FTIR Analysis Research Articles

Enhancement the linear/nonlinear optical and magnetic properties of ZnCo2O4 nanostructures through Ni/Fe dual doping

Nano Zn0.9Ni0.1Co2-xFexO4 samples were prepared using the hydrothermal procedure in order to enhance the functional characteristics of ZnCo2O4 sample. The structural and microstructural parameters of the prepared samples were determined through Rietveld and FTIR analyses. The morphologies and compositions of the samples were examined by SEM and EDS techniques. Upon Ni2+ doping, the bandgap energy of nano ZnCo2O4 decreased from 2.22 eV to 3.61 eV–2.18 eV and 3.51 eV. Doping with Fe caused a slight decrease in bandgap energy for x = 0.05, then an increase for a higher content of Fe. Several empirical equations were used to determine the refractive index from the corresponding obtained optical energy gap values. As the Fe content rose to 5 %, the value of refractive index and nonlinear optical parameters increased; thereafter, it declined with additional Fe doping. The photoluminescence technique was used to analyze defects and processes of charge carrier recombination in the samples. ZnCo2O4 sample exhibits paramagnetic performance. With the addition of Ni to ZnCo2O4, the magnetic characteristics of the sample became superparamagnetic. Samples doped with Ni and various quantities of Fe exhibit a weak ferromagnetic behavior. The effect of doping on the magnetic transition, coercivity, saturation magnetization and remanent magnetization was explored.

Moxifloxacin-loaded nanoparticles of thiolated xyloglucan for ocular drug delivery: Permeation, mucoadhesion and pharmacokinetic evaluation

The current study goal was to improve mucoadhesive potential and ocular pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles of thiolated xyloglucan (TXGN) containing moxifloxacin (MXF). Thiolation of xyloglucan (XGN) was achieved with esterification with 3-mercaptopropionic acid. TXGN was characterized by NMR and FTIR analysis. The nanoparticles of TXGN were prepared using ionic-gelation method and evaluate the antibacterial properties. TXGN and nanoparticles were determined to possess 0.06 and 0.08 mmol of thiol groups/mg of polymer by Ellman's method. The ex-vivo bioadhesion time of TXGN and nanoparticles was higher than XGN in a comparative assessment of their mucoadhesive properties. The creation of a disulfide link between mucus and TXGN is responsible for the enhanced mucoadhesive properties of TXGN (1-fold) and nanoparticles (2-fold) over XGN. Improved MXF penetration in nanoparticulate formulation (80 %) based on TXGN was demonstrated in an ex-vivo permeation research utilizing rabbit cornea. Dissolution study showed 95 % release of MXF from nanoparticles. SEM images of nanoparticles showed spherical shape and cell viability assay showed nontoxic behavior when tested on RPE cell line. Antibacterial analysis revealed a zone of inhibition of 31.5 ± 0.5 mm for MXF, while NXM3 exhibited an expanded zone of 35.5 ± 0.4 mm (p < 0.001). In conclusion, thiolation of XGN improves its bioadhesion, permeation, ocular-retention and pharmacokinetics of MXF.

A new economical route for the grapefruit peel essential oil: Nanoemulsion form and insecticidal activity

The essential oil (EO) extraction is one of the ways to utilize of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.) peel waste. However, the low stability and penetration problems of EO limit their use. These limitations can be overcome by nanoemulsions. Therefore, this study aimed to form and characterize of the grapefruit peel essential oil nanoemulsion (EON) and investigate its insecticidal properties against Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1875) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) for an alternative bio-economic way. The grapefruit peel EON (4:3:3:90 w/w, EO:Tween 80:Ethanol:water) was formed by using the grapefruit peel EO with major chemical components such as d-limonene (85.70 %), myrcene (3.57 %), α-pinene (1.17 %). The grapefruit peel EON was characterized by TEM (50–120 nm), Zeta sizer (the mean droplet particle size: 109.3 nm, ζ-potential value:-20.6 mV, polydispersity index:0.265) and FT-IR analysis. 500 ppm of the grapefruit peel EON caused 50 % and 20 % mortality in S. granarius and T. castaneum after 7 days, respectively. 1000 ppm of the grapefruit peel EON caused 85 % and 50 % mortality in S. granarius and T. castaneum after 7 days, respectively. Based on the findings, the grapefruit peel EON may be considered having the potential to integrate management strategies for these pests and open a new bio-economic way.

Boosted charge separation via Ce2S3 over dual Z-scheme ZnO–Ce2S3–MnO2 core double-shell nanocomposite for the degradation of diverse dye pollutants

Herein, core double-shell direct dual Z-scheme ZnO–Ce2S3–MnO2 nanocomposite was synthesized via a hydrothermal route along with pure ZnO, Ce2S3, MnO2, and characterized by numerous characterization tools for application in synthetic dyes degradation. The XRD, Raman, and FTIR analyses have confirmed the nanocomposite formation. TEM images exhibited the core double-shell morphology with an average particle diameter of 81 nm and stacking of ZnO, Ce2S3, and MnO2. EDX confirmed the existence of desired elements in the grown composition. The varied oxidation states, presence of defects, and fast charge transfer were also revealed from XPS, PL, and EIS. The ZnO–Ce2S3–MnO2 nanocomposite has an optical energy bandgap of 2.84 eV, capable of decomposing harmful dyes with excellent efficiency, 99.81% MB, 97.62% MO, 88.5% MR, and 58.9% EY in 40 min sunlight exposure. The effect of several operating parameters is also observed and obtained results showed the optimal catalyst dose was 20 mg, pH of 8, and dye concentration of 10 ppm. The scavenger's experiment suggests that •O2− and •OH are the main active radicals in the photodegradation reaction which is also evident in the dual Z-scheme formation. The MnO2 and ZnO layers covered the Ce2S3 (core) and dual Z-scheme formation allows rapid kinetics of redox reaction and provides plenteous channels for transfer of photo-generated charge carriers during photocatalysis. Thus, core double-shell direct dual Z-scheme photocatalysts having inorganic components could be an excellent choice for photocatalysis at the industrial level, particularly for water purification.

Bioconversion of lavender oil extraction wastes through cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae: Its effects on yield, nutritional content and antioxidant capacity of the mushroom

The study was carried out to investigate the effect of growing media prepared by mixing different ratios of poplar sawdust (PS) and lavender extraction wastes such as lavender straw (LS) and lavender flower wastes (LFW), on the cultivation cycle, yield and biological efficiency (BE%), nutritional profil and antioxidant capacity of Pleurotus eryngii var. Ferulae mushroom. Moreover, functional and organic compounds of the fruiting body were examined by FTIR analysis. The mushroom production was experimented with seven different growing media. A raised yield of 216.3 g/kg ±6.4 g/kg and BE% of 61.8 ± 1.8% were recorded in the growing medium where the PS, LS and LWF were used in the ratio of 5:3:2, whereas the maximum protein content (17.94 ± 0.04 g100 g-1), total phenolic content (5.09 ± 0.08 mg GAE g−1), ABTS (54.36 ± 2.39 μmol TE g−1) and CUPRAC (58.89 ± 0.91 μmol TE g−1) were observed in the growing medium prepared with mixture of PS and LS (the ratio of 7:3). Moreover, all the growing media added LS and LFW resulted in improved mushroom yield, the nutritional profile and antioxidant capacity of P. eryngii var. Ferulae when compared to the control medium. According to the results, LS and LFW can be used as efficient, cost-effective and promising substrates for the production of P eryngii var. Ferulae, a valuable medicinal and edible mushroom species.

Optical, thermal, FTIR, SEM-EDX and 1H NMR analysis of Chenopodium album (Bathua) powder prepared using different drying techniques

Chenopodium album (L.) is an underutilized agricultural crop consumed as a leafy vegetable in Asian countries. Although perishable and cultivated in a specific season, it contains nutrients and phytochemicals in abundance. Preservation by employing drying techniques helps in their utilization in the off-season for better food security. In the present study, Chenopodium album leaves were dried using sun, tray, and freeze drying. The different powder samples were characterized on the basis of their physicochemical, optical, and thermal properties. The water activity of powder samples ranged between 0.29 and 0.56. The highest color retention (L* value 47.21) and lowest particle size (11.5 µm) was observed in freeze dried samples. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra confirmed the presence of several functional groups. Thermal analysis revealed the thermal degradation of powder due heat as depicted by change of state and loss of weight. Surface morphological study indicated that powder samples were flowable and element analysis showed presence of C, O, K, Ca, Mg, P, S element in powders.

Flotation activation mechanism of trithiocyanuric acid to malachite

Malachite is a typical refractory copper oxide mineral. In this paper, trithiocyanuric acid (TMT) was used as a novel activator for the activated flotation of malachite for the first time. The effect of TMT on the flotation behavior of malachite was studied and the activation mechanism was discussed. The flotation test results showed that TMT exhibited superior activation performance over sodium sulfide, achieving a high flotation recovery rate of 97.50 % at TMT 90 mg/L and pH 7. The contact angle confirmed malachite improved from 53.3° to 90.1° after TMT treatment, indicating enhanced hydrophobicity of the mineral surface. FTIR and EDS analyses provided clear evidence of chemical adsorption of TMT tautomers onto the malachite surface. SEM images further illustrated the presence of dense particles formed after TMT treatment. XPS revealed that TMT exhibited a strong adsorption effect on malachite, leading to an increase in copper sites and the formation of highly reactive Cu+. The activation mechanism was elucidated as the reaction between Cu sites on malachite and S and N atoms in TMT, forming Cu-S and Cu–N fractions crucial for activation. The high efficiency and low dosage of TMT make it a promising activator for malachite, offering a novel avenue for the effective recovery of malachite-type copper oxide ore resources.

Synthesis, characterization and structural analysis of complexes from 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine derivatives with transition metals.

The synthesis and structural characterization of three families of coordination complexes synthesized from 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (8, Ph-TPY), 4'-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (9, ClPh-TPY) and 4'-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (10, MeOPh-TPY) ligands with the divalent metals Co2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Ni2+ are reported. The compounds were synthesized from a 1:2 mixture of the metal and ligand, resulting in a series of complexes with the general formula [M(R-TPY)2](ClO4)2 (where M= Co2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Ni2+, and R-TPY= Ph-TPY, ClPh-TPY and MeOPh-TPY). The general formula and structural and supramolecular features were determinated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction for bis(4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)nickel(II) bis(perchlorate), [Ni(C21H15N3)2](ClO4)2 or [Ni(Ph-TPY)2](ClO4)2, bis[4'-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine]manganese(II) bis(perchlorate), [Mn(C22H17N3O)2](ClO4)2 or [Mn(MeOPh-TPY)2](ClO4)2, and bis(4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)manganese(II) bis(perchlorate), [Mn(C21H15N3)2](ClO4)2 or [Mn(Ph-TPY)2](ClO4)2. In all three cases, the complexes present distorted octahedral coordination polyhedra and the crystal packing is determined mainly by weak C-H...π interactions. All the compounds (except for the Ni derivatives, for which FT-IR, UV-Vis and thermal analysis are reported) were fully characterized by spectroscopic (FT-IR, UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy) and thermal (TGA-DSC, thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry) methods.

Characterization, antioxidant and α-amylase inhibition of polysaccharides and phosphorylated derivatives from finger citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle)

In this study, the structure-activity relationship of finger citron polysaccharides (FCPs) and their phosphorylated derivatives (P-FCPs) was investigated. Three FCPs (FCP20, FCP40 and FCP60) were successively fractionated by ethanol, and were phosphorylated modification to obtain P-FCPs (P-FCP20, P-FCP40 and P-FCP60). FCPs and P-FCPs are acidic heteropolysaccharides composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, arabinose and galacturonic acid, and exhibited different content of neutral sugar, uronic acid, proteins, polyphenols and sulfates. FTIR and NMR analyses determined the structures of FCPs and P-FCPs, indicating that the phosphorylation modification was successful. P-FCPs possessed the smaller molecular weight distribution and particle size, with significant changes in microstructure than FCPs. Additionally, P-FCPs showed significantly increased antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities compared to FCPs. The inhibitory mechanisms of FCP40 and P-FCP40 on α-amylase was a mixed-type manner and dynamic fluorescence quenching. The results demonstrate that phosphorylation modification can alter the structural features and bioactivities of FCPs, providing an approach for the further development of finger citron in the field of medicinal and functional foods.

MOF-818(Cu)-derived bi-nanozymes of laccase and catecholase mimics and colorimetric sensing to epinephrine

Cu-based nanozyme shows good oxidase-like activities due to the changeable states of Cu(II) and Cu(I), which are proven to be effective in the electron transfer in the redox process. Herein, the self-made MOF-818 with more Cu(II) loading was synthesized through a modified two-steps hydrothermal routes, which was then used as a sacrificial precursor to construct copper/zirconium composite oxides nanozymes (CN-MOF-818). The pyrolysis temperature was varied to obtain the best enzyme-like activities of the resulting CN-MOF-818. The laccase-like and catecholase-like activities were evaluated by using the oxidation of the mixture of 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DP), and 3,5-Di-tert-butylcatechol (3,5-DTBC) respectively. The enzyme-like activities were optimized through altering the catalytic conditions, and the corresponding enzyme catalytic kinetics including Km and Vmax were also determined. The enzyme-like mechanism of the CN-MOF-818 were also discussed based on EPR technique and the in-situ FT-IR analyses. In comparison with the pristine MOF-818 and the other reported Cu-based mimics, the as-prepared CN-MOF-818 exhibits the higher oxidase mimetic activities. These CN-MOF-818 can also be employed to detect the epinephrine with a low detection limit of 1.63 μM.

Effects of wheat flour levels on the thermal curing behavior of Urea–Formaldehyde and Phenol–Formaldehyde resins

Urea–formaldehyde (UF) and phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resins are the most prevalent adhesives in the manufacturing of wood composites, and they are cured by hot pressing to build a three-dimensional network structure in the composites. UF and PF resins are typically formulated with organic fillers like wheat flour to control viscosity and reduce costs in the commercial production of plywood. Although this formulation is well established, research on the effect of filler on the curing behavior of UF and PF resins has been insufficient. Therefore, this study used differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to examine the influence of wheat flour as a filler in varying amounts on the thermal curing behavior of UF and PF resins. The results demonstrated that the viscosity and solid content of the UF and PF resins increased as the filler amount increased. In contrast, the gelation time, which reflected the curing speed of the resins, decreased as the filler content increased. Similarly, DSC results demonstrated that with increased filler amounts, the curing reaction of UF resins accelerated, as evidenced by a decrease in the apparent activation energy (Ea) determined using the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose and Vyazovkin methods. However, in the case of PF resins, the average Ea increased and subsequently declined when 10% and 20% fillers were added. This demonstrated the complicated interaction between wheat flour and resins, particularly PF resins. Furthermore, the isothermal DSC curves reveal that the highest exothermic peaks of UF resins are observed at different isothermal temperatures as the filler amount increases. In contrast, PF resins maintain an isothermal temperature for the highest exothermic peaks across all filler levels. In addition, FTIR analysis suggested that wheat flour might contribute to the curing reaction of UF and PF resins.

Quality by Design Enabled β-Cyclodextrin Complexes of Lisinopril by Kneading Method: Improved Solubility and Bioavailability

Background: The primary intent of the study is to formulate the inclusion complex of lisinopril with the varied compositions of polymers like β-cyclodextrin for the enhancement of oral drug solubility and bioavailability using QbD approach. Methods: The application of Box-behnken design to determine the optimized run from the prepared inclusion complexes. The physical kneading technique with β-cyclodextrin at varied amounts was used to create the inclusion complex of lisinopril. Results: The FT-IR analysis study confirmed the selected drug, polymers, and other excipients showed no physical interactions. The prepared inclusion complexes' particle sizes and encapsulation efficiency were between 802 to 3259μm, 19.22 to 93.28%. The optimized formulation batch (F5) showed 90.16% in vitro drug release at 24h compared to the pure drug. From the in vivo study, the pharmacokinetic parameters for the optimized formulation (F5) were found to be Cmax of 94.336 ng/ml, Tmax of 12h, and AUC 94.336 ng.h/ml, Kel of 0.0395h-1 and t1/2 of 12h. After three months, stability studies for the optimized formulation batch indicate no change in drug entrapment efficiency and other parameters. Conclusion: The β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex of lisinopril exhibited a 2-fold increase in the oral bioavailability of the model drug, which will be the novel drug-delivery strategy for the treatment of hypertension.

Bio-based ionic liquid as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 5% HCl solution: Experimental and theoretical investigation

In pickling conditions, corrosion inhibitors are commonly used to mitigate the corrosive effects of the acidic environment on metal surfaces. Green corrosion inhibitors are substances that provide corrosion protection while being environmentally friendly, often derived from renewable resources or having minimal environmental impact. Ionic liquids are a class of green corrosion inhibitors that have gained attention for their potential in corrosion protection due to their unique properties. In this study, we synthesized a bio-based choline hexanoate ionic liquid (referred to as ChH) and used FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy to elucidate its structure. Further the effectiveness of ChH IL was examined in preventing MS corrosion in 5% HCl at 20–80 °C. The corrosion behavior of MS was examined using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and EIS measurements. Increasing inhibitor concentration and temperatures improved the inhibition performance. The highest efficiency i.e., 98.16% was observed at 3.3 × 10−3 M of ChH at 60 °C. To verify the adsorption of ChH on the MS further investigations were done using FT-IR, Raman, and XPS analysis.

Optimization of preparation conditions and performance of a new degradable soil water retaining agent

Using polyaspartic acid (PAsp) and bentonite (BT) as the main raw materials, a new type of degradable soil water retaining agent (PAsp-AA/BT) was synthesized by microwave radiation. The optimum synthesis conditions and comprehensive properties of PAsp-AA/BT were discussed and the structure and surface characteristics of PAspsp-AA/BT were characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD and TGA in the paper. The results showed that the optimum synthesis conditions of PAsp-AA/BT were as follows: the dosages of polyaspartic acid (PAsp), bentonite (BT), initiator potassium persulfate, crosslinking agent N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide was 5, 3, 0.3, 0.03%, respectively, the neutralization degree of acrylic acid was 75%, and the microwave power was 490W. Under this condition, the absorption ratio of the synthesized PAspsp-AA/BT in deionized water and 0.9% NaCl solution was 953 and 164 g/g, respectively. The synthesized PAsp-AA/BT had a high water absorption rate, good water retention and repeated water absorption, and the degradation rate in soil within 30 days reached 32.75%, with good degradation effect. The analysis of SEM, FT-IR, XRD and TGA showed that: the surface of PAsp-AA/BT was rough and had obvious pore structure, which was conducive to the diffusion of water molecules; polyaspartic acid, bentonite and acrylic acid were polymerized; the cross-linking structure was formed between polyaspartic acid, bentonite and acrylic acid; the product of PASP-AA/BT had good thermal stability. This study provides a new soil water retaining agent, which is helpful for the better development of soil water retaining agent research.

Sustainable Banana-Waste-Derived Biosorbent for Congo Red Removal from Aqueous Solutions: Kinetics, Equilibrium, and Breakthrough Studies

This study investigates the adsorption of Congo red (CR) dye from wastewater using banana peel biochar (BPBC) in both batch and fixed-bed column modes. BPBC was characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA, and BET analysis, revealing a predominantly mesoporous structure with a surface area of 9.65 m2/g. Batch adsorption experiments evaluated the effectiveness of BPBC in removing CR, investigating the influence of the BPBC dosage, initial CR concentration, and solution pH. Results showed optimal CR removal at pH levels below 4, suggesting a favorable electrostatic interaction between the adsorbent and the dye. Furthermore, a pseudo-first-order kinetic model best described the adsorption process. The Freundlich isotherm provided a better fit compared to the Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) models, implying a heterogeneous adsorption surface. The calculated maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) from the Langmuir model was 35.46 mg/g. To assess continuous operation, breakthrough curves were obtained in fixed-bed column experiments with varying bed heights (1–3.6 cm). The results demonstrated efficient CR removal by BPBC, highlighting its potential for wastewater treatment. Finally, this study explored the feasibility of BPBC regeneration and reuse through four adsorption–desorption cycles.

Cd(II)-based complex loaded with drug doxorubicin hydrogels against leukemia and reinforcement learning

A new 3D metal–organic frameworks [Cd6(L)4(bipy)3(H2O)2·H2O] (1) was gained by employing Cd(II) and organic ligand [H3L = 4,4′,4′′-(benzene-1,3,5-triyltris(oxy))tribenzoic acid)benzene acid; bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine] in the solvothermal condition, which has been fully examined via single-X ray diffraction, FTIR and elemental analysis and so on. Using natural polysaccharides hyaluronic acid (HA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) as raw materials, we successfully prepared HA/CMCS hydrogels and observed their internal micromorphology by scanning electron microscopy. Using doxorubicin (Dox) as a drug model, we synthesized a novel metal gel particle loaded with doxorubicin, and their encapsulation and release effects were studied using fluorescence spectroscopy, followed by further investigation of their components through thermogravimetric analysis. Based on this, the therapeutic effect on leukemia was evaluated. Finally, an enhanced learning method for automatically designing new ligand structures from host ligands was proposed. Through generative modeling and molecular docking simulations, the biological behavior of the host and predicted cadmium complexes was extensively studied.

Revolutionising pesticide detection: a high-sensitivity electrochemical sensor with CdS/g-C3N4/MWCNTs for paraquat monitoring

ABSTRACT Over a decade, the Malaysia National Poison Centre found that 40% of pesticide poisoning cases may be linked to excessive paraquat (PQ) in water, soil, or food, underscoring the widespread impact on public health and emphasising the importance of detecting even trace amounts of PQ residues in the environment. Thus, this study presents a novel electrochemical sensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) reinforced cadmium sulphide co-anchoring on graphitic carbon nitride (CdS/g-C3N4) nanocomposites for PQ detection. The CdS/g-C3N4 nanocomposite was successfully synthesised and characterised through FTIR, XRD, EDX, FESEM and TEM analysis. The modified electrode (CdS/g-C3N4/MWCNTs PE) exhibited improved electrocatalytic activity, as demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy. The CdS/g-C3N4/MWCNTs PE displayed a high CV peak and low Rct value which corresponded to a higher electron transfer rate, reduced charge transfer resistance and enhanced mass transport properties. The electrochemical sensor’s performance was evaluated for the detection of PQ, and it demonstrated a linear response in a range of 1.0 µM to 0.1 mM with a limit of detection of 0.14 μM. Furthermore, the sensor exhibited selectivity with a less than 16% potential interference from various organic chemicals and inorganic ions. The sensor’s applicability was tested by quantifying PQ in real water samples, showing excellent recovery percentages ranging from 98.9% to 102.0%. The developed electrochemical sensor provides a practical solution for the rapid and accurate monitoring of PQ levels in the environment. This work establishes the foundation for the development of a selective electrochemical sensor for pesticide analysis, addressing both public health and environmental concerns.

A sustainable green-approach for biofabrication of chitosan nanoparticles, optimization, characterization, its antifungal activity against phytopathogenic Fusarium culmorum and antitumor activity.

Chitosan is a natural non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and mucoadhesive polymer. It also has a broad spectrum of applications such as agriculture, medical fields, cosmetics and food industries. In this investigation, chitosan nanoparticles were produced by an aqueous extract of Cympopogon citratus leaves as a reducing agent. According to the SEM and TEM micrographs, CNPs had a spherical shape, and size ranging from 8.08 to 12.01 nm. CNPs have a positively charged surface with a Zeta potential of + 26mV. The crystalline feature of CNPs is determined by X-ray diffraction. There are many functional groups, including C꞊C, CH2-OH, C-O, C-S, N-H, CN, CH and OH were detected by FTIR analysis. As shown by the thermogravimetric study, CNPs have a high thermal stability. For the optimization of the green synthesis of CNPs, a Face centered central composite design (FCCCD) with 30 trials was used. The maximum yield of CNPs (13.99 mg CNPs/mL) was produced with chitosan concentration 1.5%, pH 4.5 at 40°C, and incubation period of 30 min. The antifungal activity of CNPs was evaluated against phytopathogenic fungus; Fusarium culmorum. A 100% rate of mycelial growth inhibition was gained by the application of 20mg CNPs/mL. The antitumor activity of the green synthesized CNPs was examined using 6 different cell lines, the viability of the cells reduced when the concentration of green synthesized CNPs increased, the IC50 dose of the green synthesized CNPs on the examined cell lines HePG-2, MCF-7, HCT-116, PC-3, Hela and WI-38 was 36.25 ± 2.3, 31.21 ± 2.2, 67.45 ± 3.5, 56.30 ± 3.3, 44.62 ± 2.6 and 74.90 ± 3.8; respectively.

Musa acuminata free tepal (MAFT) crop- mediated synthesis of copper oxide nanocatalyst (MAFT-CuO nanocatalyst): Investigation of aerobic oxidation and dye decolourization via eco-friendly approach

Crop development is used to address environmental problems in the industry. Environmental pollutants, particularly humble or toxic chemicals and dyes, are contaminants in industrial wastewater. Recently, green technology has become important for controlling the chemical risks associated with environmental issues. This study focused on valuable crop materials to form green catalysts that can be used to control chemical toxicity in industrial wastewater. In this study, Musa acuminata-free tepal (MAFT) crops and musa were used to mediate the formation of copper nanocatalyst for environmental pollution. The synthesised nanocatalyst was analysed by XPS, XRD, TEM, SEM, FT-IR, GC-EI-MS, and TGA-DSC. The production of Cu–O in the 512 cm−1 peak range was verified by FT-IR analysis. The XRD peaks associated with the cubic crystalline structures of copper (110) and (200) were used to confirm the Musa acuminata-free tepal CuO nanocatalyst. The SEM images of the Cu and CuO nanocatalyst in the Musa acuminata free tepal showed that the particles were almost spherical. The size of the synthesised Musa acuminata free tepal CuO nanocatalyst core-shell nanostructures was identified using HR-TEM. GC-MS investigations also verified the aerobic oxidation of the main alcohol to aldehyde, with a retention time of 30.34. The MAFT was 80 % of CBB G250 dye decolourised at 24 h, and the MAFT-CuO nanocatalyst was decolourised the CBB G250 dye at 80 % in 20 min and aerobic oxidation at the same time (dual application). Furthermore, our nanocatalyst could be effectively recycled without significant loss of catalytic activity, and the use of safe, environmentally benign MAFT-Cu and CuO nanocatalyst is considered a green chemistry approach that helps avoid wastewater treatment. MAFT-Cu and CuO nanocatalyst were successfully synthesised using Musa acuminata free tepal extract assisted by reflux sample preparation system instruments as a new, green, eco-friendly, and fast process for nanocatalyst synthesis. In the past, there have been no reported applications of MAFT-Cu and CuO nanocatalyst for decolourisation and aerobic oxidation. Nevertheless, we were able to accomplish these procedures with the help of CuO and MAFT-Cu nanocatalyst. Therefore, the most effective naturally occurring environmental catalysts for aerobic oxidation processes are MAFT-CuO nanocatalyst. They are non-toxic and environmentally benign, exhibit strong aerobic oxidation catalytic performance, and have long-lasting benefits for water quality. Additionally, they are more recoverable and biodegradable.

Effect of Biochar on Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Untreated Sewage Sludge with Municipal Organic Waste under Mesophilic Conditions

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a biological process that occurs in the limited presence of oxygen. This process involves various difficulties during the operation, such as acidification and increased concentration of volatile fatty acids, which can inhibit methane production. Therefore, in this work, the impact of biochar on the co-digestion of untreated sludge and residual biomass under mesophilic conditions was studied. For the production of biochar, the gasification process was used at different temperatures: 759 °C (BL), 798 °C (BM), and 888 °C (BH). This biochar was added in concentrations of 0 g/L, 3.33 g/L, and 6.67 g/L at the beginning of the co-digestion process. The results showed that a concentration of 6.67 g/L with BH biochar increased the PBM by 18% compared to the control sample and reduced the chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 88%. In addition, there was a reduction of volatile fatty acids (VFA) of 42.75%. Furthermore, FTIR analysis demonstrated that biochar has appropriate functional groups for this process. These data suggest a good interaction of biochar with the mixture of sludge and municipal waste, indicating that biochar can improve the anaerobic co-digestion of untreated sludge and municipal waste.