Fruit In Egypt Research Articles

Molecular, morphological, palynological and biochemical characterization of six accessions of two Mangifera indica L cultivars (Keitt and Ewais) native to Egypt

AbstractAccurate characterization of crops or fruits leads to successful improvements in breeding programs. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the second most common fruit in Egypt. It is a heterozygous plant; consequently, the possibility of incorrect characterization is significant. Therefore, this study used six accessions of two M. indica cultivars, ‘Keitt’ and ‘Ewais’, to produce precise molecular characterization and prove their genetic relatedness using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. Pollen morphology was studied for the first time for these two Egyptian cultivars to determine their correlation. Morphological traits were quantitatively and qualitatively investigated. In addition, phytochemical analyses were performed to correlate the six mango accessions. One of these accessions (accession 3) was commercially identified as ‘Ewais’ cv., but the obtained result revealed that it does not belong to ‘Ewais’ cv. This finding was proved molecularly using ISSR and SCoT markers and morphologically. Similarly, phytochemical analyses revealed a difference between accession 3 and the other accessions under investigation. Polymorphic information content (PIC) and resolving power (RP) data revealed that the SCoT technique was more informative than ISSR for studying these genotypes of mango. Accordingly, the present findings prove the necessity for molecular, morphological, palynological, and biochemical investigations for accurate characterization of mango genotypes and genetic relatedness for improving breeding programs.

Morphological and Molecular Identification of Penicillium digitatum Causing Green Mould of Citrus Fruits in Egypt

Morphological and Molecular Identification of Penicillium digitatum Causing Green Mould of Citrus Fruits in Egypt

Larvicidal activity and biochemical effect of some essential oils and indoxacarb against peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an important insect pest of fruits in Egypt. The desire for fresh fruits free of insecticides drives the adoption of environmentally friendly biopesticides to manage pests. The current study sought to estimate the toxicity and biochemical alterations of 3rd larval instar of B. zonata affected by clove, neemazal T/S, garlic, ginger and orange oils compared with indoxacarb at LC50 under laboratory conditions. Results after 24 h of treatment indicated that neemazal T/S is more toxic than other tested oils compared with higher toxicity of indoxacarb with LC50 values of 86.09, 174.72, 4514.38, 7224.01, 9387.73 and 2590.2 μg/mL for indoxacarb, neemazal T/S, ginger, clove, garlic and orange oils, respectively. Moreover, after 24 h of treatment, the larval content of digestive enzymes drastically decreased. All compounds caused a remarkable reduction in protease (except clove oil), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), phenol oxidase enzyme, α-esterase (except indoxacarb and neemazal T/S) and β-esterase (except ginger oil and neemazal T/S) activity. Also, total carbohydrates, total lipids and total proteins take the same trend. All treatments at LC50 increased the activity of cytochrome p450 and glutathione-s-transferase against 3rd larval instar of B. zonata compared with control. Our findings recommended that the tested botanicals could be an effective substitute for conventional insecticides as well as their safety for human beings and beneficial organisms.

Hot water treatment in combination with silicate salts dipping for controlling apple gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.

BackgroundGray mold is the most prevalent postharvest disease of apple fruits in Egypt. In this study, five isolates of Botrytis cinerea were isolated from apple fruits that had postharvest decay symptoms. Investigations were made into the pathogenicity tests of these isolates as well as the molecular identification of the most virulent isolate. A study was done in vitro to see how B. cinerea's mycelial growth and conidial germination would be affected by hot water treatments (HWT) at temperatures of 25, 50, 52, 54, or 56 °C for 10, 20, 30, or 40 s as well as silicate salts (SS), specifically potassium silicate and sodium silicate at 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0%. The effectiveness of hot water treatment and silicate salts dipping (SSD), both separately and together, for preventing B. cinerea infection and preserving the natural qualities of apple fruits was investigated in vivo.ResultsPathogenicity tests on apples (Anna cv.) revealed that B. cinerea isolate (Bc-1) was found to be the most virulent. This isolate was identified as belonging to the fungus B. cinerea through molecular testing using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, and it has since been added to Gene Bank with the accession number ON1498639.1. The lethal temperature for B. cinerea mycelial growth and spore germination in vitro was 54 °C/30 s and 54 °C/10 s, respectively. At a 6.0%, the SS, specifically potassium silicate and sodium silicate, completely prevented pathogen growth. When applied separately, HWT (60 °C/30 s) and SSD (6.0%/1 min) significantly reduced B. cinerea decay of apple fruits stored at 20 ± 2 °C for 15 days. In terms of control efficacy, the HWT (60 °C/30 s) and SSD (6.0%/1 min) combination performed better.ConclusionsWhen apple fruits are stored at 20 ± 2 °C for 15 days, the combination of HWT (60 °C/30 s) and SSD (6.0%/1 min) may be an efficient way to control the gray mold disease. The amount of total soluble solids (TSS) in apple fruits was unaffected by these treatments, but they significantly lessened fruit weight loss after 40 days of storage at 20 ± 2 °C.

Efficacy of some plant extracts and fungicides to control Alternaria black spots caused by Alternaria alternata on postharvest Mango fruits in Egypt.

Efficacy of some plant extracts and fungicides to control Alternaria black spots caused by Alternaria alternata on postharvest Mango fruits in Egypt.

Forecasting agricultural price volatility of some export crops in Egypt using ARIMA/GARCH model

PurposeThis study focuses on forecasting the price of the most important export crops of vegetables and fruits in Egypt from 2016 to 2030.Design/methodology/approachThe study applied generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model.FindingsThe results show that ARIMA (1,1,1), ARIMA (2.1,2), ARIMA (1,1,0), ARIMA (1,1,2), ARIMA (0,1,0) and ARIMA (1,1,1) are the most appropriate fitted models to evaluate the volatility of price of green beans, tomatoes, onions, oranges, grapes and strawberries, respectively. The results also revealed the presence of ARCH effect only in the case of Potatoes, hence it is suggested that the GARCH approach be used instead. The GARCH (1,1) is found to be a better model in forecasting price of potatoes.Originality/valueThe study of food price volatility in developing countries is essential, since a significant share of household budgets is spent on food in these economies, so forecasting agricultural prices is a substantial requirement for drawing up many economic plans in the fields of agricultural production, consumption, marketing and trade.

Virulence effect of Metarhizium anisopliae (Met.) and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) fungi against the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

BackgroundThe peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a key pest of fruits in Egypt. Insect-pathogenic fungi are one of the biocontrol agents that increasingly substitute the traditional pesticides to overcome pesticide risks. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the fungal virulence of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) against B. zonata pupae. Also, extended pathogenicity effect of these fungi on adult flies was studied.ResultsThe results showed that M. anisopliae fungus had more pathogenicity to B. zonata pupae on the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th days post-treatment than B. bassiana. Pathogenicity fungal effects of treated larvae extended to the surviving adults. Fungal concentration and post-exposure interval reversely impacted the pupae by 63.88 and 63.59% mortality in the case of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana, respectively. The lethal concentration of treated fly by M. anisopliae (LC50 = 9.5 × 106 conidia/ml and LC90 = 9.9 × 107 conidia/ml) was lower than that of B. bassiana (LC50 = 5.1 × 107 conidia/ml and LC90 = 1.9 × 109 conidia/ml). Median lethal time (LT50) value was fungal species-dependent, and concentration. Metarhizium anisopliae was more virulent than B. bassiana; the lowest LT50 value was 9.48 days by M. anisopliae and 13.33 days by B. bassiana, depending on the fungal tested concentration of 2.3 × 106 conidia/ml.ConclusionsThe tested entomopathogenic fungi could be considered promising biocontrol agents against B. zonata and could be used for fly suppression through soil application in IPM programs.

Xanthomonas euvesicatoria Associated with Bacterial Spot on Pepper Fruits in Egypt

Xanthomonas euvesicatoria Associated with Bacterial Spot on Pepper Fruits in Egypt

Antiproliferative potential of Physalis peruviana-derived magnolin against pancreatic cancer: a comprehensive in vitro and in silico study.

Physalis peruviana L. is a common edible fruit in Egypt and other regional countries. In the present study, we investigated its crude extract as a potential source of antiproliferative secondary metabolites. Upon bioactivity guided solvent fractionation, ethyl acetate extract showed preferential activity toward the human pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1 with an IC50 value of 5.23 ± 0.2 μg mL-1. The subsequent HR-LCMS-guided and biological activity-guided isolation revealed magnolin as a potent preferential antiproliferative agent against PANC-1 with an IC50 of 0.51 ± 0.46 μM that was comparable to that of the positive control doxorubocin (IC50 of 0.17 ± 0.15 μM). Moreover, magnolin showed much less cytotoxicity in comparison with the positive control doxorubicin (6.96% and 30.48% growth inhibition, respectively, at 5 μg mL-1) towards normal human cells (i.e. dermal fibroblasts; HDFa). Furthermore, magnolin was able to induce a concentration-dependent suppression of the formation of PANC-1 colonies, where the treatment of the tumor cells with 25 nM, 50 nM, and 100 nM concentrations of the compound resulted in a 36%, 57, and 78% reduction, respectively, in the PANC-1 colony formation. Additionally, magnolin was observed to limit PANC-1 tumor cell migration in the tumor cell wound healing assay, indicating a substantial anti-migratory effect against the PANC-1 cell line. A subsequent in silico-based study of this compound structure putatively suggested matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) as the molecular target that mediates these observed effects on PANC-1 cells. Absolute binding free energy estimation (ΔGbinding) and 100 ns long molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) experiments indicated that the magnolin structure has good affinity towards the MMP3's active site and can achieve significantly stable binding inside it. Accordingly, upon experimental validation, magnolin was found to inhibit the catalytic activity of MMP3 in a dose-dependent manner with a nanomolar IC50 value of 185 nm ± 4.86 and a Ki of 112 nm ± 6.31. In conclusion, our results clearly revealed that magnolin derived from P. peruviana is an interesting antiproliferative and antimetastatic agent against PANC-1 cells with potent inhibitory activity against MMP3. Further in vivo evaluation will be of great interest in the future.

The Application of Pomegranate, Sugar Apple, and Eggplant Peel Extracts Suppresses Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Biosynthesis Pathway

Even though the green revolution was a significant turning point in agriculture, it was also marked by the widespread use of chemical pesticides, which prompted severe concerns about their influence on human and environmental health. As a result, the demand for healthier and more environmentally friendly alternatives to control plant diseases and avoid food spoilage is intensifying. Among the proposed alternatives, food by-product extracts, especially from the most consumed fruits in Egypt, eggplant, sugar apple, and pomegranate peel wastes, were largely ignored. Hence, we chose them to evaluate their antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities against maize fungus, Aspergillus flavus. All the extracts exhibited multiple degrees of antifungal growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) inhibitory activities (35.52% to 91.18%) in broth media. Additionally, diethyl ether 50% eggplant, ethanol 75% sugar apple, and diethyl ether 25% pomegranate extracts exhibited the highest AFB1 inhibition, of 96.11%, 94.85%, and 78.83%, respectively, after one month of treated-maize storage. At the same time, Topsin fungicide demonstrated an AFB1 inhibition ratio of 72.95%. The relative transcriptional levels of three structural and two regulatory genes, aflD, aflP, aflQ, aflR, and aflS, were downregulated compared to the infected control. The phenolic content (116.88 mg GAEs/g DW) was highest in the 25% diethyl ether pomegranate peel extract, while the antioxidant activity was highest in the 75% ethanol sugar apple extract (94.02 µg/mL). The most abundant active compounds were found in the GC-MS analysis of the fruit peel extracts: α-kaurene, α-fenchene, p-allylphenol, octadecanoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxy phenol, hexestrol, xanthinin, and linoleic acid. Finally, the three fruit peel waste extracts could be a prospective source of friendly ecological compounds that act as environmentally safer and more protective alternatives to inhibit AFB1 production in maize storage.

Population Fluctuations of Mites on Two Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Varieties in Three Suburbs of Assiut Governorate, Egypt

Pomegranate, Punica granatumL.(Myrtales: Lythraceae), is one of the most important fruits in Egypt, especially in Assiut Governorate. However, little is known about mite fauna and their population fluctuations in pomegranate orchards. In this study, the population fluctuations of two phytophagous mite species, Tenuipalpus punicae Pritchard & Baker (Acarida: Tenuipalpidae) and Oligonychus punicae Hirst (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae), and their associated phytoseiid predators, Euseius scutalis Athias-Henriot (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) and Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), were investigated in two pomegranate varieties (Assiuty and Manfalouty) from three cities that produce pomegranates in Assiut Governorate. Mites were monitored monthly for 2 years beginning in October 2018. Of the phytophagous mites, T. punicae was the main mite pest; its population numbers were highest between July and September in both study years. In contrast, O. punicae reached its highest density between May and August. Notably, the numbers of both predatory mite species, E. scutalis, and N. barkeri, were associated with the densities of their prey, i.e., the aforementioned phytophagous mites.

Survey and Abundance of Major Insect Pests on Pomegranate Fruits in Egypt

Survey and Abundance of Major Insect Pests on Pomegranate Fruits in Egypt

In vitro and in vivo, biocontrol activity of extracts prepared from Egyptian indigenous medicinal plants for the management of anthracnose of mango fruits

Anthracnose is a very restrictive disease disturbing production, as well as postharvest property of mango fruit in Egypt. Fifteen isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were recovered from mango fruits displayed anthracnose symptoms. PCR assay was achieved in addition to morphological study confirmed that the causative agent of anthracnose in mango fruits is C. gloeosporioides. Anthracnose control of mango fruits by plant extracts was verified. Both ethanol and aqueous extracts prevented the growth of the pathogen in some degrees in vitro. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Plantago sinaica were the strongest on fungal growth than other plants. A qualitative phytochemical investigation of plant extracts from testing plants designated saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and phenols. Plantago sinaica extract exhibited a higher amount of phenolic compounds than other plants. Analysis of phenolic compounds of Plantago sinaica extract using HPLC showed that ellagic acid represented the highest quantity than other compounds. Electron microscopy showed changes in the ultrastructure of the pathogen hyphae after treatment by Plantago sinaica extract.

EVALUATION OF CULTIVARS AND FUNGICIDES ROLE IN CONTROLLING MANGO POWDERY MILDEW

Mango(Mangifera indica L.) is one of the highly demanded fruit in Egypt. Mango is susceptible to several diseases at all stages of its development. Among these diseases, is powdery mildew, which caused by the fungus Oidium mangiferae Berthet. It was first reported in Brazil 1914 by Berthet, and subsequently, was reported in several other countries. The losses caused by this pathogen vary from 5-20% depending on the weather conditions. Disease incidence percentage was increased from February (2-5%) until May in the different investigated districts of Sharqia and Ismailia Governorates but with higher values especially during March and April in Ismailia during 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. The highest value of mango powdery mildew disease was obtained during May where it ranged from 43% to 73% when the temperature averaged 26.8°C and relative humidity valued 43.04%. Lengara cultivar proved to be the least affected mango cultivar by the pathogen in season 2016. However, Balady cultivar was highly susceptible and the remained cultivars seemed to be moderately susceptible. All the fungicides screened were found significantly superior in inhibiting the pathogen, O. mangiferae with different degrees and decrease disease incidence and severity rather than non-treated mango trees during seasons 2016 and 2017. Evconel, Apache, Nasr Zool, Super talc, and Bingo significantly decreased disease incidence with equal effects compared to the control. However, fungicide Sopulo displayed the highest disease incidence.

Evaluation of dissipation, unit–unit-variability and terminal residue of etoxazole residues in strawberries from two different parts in Egypt

Etoxazole is a systemic acaricide widely used in several crops with important significance in strawberries in order to control mites. Consequently, the presence of etoxazole residues in strawberries cannot be excluded. But, are these residues safe for the consumers and in compliance with the regulatory limits? To address these questions, the dissipation kinetics and the terminal residue of etoxazole in field strawberry fruits in Egypt were investigated and a dietary exposure risk assessment was performed. A decline of etoxazole residues in strawberries as a first-order decay process demonstrating a half-life (t1/2) of 2.8 days and a significant degradation (97.7%) after 14 days. In all cases, variability factors estimated for etoxazole in strawberries were stable ranging from 1.50 to 1.94 at several preharvest intervals. Regarding the compliance with EUMRLs, the selection of the appropriate preharvest interval was critical. No evident risk to consumers was identified from the consumption of outdoor strawberries following the Good Agricultural Practices in Egypt.

THE VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF OLIVE IN FAYOUM GOVERNORATE

Olives is one of the most important fruits in Egypt. Although It wasnoted recently that in spite of the increase in the quantity of production ofolives in Egypt in general, and in Fayoum Governorate in particular, a smallquantity is used in producing oil (about 10 %) all the rest quantity is used inmaking pickles which is made in a primitive and unhealthy way. This studyaims to describe the value chain of olive in Fayoum Governorate, estimatingits economic efficiency and its added value of outputs in all stages of oliveproduction in Fayoum. The present study employed descriptive analyses of thecollected data.The study showed that the value chain of olive consists a set ofsuccessive circles starting with olive production, manufacturing, and deliveryto the ultimate consumer. Through studying the most important economicefficiency indicators of processing a ton of pickled green olive has showedthat the gross margin and average rate of return and added value per ton areabout 4661.7, 3378.4, 5187.4 pounds, respectively. Also, it has showed thatthe average rate of return on the invested pound is about 0.4 pounds, and thatthe ratio of the total relative costs to the total revenue is about 61.2%. A studyof the most important economic efficiency indicators for processing a ton ofpickled black olive has showed that the gross margin, average rate of return,and added value per ton are 8870.1, 7378.9, 8917.2 pounds, respectively. Also,it has showed that the average rate of return on the invested pound is about0.69 pounds, and that the ratio of the total relative costs to the total revenue isabout 50.7%. After studying the most important economic efficiency indicators for processing a ton of olive oil has shown that the gross margin,average rate of return and added value are about 2542.2, 2179.2, 2728.7pounds, respectively. It has also shown that the average rate of return on theinvested pound is about 0.47 pounds, and that the ratio of the total relativecosts to the total revenue is about 62.6%.By studying the most important indicators of economic efficiency ofdistributing a ton of pickled green olive, it has been found that the grossmargin, average rate of return, and added value are 2083,1968, 2485 pounds,respectively. The study has also shown that the average rate of return on theinvested pound is about 0.15 pounds, and that the ratio of the total relativecosts to the total revenue is about 86%. By studying the most importanteconomic efficiency indicators for the distribution of a ton of pickled blackolive, it has been noted that the gross margin, average rate of return and addedvalue are 2775, 2686.8, 3196.8 pounds, respectively, and that the average rateof return on the invested pound is about 0.1 pounds. Moreover, it has beenfound that the ratio of the total relative costs to the total revenue is about87.2%. As for the most important economic efficiency indicators for thedistribution of a ton of olive to be used to produce olive oil, it has beenconcluded that the gross, average rate of return and added value are about2993.8, 2922.3, 3307.5 pounds, respectively, and that the average rate ofreturn on the invested pound is about 0.75 pounds. One more thing is that theratio of the total relative costs to the total revenue is approximately 56.2%.Recommendations of the Study:1. Encouraging investment in the field of manufacturing special containers ofolives and its products, and to encourage investment in the necessaryinfrastructure such as stations of sorting and grading, as well as toencourage investment in the field of complementary industries, especiallyin the field of utilization of olive residue.2. Opening new marketing outlets for olive products and export promotion inthis area.3. The Social Fund should encourage young graduates by providing necessaryloans to enter the field of olive processing, where the lost income estimatesfor olives manufacturing series pointed to the availability of opportunitiesfor expansion in the olive manufacturing and the establishment of newinvestment projects.

Mycobiota and Mycotoxins Associated With Fresh and Dried Grape Fruits in Egypt

The aimed to evaluate the extent of contamination of fresh grape, dried grape fruits (raisin) with molds and their mycotoxins. Three hundred and forty five fungal isolates were obtained from 40 samples of fresh fruits (243 isolates) and 30 samples of dried fruits (102 isolates). Twelve fungal genera namely, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Emericella, Fusarium, Geotricum, Gibberella, Mocur, Pinicillum, Rhizopus and Trichoderma were identified from fresh grape samples. All the previous fungal genera except Geotricum and Gibberella were also isolated from dried grape samples.Aspergillus was the most predominant genus followed by Penicillum, Alternaria and Fusarium. Most of the isolated

A Novel Isolate of Phyllosticta capitalensis Causes Black Spot Disease on Guava Fruit in Egypt

A Novel Isolate of Phyllosticta capitalensis Causes Black Spot Disease on Guava Fruit in Egypt

Mango, Orange and Mandarin Peels Oleoresins to Prepare Natural and Healthy Instant Flavor Drinks

Mango and citrus are major processed fruits in Egypt that results in large quantities of wastes and byproductsrich in various bioactive components such as water soluble and insoluble antioxidants and essential oils.Therefore, the objective of this study was to produce instant flavor drinks from oleoresins which obtained from fruitindustry wastes (mango, orange and mandarin peels). Fruit peels are natural sources for dietary antioxidants and flavor.Mango, orange and mandarin peels industrial by-products contains many nutritionally and economically valuablecomponents. These by-products from juice processing industries have significant exploitation potential. Therefore, thepresent study carried out on different instant flavor drinks which were prepared as mango, orange and mandarin peelsoleoresin in 20, 40 60, 80 and 100 mg/100 g formulas to produce natural and healthy instant fruit peels flavor drinkscompared to commercial products. These formulas evaluated for physico-chemical properties, antioxidants contents andtheir activities, volatile oil fractions and sensory evaluation. The obtained results indicated that antioxidant activity ofmandarin peels oleoresin due to it is high phenolic compounds content (50.51±2.41mg/g) and vitamin C (1.30±0.06mg/g). While, total flavonoids contents (5.66±0.21 mg/g) for mango peels oleoresin showed the second level for testedpeels oleoresin antioxidant activity, also mango oleoresin has high content of in carotenoids (12.53±0.43 mg/g).Mandarin peels which have the significant content of volatile oil (1.92±0.23g/100g), comparing to orange and mangooleoresin peels. Mango peels oleoresin has higher content in α-pienene, terpinolene, myrcene and β-pienene than otherfractions (12.82, 3.14, 2.30 and 1.54%, respectively) Also, the major compound in orange then mandarin peels oleoresinwas limonene (85.80 and 52.67%, respectively). Camphor content has highest content in orange peels oleoresin(3.62%). The most important aroma characteristic in mandarin peels oleoresin were 1,8-cineol (13.31%) followed by γ-terpinene (11.02%) then E-β-ocimene (6.52%). Orange peels oleoresin has the highest antioxidant activity by DPPHmethod (from 54.20 to 73.00%) in gradual concentrations followed by mango peels oleoresin (from 46.24 to 55.82%)then mandarin peels oleoresin (from 33.92 to 52.02%). These data are due to that orange peels oleoresin is rich inlimonene and camphor, as well as carotenoids, flavonoids and vitamin C. Aroma in mandarin formula showed thehighest one and that was due to the quantity of volatile oil and quality of some volatile oil compounds. Mango andorange peels oleoresin formulas gave also the highest evaluation in sensory acceptability which has been shown for thearoma and flavor results may be due to the highest contents in flavonoids and carotenoids and volatile oil components.Therefore, the use of mango, orange and mandarin oleoresins as natural flavors is better than commercial syntheticflavorings.

English

The Peach fruit fly (PFF), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) is known as a key pest of fruits in Egypt. The effect of temperature on the development and survival of the Peach fruit fly (PFF), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) from egg to adult was studied to understand the geographical pattern of occurrence of these fruit fly[N1] . Studding carried out in laboratory under four different constant temperatures: 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Results showed that time required for development were decreased as the temperature increased from 15 to 30°C. Differences between the four tested temperatures in incubation periods were significant. Developmental time of the eggs signii¬cantly decreased over the range of 15 to 25°C but not between 25 and 30°C, Similarly, developmental time for the larva and pupa significantly decreased with increasing temperature from 15 to 30°C. The lower threshold of development (to) for the larval and pupae stages was 13 and 10.9°C respectively. The highest pupation rate of B. zonata was 87±.48 percentage at 25°C, which was considered the optimum and favorable temperature. The results will be good tool for predicting the fly’s population dynamics, which would help develop the fly management strategies. Key words: Bactrocera zonata, Egypt, fruit fly, immature stages, management strategies.