Putat Research Articles

Plants suspected to contain bio insecticidal agents against mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia

Mealybugs (Insecta; Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are the important pest of agricultural crops and ornamental plants worldwide, including in Indonesia. Beside their high invasive nature and high economic impact, mealybugs are difficult to control so that the presence of this insect is of serious concern. That is why research to find effective ways to control and eradicate mealybugs is continuously being carried out in many countries including Indonesia. This paper presents the results of research on the search for natural ingredients from plants that can be developed into bioinsecticides against mealybugs conducted in Indonesia in the last 20 years. The data were compiled by searching relevance papers containing researches done in Indonesia, by Indonesian researchers that have been published both in national and international journals that can be accessed using Google search engine. The result is as follows. There are three genera of mealybugs that are of the greatest concern because of the high losses they cause, namely: Planococcus, Pseudoccus, and Paracoccus. There are 19 plant species that have been reported as a potential source of insecticides against mealybugs including Allium sativum, Anonna squamosa, Areca catechu, Azadirachta indica, Barringtonia asiatica, Carica papaya, Cassia spectabilis, Cinnamomum burmannii, Cymbopogon nardus, Eucalypus sp., Gliricidia sepium, Lantana camara, Moringa oleifera, Nicotiana tabacum, Piper betel, Piper retrofractum, Reutealis trisperma, and Tephrosia vogelii.

Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity testing of n-hexane extract from Barringtonia asiatica seeds

Barringtonia asiatica, a marine plant belonging to the Lecythidaceae family, exhibits bioactivity in all parts of the plant. In the Simeulue region, the seeds of this plant are used for fish trapping. The polar extracts of B. asiatica seeds has shown antibacterial activity, but the non-polar extracts has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the secondary metabolites of B. asiatica using a non-polar solvent (n-hexane) and evaluate its activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The extraction method employed using soxhlet extraction, and the antibacterial activity was determined using the Kirby-Bauer method. The presence of secondary metabolites in the B. asiatica seed extract was assessed using phytochemical tests, and its chemical composition was analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The yield of n-hexane extract from B. asiatica seeds was 1.7%, and the phytochemical analysis revealed that the B. asiatica seed’s n-hexane extract contains only terpenoids compounds. The B. asistica seed’s n-hexane extract at concentration of 10% (w/v) showed the highest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (9.3 mm) followed by Escherichia coli (9,9 mm). The GC-MS analysis showed that B. asiatica seed’s n-hexane extract contains Guaiene, Guaiene, Ledene, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, and Ethyl linoleate. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that B. asiatica seed's n-hexane extract exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli.

Analysis of biopesticide active compounds in Barringtonia asiatica L. Kurz using the GC-MS method

The objective of this study is to use gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to discover the biopesticide active components in bitung seeds (Barringtonia asiatica L. Kurz). research being carried out at Gadjah Mada University Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory in Yogyakarta (LPPT-UGM). The research was conducted from March 1, 2023, until April 2, 2023. The Rf number, color test, fragmentation pattern, and solubility of B. asiatica L. Kurz seed extract were the assessment standards that were used. Based on the area’s chromatogram results, quantitative analysis was carried out to ascertain the quantity of organic molecules that comprise secondary metabolites. After being gas chromatographically separated, the number of organic components that comprise secondary metabolites was enumerated in order to perform a qualitative study. The findings of tests using extracts from seeds of B. asiatica by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) yield substances that are secondary metabolites, namely: Octasiloxane, hexadecamethyl-1,1,3,3,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-, has the chemical formula C16H50O7Si8 and has a heavy molecular mass of 578 g/mol. The formula chemistry of hexasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,7,7,9,9,11,11-dodecamethyl -, is C12H38O5Si6 heavy molecule 430 g/mol, while the formula chemistry of heptasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13-tetradecamethyl, is C14H44O6Si7 heavy molecule 504 g/mol.

The evolution history of an allotetraploid mangrove tree analysed with a new tool Allo4D.

Mangrove species are broadly classified as true mangroves and mangrove associates. The latter are amphibious plants that can survive in the intertidal zone and reproduce naturally in terrestrial environments. Their widespread distribution and extensive adaptability make them ideal research materials for exploring adaptive evolution. In this study, we de novo assembled two genomes of mangrove associates (the allotetraploid Barringtonia racemosa (2n = 4x = 52) and diploid Barringtonia asiatica (2n = 2x = 26)) to investigate the role of allopolyploidy in the evolutionary history of mangrove species. We developed a new allotetraploid-dividing tool Allo4D to distinguish between allotetraploid scaffold-scale subgenomes and verified its accuracy and reliability using real and simulated data. According to the two subgenomes of allotetraploid B.racemosa divided using Allo4D, the allopolyploidization event was estimated to have occurred approximately one million years ago (Mya). We found that B. racemosa, B. asiatica, and Diospyros lotus shared a whole genome duplication (WGD) event during the K-Pg (Cretaceous-Paleozoic) period. K-Pg WGD and recent allopolyploidization events contributed to the speciation of B. racemosa and its adaptation to coastal habitats. We found that genes in the glucosinolates (GSLs) pathway, an essential pathway in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses, expanded rapidly in B. racemosa during polyploidization. In summary, this study provides a typical example of the adaptation of allopolyploid plants to extreme environmental conditions. The newly developed tool, Allo4D, can effectively divide allotetraploid subgenomes and explore the evolutionary history of polyploid plants, especially for species whose ancestors are unknown or extinct.

Assessment of the role of ACC deaminase, IAA, and siderophore-producing bacteria isolated from Spratly Islands on the growth of Brassica juncea on the coral sand

Root endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria play a significant role in enhancing plant tolerance and promoting growth by producing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and siderophore. These bacteria have been isolated and screened from 45 plants’ roots and rhizosphere soil samples of 19 types of plants which are growing on 8 floating islands in Spratley Islands, Viet Nam. In which, 3 root endophytic bacteria strains were selected and identified to be Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, and Klebsiella aerogenes from roots of Scaevola taccada, Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz, and Carica papaya, respectively. Correspondingly, 3 rhizosphere bacteria strains were selected and identified to be Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus aryabhattai, and Bacillus velezensis from rhizosphere soils of Canavalia maritima (Aubt) Thouars (C. obtusifolia DC.), Cucumis sativus, Heliotropium foertherianum, respectively. These strains were found could increase the germination rate of Brassica juncea’s seeds and 20-day-old fresh biomass, compared to the control treatment in the same condition of 10‰ saline watering. When these bacterial strains were combined as an inoculant, they indicated the same result on coral sand. Thus, the addition of selected endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria is efficient in improving the coral sand environment to enhance food crops’ development in the Spratly Islands.

Risk assessment of Resseliella citrifrugis for the EU.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a risk assessment of the citrus fruit midge Resseliella citrifrugis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), an oligophagous species, which feeds on fruits of Citrus spp., and is reported from China. The pest was temporarily regulated in October 2022 (Regulation (EU) 2022/1941, under Art. 30 (2016/2031)). The entry risk assessment focused on the citrus fruit pathway. Three scenarios were considered: A0 (current practice, i.e. regulated pest for the EU), A1 (deregulation) and A2 (A0 with additional stand-alone post-harvest cold treatment). Based on the outputs of the entry model, under scenario A0, slightly less than 40 potential founder populations per year are expected (median; 90%-uncertainty interval between about one per 30 years and about 3,000 per year). Under scenario A1, the risk of entry increases by about three times and reaches about 120 potential founder populations per year (median; 90%-uncertainty interval between about one per 10 years and about 9,000 per year). Compared to scenario A0, the risk of entry is orders of magnitude lower for scenario A2 (median = about one potential founder population per 120 years; 90%-uncertainty interval between one per about 600 million years and about two per year). The main uncertainties in the entry assessment are the probability of transfer, the RRO effectiveness (for scenario A2) and the disaggregation of consignments (transport of citrus fruit in boxes or lots to different locations). For all scenarios, the number of established populations is only slightly lower than the number of potential founder populations. Establishment is thus not expected to be a major constraint for this pest to then spread and cause impacts, despite the uncertainty about the pest thermal requirements. The median lag period between establishment and spread is estimated to be about 18 months (90%-uncertainty interval between about 7 and 54 months). After the lag period, the median rate of spread by flying and due to transport of harvested citrus fruit from orchards to packinghouses is estimated at about 100 km/year (90%-range between about 40 and 500 km/year). The main uncertainties in the spread assessment include the level of susceptibility of cultivars of different citrus species in the EU, the spread rate in China and the climate suitability of the initial spread focus in the EU. The median impact of R. citrifrugis in the EU citrus-growing area (proportion of infested citrus fruit out of harvested citrus fruit) is estimated at about 10% (90%-uncertainty interval between about 2% and 25%). Uncertainties affecting the impact assessment include the susceptibility of different citrus cultivars and the effect of the citrus fruit-harvesting season in the EU (mainly winter, the less suitable season for the pest).

SOSIALISASI DAN PENANAMAN DALAM RANGKA REHABILITASI HUTAN PANTAI BERSAMA MASYARAKAT DI DESA HATUSUA KECAMATAN KAIRATU KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

The aim of planting coastal vegetation in Hatusua Village is to rehabilitate damaged environmental conditions and support the recovery of coastal ecosystems. Beach forest rehabilitation activities are carried out in 2 stages, namely: First Stage; Socialization, training and assistance for farmer groups and the second stage is planting in the designated rehabilitation area. The species used in coastal forest rehabilitation are: Ketapang (Terminalia catappa), Hutung (Barringtonia asiatica) and Bintangur Pantai (Calophyllum inophyllum). Socialization, Training and Assistance of Farmers and Community Groups is carried out by the lecturer staff of the Department of Forestry, University of Pattimura to increase the knowledge and skills of coastal communities in carrying out beach forest rehabilitation. Planting activities are carried out jointly by academics, village government and the community. The participation of all parties needs to be increased in maintenance of tree species planted so that the plants can grow well in the field. In addition, cooperation is needed in monitoring various destructive community practices, which have a negative impact on the preservation of the beach forest of Hatusua Village.

The Effectiveness of Azadirachta Indica A. Juss. and Barringtonia Asiatica L. Kurz. Seed Extract to Controlling Macrosiphoniella Sanborni (Hemiptera : Aphididae) on Chrysanthemum Morifolium Var. Jayanti

Macrosiphoniella sanborni is a main concern in the production of ornamental chrysanthemum plants. Farmers commonly use chemical treatment to control aphids, but this can harmful the environment and humans. Therefore, alternative environmentally control is needed, one of which is by using botanical pesticides such as Azadirachta indica and Barringtonia asiatica . This research aimed to test the effectiveness of the neem and bitung seed extract against M. sanborni pests on chrysanthemum plants. This research was conducted at the Chrysanthemum cultivation Mr. Syarif’s screen hou se in Karyawangi village, Parongpong district, West Java, which began in January 2021 to May 2021. This research used an experimental method using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) which each experiment consisted of 10 treatments and each treatment was repeated 3 times. The tested treatments are neem and bitung seed extract in different concentration, and controls. The results of this study revealed that the effective treatment of M. sanborni on chrysanthemum is the extract of bitung seed at the concentration of 2%. Bitung seed extract pesticides can be used as an alternative synthetic pesticide to control population of M. sanborni .

Exploration of the Diversity of Trees and Its Implementation in the Plant Morphology Course

The campus as an educational facility is always designed to create comfort that can support the quality of learning in it so the concept of green open space has long been part of the development of the campus environment. This study aims to determine tree species on the FKIP Universitas Cenderawasih (UNCEN) Abepura Campus and their implementation in learning plant morphology in the Biology Education Study Program. This research uses an exploratory method. The results of research on the Uncen Abepura FKIP Campus environment found 13 species with 10 families in the category of trees with a diameter of 20 cm and above. These trees are scattered in various environments on the FKIP UNCEN Abepura Campus. The Arecaceae family consists of two tree species, namely Cocos nucifera L and Livistona saribus (Lour.) Marr. The Cupressaceae family consists of one type of tree, namely Cryptomeria japonica. The Sapindaceae family consists of two types of trees, namely Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arn.) and Pometia pinnata. The Fabaceae family consists of two tree species, Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr, and Tamarindus indica L. The Moraceae family consists of one tree species, namely Ficus benjamina. The Lecythidaceae family consists of one tree species, namely Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz. The Combretaceae family consists of one type of tree, namely Terminalia catappa L. The Anacardiaceae family consists of one type of tree, namely Mangifera indica L. The Oxalidaceae family consists of one type of tree, namely Averrhoa carambola L. The Clusiaceae family consists of one type of tree, namely Calophyllum inophyllum L. Implementation of This research is in the form of learning media in the form of a plant morphology practicum guide

IDENTIFICATION OF COVERS AND PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF THE ROTIKLOT DAM CONSTRUCTION AREA, IN FATUKETI VILLAGE, KAKULUK MESAK DISTRICT, BELU REGENCY, EAST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE.

This research was conducted to determine the biophysical aspects and their impact on the community around the planned area of the Rotiklot dam in Fatuketi Village, Kakuluk Mesak District, Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This type of research is descriptive with qualitative methods with the data sources used in this study. The study data is divided into two types of data, namely, primary data and secondary data. Primary data is data obtained directly from the field through measurements, observations, calculations, notes and interviews with related parties related to the object being studied. Primary data obtained include stand data (diameter and height), area based on sample plots made and socio-economic data and community perceptions obtained through interviews. The results of the field study show that the location of the planned Rotiklot dam construction in Fatuketi Village, Kakuluk Mesak District, Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province which is indicated to be included in the Indicative Map of Delaying the Granting of New Permits for forest use. The potential of natural resources available in the area of the planned Rotiklot dam construction area is generally not too large, considering that the condition of the land around the planned dam construction area is classified as unfavorable for agricultural development, the rice fields around the upstream area of the Rotiklot Dam development plan only utilize rainfed rice fields, very dry conditions during the dry season make the rice fields unusable due to a lack of water supply. Vegetation/coverage in the area of the Rotiklot Dam construction in Fatuketi Village, Kakuluk Mesak District, Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, is dominated by forest Bamboo Bambusa sp), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus deglupta), Red wood (Pterocarpus cortexs), Tamarind (Tamarindus Sp), Schleichera (Schleichera oleosa), Sea poison tree (Barringtonia asiatica), Cassod tree (Cassia siamea), Kuteera-Gum (Acasia leucophloeae), Indian jujube (Zyzyphus mauritiana), Leucaena leucocephala, Gebang palm (Corypha utan Lam), Bauhinia trees (Bauhinia purpure)

Diet Analysis of Sympatric Colobine Monkeys from Bako National Park, Sarawak, Borneo

Habitat quality and abundant of food resources are among the key factors influencing the continued existence of primates in the wild. Although much has been studied on primate habitats and their diets, little is known about the nutritional value of the colobines’ foods. This study aimed to assess the dietary nutrient compositions of two sympatric colobine monkeys, Trachypithecus cristatus and Nasalis larvatus, in Bako National Park using proximate analysis of faecal, leaf and fruit samples of eight dominant tree species in Bako NP. Five nutrient parameters, namely crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash, phosphorus, and energy content, were choosen to assess the nutritional demands of the monkeys in the wild. The faecal samples showed significantly higher percentage of crude fibre (27.58%) in N. larvatus compared to T. cristatus. In contrast, crude fat (8.52%), ash content (1.79%) and phosphorus (5.76 mg/g) were found to be significantly higher in the faecal samples of T. cristatus than in N. larvatus. The nutrient composition of leaves samples from the tree species consumed by N. larvatus and T. cristatus showed a significantly higher percentage of crude protein (14.56%) in Barringtonia asiatica (sea poison tree) and higher ash (13.70%) in Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry). Meanwhile, nutrient composition in fruit samples showed highest percentage of crude fibre (32.58%) and crude fat (12.35%) in Calophyllum inophyllum (Alexandrian laurel), whereas higher phosphorus (5.76%) and energy (24.26 KJ) were recorded in Ceriops tagal (Yellow mangrove). The higher crude fiber detected in N. larvatus’ faecal samples compared to T. cristatus may indicates that N. larvatus experiences lower digestibility as they are incapable of completely digesting the tough leaves or fruits. This study provides useful information for the conservation and management of these primate species especially on their dietary requirements in captivity or in a new habitat.

Tree Species Diversity in a Semi-Conserved Beach Forest in Southern Philippines

Beach forest is a unique type of ecosystem, a mixed group of littoral creepers, shrubs, and trees above the high tide level. In Sarangani Province, beach forest is not well studied even though it experienced various environmental threats due to the increase of coastal development and tourism. This study aimed to determine the composition and diversity of beach forest species in Barangay Kling, Kiamba, Sarangani Province and relate it to the whole coastal area of the municipality by producing a profile. Specifically, the study sought to determine the species composition of beach forest in the sampling areas; assess the beach forest diversity of at least three sampling areas in Barangay Kling. Using transect-quadrat method, species were identified through identification guides. Data analysis includes relative density, relative frequency, relative dominance, species diversity index and species importance value. Results of the assessment of species composition and community structure showed that a total of 39 beach forest species distributed among 23 families are present on the site, and another ten (10) species were observed outside of the transects. Milletia pinnata has the highest importance value with a rating of 79.04, followed by Terminalia catappa (65.54) and Barringtonia asiatica (44.04). The results show that the area has a huge potential for development into a beach forest park considering the diversity and maturity of the stand. In addition, management, protection, and rehabilitation of beach forest are also highly recommended to maximize their potential as climate change mitigators and their role in coastal protection.

Polynesian medicine used to treat diarrhea and ciguatera: An ethnobotanical survey in six islands from French Polynesia

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIn French Polynesia, many pathologies common or endemic to the territory cause diarrhea. This is the case for rotavirus gastroenteritis, salmonella food poisoning, ingestion of water contaminated by bacteria, and ciguatera. To treat these ailments, the population may employ traditional medicine for cultural reasons, geographical isolation, and poor health coverage. Polynesian remedies are often used without medical consultation and there is no data on their benefit-risk balance. A few ethnobotanical studies have been carried out in order to identify the traditional remedies used for various ailments, but few studies have focused on gastrointestinal pathologies. In this context, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out to identify treatments used for diarrhea and ciguatera, inventory the plants used, better understand the local representation of these remedies, and provide efficacy and safety data on these uses. Materials and methodsFrom February to April 2021, a semi-structured survey was conducted on six islands in French Polynesia, including one island in the Windward Islands archipelago (Tahiti), three islands in the Marquesas archipelago (Hiva Oa, Nuku Hiva, Tahuata), and two islands in the Leeward Islands archipelago (Raiatea, Tahaa). A total of 133 people was interviewed including 34 specialists (of which 29 experts in herbalism). ResultsThese people mentioned the use of 27 plants for the treatment of diarrhea, and 24 for the treatment of ciguatera. Citrus aurantiifolia, Psidium guajava and Cordyline fruticosa were the three most cited plant species used for treating diarrhea, while Cocos nucifera, Punica granatum and Barringtonia asiatica were the most cited for ciguatera. A large majority of plants are widespread and introduced plants, which is congruent with the history of Polynesian people. While some plants are well known for similar uses (e.g. Psidium guajava for diarrhea, Heliotropium arboreum for ciguatera), others are less well known and may present toxicity risks (e.g. Barringtonia asiatica for ciguatera). ConclusionTraditional Polynesian medicine is an integral part of the local culture so important to be preserved and valued. However, more pharmacological and toxicological studies are still needed to determine the benefit-risk balance of some of these remedies and to allow their official integration into the Polynesian health system.

Joint Action of Azadirachta indica and Barringtonia asiatica Seed Extracts against Crocidolomia pavonana

A high population of Crocidolomia pavonana larvae reduces Brassicaceae crop productivity. To control the pest population, mixed plant extract as botanical insecticides is one of the alternatives. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the joint action between mixed extracts of Azadirachta indica and Barringtonia asiatica seed extracts against C. pavonana larvae and the effect on feeding behavior. The seeds are extracted with ethanol using the maceration method. Bioassays are conducted by a feeding method. Each level of concentration tested and controlled is repeated five times. The concentration-mortality relationship is analyzed using probit. Feeding behavior assayed by choice and no-choice at concentrations equivalent to LC25, LC50, and LC75. The results show the mixture of A. indica and B. asiatica seed extract at a ratio of 3:2.3 has a strongly synergistic action with an LC50 of 0.04% and a combination index of 0.27. The extract mixture at a concentration of 0.02-0.08% is reduced feeding activity 77.16-92.84%. Further research is needed to evaluate the extract mixture in the field.

In-vitro Antibacterial Study of Crude extract of Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurtz Against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia

Introduction: The antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria have been recognized as a serious problem for humans and animals. The aims of this study were to evaluate the in-vitro antibacterial study of crude extract of Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurtz against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia. Materials and Methods: Extractions was carried out through conventional method, by soaking the ground, the plant material in non-polar, medium polar and polar solvents in the order of increasing polarity and the crude extracts were tested by the disc diffusion method on nutrient agar medium. Result: The growth inhibition was considered and compared based on the inhibition rate as reported and < 9 mm inhibition is considered inactive in this regards the methanol leaves extract was observed to exhibited higher activity at 500 µg/mL on Klebsiella pneumonia with growth inhibition zone of 16.23 ± 0.06 mm. And lower inhibition was observed for other organism tested at similar concentration. Conclusion: The focus of this study is to provide the prospects of Barringtonia asiatica different solvent from non-polar and polar crude extract as a good agent for combating antibacterial menace and disease resistance from modern medicine.

Barringtonia asiatica Seed Extract Induces G1 Cell Cycle Arrest in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Exhibits Cytotoxicity in A2780 Human Ovarian Cancer Cells

Barringtonia asiatica, is traditionally used as a medicinal plant in the Philippines; unfortunately, there is limited evidence supporting its anticancer capability. Thus, our study investigated the cytotoxic effect of B. asiatica seed extract against ovarian carcinoma A2780 (ECACC 93112519) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a cancer model organism. Seeds of B. asiatica were freeze-dried and extracted with methanol. The seed extract was investigated for its effect on the cell cycle in S. cerevisiae by utilizing yeast budding experiment and imaging flow cytometry. Its cytotoxicity activity was also tested as well as a live/dead assay was conducted against ovarian cancer cells. Findings revealed the anticancer activity of B. asiatica and its capability to induce G1 cell cycle arrest in S. cerevisiae. Thus, B. asiatica seeds may serve as a potential source of natural compounds towards anticancer drug discovery.

Diversity of mangrove species associated with zonation in Lubuk Kertang Village and Pulau Sembilan, North Sumatra

The Research about the diversity of mangrove species associated with zonation in Lubuk Kertang Village and Pulau Sembilan, Langkat Regency, North Sumatera was conducted in March – April 2021. This study aims to determine the diversity of mangrove species based on zoning observations in Lubuk Kertang Village and Pulau Sembilan. The research was conducted using the exploration method. The observation zone for the diversity of mangrove species is divided into three zones, namely zone 1 in brackish or almost fresh waters behind the actual green mangroves, zone 2 along the river, brackish to almost fresh, and zone 3 on the part facing the sea. The results of the study were fifteen mangrove species with two different mangrove groups, namely four true mangrove species (Lumnitzera racemosa, L. littorea, Nypa fruticans, and Scyphyphora hydrophyllacea) and eleven associated mangrove species (A. auriculiformis, Barringtonia asiatica, Casuarina equestifolia, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Melastoma candidum, Morinda citrifolia, Pandanus odoratatissima, Pongamia. Pinnata, Sesuvium portulcastrum, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, and Terminalia catappa). Furthermore, the observations in zone 1 were dominated by mangrove association groups, namely A. auriculiformis, B. asiatica, C. equestifolia, H. tiliaceus, M. candidum, M. citrifolia, P. odoratatissima, P. pinnata, S. portulcastrum, S. jamaicensis, and T. catappa, in zone 2, namely L. littorea and L. racemosa and in zone 3, namely N. fruticans and S. hydrophyllacea, zones 2 and 3 are dominated by true mangrove groups. This shows that data on the diversity of mangrove species is very necessary to preserve mangrove species in Lubuk Kertang Village and Pulau Sembilan and the growing zone of mangrove species is natural zoning of mangrove forests.

Secondary Metabolites Identification and Antioxidant Activity Determination of Crude Extract of Barringtonia asiatica l. (kurz) Leaves

Aims: The aims of this study were to elucidate the pythochemical compounds from the leaf of mangrove (Barringtonia asiatica L. (Kurz) colleceted from the coast of Pangandaran Regency, West Java, Indonesia as well as its antioxidant activity profile.
 Study Design: The study was designed experimentally with two replication (duplo) for the extraction preparation and analyzed statistically using regression linear for the determination of Inhibition Concentration at 50% or IC50.
 Place and Duration of Study: Sample were collected from the mangrove ecotourism site at Pangandaran Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The experimental study was performed at the Tropical Marine and Fisheries Laboratory, Fisheries Department, PSDKU Padjadjaran University, Indonesia.
 Methodology: The identification of pythochemical contents of the leaf was carried out qualitatively with the principle of formation of precipitate, color and foam. The extraction was performed accordingly using three different types of solvent, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Lastly, the antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH (1,-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method and IC50 were analyzed subsequently.
 Results: Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the leaves of Barringtonia asiatica L. (Kurz) contain bioactive compounds in the form of tannins and saponins. The methanol extract of Barringtonia asiatica L. (Kurz) was proven to have moderate strength antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 125.87 ppm.
 Conclusion: this results concluded that different geographic region can influence the phytochemical constituent of the of Barringtonia asiatica L. (Kurz). Furthermore, this doesn’t hindered its antioxidant activity potential as it still proven to have a relatively medium antioxidant activity.

Study In Silico Senyawa Asam Asiatik dan Turunannya Sebagai Anti Katarak

This study aims to examine asiatic acid from Barringtonia asiatica seed extract as an anti-cataract. The presence of asiatic acid in the extract was confirmed using LCMS. The study was conducted using the HKSA method and it is independent of the molecular docking method. Molecular modeling was carried out using the Avogadro program. Descriptors computation using NWChem (DFT method, 6-311G base set), Swiss ADME, Molinspiration, and ADMET. Molecular tethering and visualization using Autodock Tools 1.5.6. and Discovery Studio 2019 Client. The best compounds that fight against cataracts are 9- (methoxymethyl)-1,2,6a, 6b, 9,12a-hexamethyl-10,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a, 6b,7,8,8a, 9,10,11,12,12a, 12b,13,14b-icosahydropicene-4a carboxylic acid. The equation: Log P = 25.593 + (- 0.136) * PSA + (-1.694) * Surface area + (-0.015) * Volume + (1.368) * molar refraction + (0.129) * LUMO + (- 7.007) * HOMO + (- 0.117) ) * E DFT + (-0.037) * E Hydration + (- 0.262) * Polarization This molecule was confirmed to be anti-cataract based on the molecular docking against the 4JGF protein target which produced binding energy and inhibition constants of -8.78 and 0.3368 uM.

Seeds of Ornamental Tree Barringtonia asiatica as a Potential Source of Efficacious Antimicrobials

Microorganisms are the major cause of disease in human mucosal and deep tissue infections. Due to the development of resistance to existing drugs by microbes, discovering new antimicrobial agents is of paramount importance. Present study aimed at demonstrating growth inhibition of ATCC and clinical isolates of selected fungal and bacterial strains with a fraction (MPLCBA-3) isolated from crude methanolic extract (CME) with medium pressure liquid chromatography and CME of Barringtonia asiatica seed kernel. Both CME and MPLCBA-3 inhibited the growth of ATCC Candida strains studied except C. tropicalis. However, CME inhibited the growth of majority of clinical isolates of C. tropicalis. All clinical isolates of C. albicans and C. glabrata were inhibited by both fractions. Both CME and MPLCBA-3 were not active against most of the clinical isolates of C. parapsilosis at the given concentration. In the antibacterial study Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC) growth was inhibited (11 mm) by CME and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC) (14 mm) by MPLCBA-3 fraction. However, both fractions were not effective against Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and their clinical isolates. MIC values of MPLCBA-3 reached 150, 200 and 250 ppm with C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata respectively. Thus, CME and MPLCBA-3 fraction demonstrated potent antifungal activity at 33 and 50 times lower concentrations compared to positive control fluconazole but low antibacterial activity.