biodiesel with titanium dioxide (TiO2), a metal-based nanoparticle with diesel to investigate its effects on the performance of diesel engines. Different fuel blend ratios with TiO2 nanoparticles, ethanol and biodiesel have been developed. Test fuels were diesel (D100) and biodiesel blends like B10, B20 and B30. Thermo-physical characteristics of all test fuels have been calculated and the engine output parameters, such as torque, power, fuel consumption, etc., were examined. The impact has also been realized on pollutants such as CO, CO2, HC, NOX and smoke ability.

Yapay Sinir Ağı Kullanarak Kanola Yağı Biyodizel Karışımları İçin Motor Performansı, Yanma ve Emisyon Tahmini

Bu çalışmada bir dizel motorda kullanılan dizel yakıtı ve kanola yağından üretilen biyodizel karışımlarının; emisyon, performans ve yanma deneysel verileri ile yapay sinir ağları ile oluşturulan modelin sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Modelin oluşturulması için 44 farklı motor deney sonuçları kullanılmıştır. Ağın eğitiminde geri beslemeli algoritma kullanılmıştır. Öğrenme algoritması olarak trainlm, gizli katmanda logsig ve çıkış katmanında ise purelin fonksiyonları kullanılmıştır. Ağ eğitiminde giriş değişkenleri: karışımdaki dizel yakıt oranı, kanola yağı biyodizel oranı, motor devri ve motor momentidir. Çıkışta ise özgül yakıt tüketimi (ÖYT), egzoz sıcaklığı, yanma verimi, püskürtme başlangıcı, yanma başlangıcı, tutuşma gecikmesi, yanma süresi, duman koyuluğu ve NOx değerlerinin her biri için ayrı model oluşturulmuştur. YSA modellerinin R2 değerleri tutuşma gecikmesi için 0,998, yanma süresi için 0,992, duman koyuluğu için 0,984, NOx için ise 0,990 olarak hesaplanmıştır. R2 değerleri ÖYT, egzoz sıcaklığı, yanma verimi, püskürtme başlangıcı ve yanma başlangıcı değerleri için ise 0,999‘dan yüksek bulunmuştur.

The impact of low to high waste cooking oil-based biodiesel blends on toxic organic pollutant emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines

As yet, the effect of biodiesels on the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from heavy-duty diesel engines (HDDEs) has only been studied using limited fuel blend ratios. To clarify the influence of using higher fractions of biodiesel on the emissions of toxic organic pollutants from diesel engines, in this research, the emissions of PM, PAHs, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from EURO IV and EURO III HDDEs fueled by low to high waste cooking oil (WCO)-based biodiesel-petrodiesel fuel blends were studied, including D100 (0% biodiesel), B20 (20%), B40 (40%), B60 (60%), B80 (80%), and B100 (100%). The engines were tested according to the US FTP-75 test procedure. The results for the EURO IV diesel engine showed that the PM and toxic organic pollutant emissions were reduced with increases in the blending ratio up until the B60 scenario when compared to the D100 scenario. This is because biodiesel has higher oxygen content and no or lower aromatic content than petrodiesel. Nevertheless, during the B80 and B100 scenarios, the PM and toxic organic pollutant emissions increased due to the high viscosity property of biodiesel, which negatively affected the combustion process. The biodiesel effect on the emissions from EURO III engine was more pronounced because of its lower combustion efficiency, and therefore the improvement in combustion using biodiesel resulted in greater PCDD/F reductions.