Fructose Solution Research Articles

ROLE OF NF-κB ACTIVATION IN CHANGES OF NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTION IN SKELETAL MUSCLES DURING METABOLIC SYNDROME

Nitric oxide, as a signaling molecule, plays an ambiguous role in many pathological processes. On the one hand, nitric oxide is necessary for maintaining the tone of the vascular wall of arteries and prevents the development of ischemia in various organs and skeletal muscles in particular. On the other hand, excessive production of nitric oxide in the tissue can contribute to the formation of toxic metabolites, such as peroxynitrite that leads to the development of nitrosative damage to various organs and tissues. Metabolic syndrome is also one of the diseases accompanied by disturbances in the nitric oxide production system. Currently, the sources of nitric oxide production, the predominant ways of its metabolism, and the influence of the transcription factor NF-κB on these processes in skeletal muscles under the conditions of the metabolic syndrome are insufficiently studied. The purpose of this study is to study the effect of an inhibitor of the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB on the production of nitric oxide and the concentration of its metabolites in the biceps femoris muscle of rats under the conditions of modeling the metabolic syndrome. The experimental study was carried out on male Wistar rats weighing 200-260 g. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each. Animals of group 1 (control group) received a standard vivarium diet. In group 2 (metabolic syndrome), in addition to the standard diet, the animals received a 20% fructose solution as their sole source of drinking water for 60 days. In group 3, the animals were given a standard vivarium diet and were injected intraperitoneally with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate at a dose of 76 mg/kg, three times a week for 60 days. Group 4 received the same diet as group 2 along with the injections administered in group 3. In 10% homogenate of the biceps femoris muscle, the following were determined: total NO-synthase activity, activity of constitutive and inducible isoforms of NO-synthase, arginase activity, aitrate- and nitrite reductase activity, concentrations of nitrite, peroxynitrite, nitrosothiols, and sulfides. The administration of ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate during metabolic syndrome simulation resulted in a reduction in total NO-synthase activity and inducible NO-synthase activity by 33.85% and 34.66%, respectively, compared to the metabolic syndrome group; arginase activity decreased by 37.56%, while nitrate and nitrite reductase activities were reduced by 19.29% and 47.71%, respectively; nitrite concentration increased by 21.77%, peroxynitrite concentration decreased by 32.05%, nitrosothiol concentration increased by 29.27%, and sulfide concentration decreased by 17.39% compared to the group with metabolic syndrome. Activation of the transcription factor NF-κB under metabolic syndrome conditions leads to increased nitric oxide production through both L-arginine-dependent and L-arginine-independent pathways in the biceps femoris muscle, enhances arginase activity, and results in elevated peroxynitrite formation.

Amelioration of fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation by vitamin D3 supplementation and high-intensity interval training in male Sprague‒Dawley rats

BackgroundIntrahepatic lipid accumulation (IHL), a hallmark of metabolic disorders, is closely associated with de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Notably, fructose feeding increased the DNL. Lifestyle modifications resulting from dietary changes and increased physical activity/exercise can decrease the IHL content. We examined the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation (VDS), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and their combination on the transcription factors and enzymes of the DNL pathway in male Sprague‒Dawley rats fed a high-fructose diet (HFrD).MethodsForty male rats were assigned to 5 groups (n = 8): CS (the control group had a standard diet); CF (the control group had HFrD (10% (w/v) fructose solution in tap water)); and FT (HFrD + HIIT: 10 bouts of 4 min of high-intensity running, corresponding to 85–90% of the maximal speed with 2 min active rest periods of 50% maximal speed, 5 days per week); FD (HFrD + intervention of intraperitoneal injection of 10000 IU/kg/week VDS); FTD (HFrD + HIIT + VDS) that were maintained for 12 weeks. ELISA, the GOD-POD assay, folch, western blotting, and oil red O staining were used to determine insulin, fasting blood glucose (FBG), hepatic triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels; SREBP1c, ChREBP-β, ACC1, FASN, p-ACC1, AMPK, p-AMPK, and PKA protein expression; and IHL content, respectively.ResultsBoth HIIT and VDS led to significant increases in the levels of PKA, AMPK, p-AMPK, and p-ACC1, as well as significant decreases in the levels of SREBP1c, ChREBP-β, ACC1, FASN, insulin, FBG, liver TG, liver cholesterol, and IHL. HIIT exhibited superior efficacy over VDS in reducing ChREBP-β, ACC1, insulin, FBG, liver TG and cholesterol, as well as increasing p-ACC1 and PKA. Notably, the combined intervention of HIIT and VDS yielded the most substantial improvements across all the parameters.ConclusionsHFrD causes IHL accumulation and the onset of diabetes, whereas VDS and HIIT, along with their combined effects, prevent the consequences of HFrD.

The trans-differentiation promotion of parietal epithelial cells by magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate to improve podocyte injury induced by high fructose consumption

BackgroundPodocytes have limited proliferative capacity, which leads to irreversible glomerular injury in diverse kidney diseases. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate (MgIG), a hepatoprotective agent in clinic, has been reported to improve glomerular podocyte injury. However, the underlying mechanism of MgIG in ameliorating podocyte injury remains unclear. PurposeGlomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs) are recognized as podocyte progenitors and play a pivotal role in the recovery following glomerular injury. This work aims to investigate the protective mechanisms of MgIG in mitigating glomerular injury by promoting PEC trans-differentiation. Study DesignA rat model of progressive glomerular podocyte injury, and in vitro models using the primary podocytes and primary PECs, were established to further explore the pharmacological mechanism of MgIG. MethodsFour-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed a 10% fructose solution for 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks to induce glomerular injury. The effect of MgIG on the progressive changes in podocytes and PECs, and the correlation between PEC density and podocyte loss, were analyzed. The mechanism of MgIG in triggering PEC trans-differentiation was investigated, by examining adenosine secretion in injured podocytes, as well as the expression of cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), nephrin, adenosine receptor A2B (ARA2B) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in PECs were examined both in vivo and in vitro. ResultsRats fed a high fructose diet exhibited progressive changes in glomerular PECs, including increased cell density and a preference for trans-differentiation. A positive correlation was observed between PEC density and podocyte loss. Co-culture experiments demonstrated that extracellular adenosine accumulation in injured podocytes induced by high fructose exposure promoted PEC trans-differentiation via ARA2B. MgIG significantly improved podocyte injury and exhibited effects similar to dexamethasone on nephrin upregulation activation and CD44 inhibition. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of MgIG on PEC ARA2B activation was more effective than that of dexamethasone. The co-expression of paired box 2 (PAX2)+-Nephrin+ in glomeruli indicated that MgIG induced PEC trans-differentiation and podocyte regeneration in model rats. Accordingly, podocyte loss and increased urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) were also alleviated. Moreover, MgIG, which acts as a GR agonist to activate GR, reversed the upregulation of CD44 and decreased ARA2B induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in primary PECs. The siRNA interference experiment manifested that MgIG exhibited a more pronounced enhancement of GR upregulation, in contrast to ARA2B activation, to promote PEC trans-differentiation. ConclusionThis work reports for the first time that PECs respond to the accumulation of extracellular adenosine from injured podocytes via activating ARA2B and focuses on the role of adenosine and adenosine receptors in the trans-differentiation of PECs. Furthermore, this study provides the first evidence that MgIG may promote podocyte regeneration by enhancing PEC trans-differentiation through GR activation, providing a research basis for investigating the glucocorticoid-like activity of MgIG in ameliorating glomerular podocyte injury.

Maternal Broccoli Powder Intake Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Inflammation via AMPK/mTOR Pathway in the Livers of High-Fructose-Fed Male Rat Offspring Exposed to Maternal Protein Restriction.

Sub-optimal prenatal conditions such as maternal undernutrition during pregnancy and lactation posit high risks of adult metabolic diseases. High fructose intake causes insulin resistance and liver inflammation contributing to metabolic diseases. However, food-based preventive measure for these metabolic diseases in the offspring is under-researched. This study aims to investigate the effect of maternal broccoli powder (BP) intake during lactation on insulin resistance and liver inflammation in high-fructose-diet-fed adult male offspring exposed to maternal protein restriction. Pregnant Wistar rats are provided normal protein (NP) or low protein (LP) diets and 0% or 0.74% BP-containing NP diets and 0% or 0.74% BP-containing LP diet during lactation. At weaning, offspring receiving water (W) or 10% fructose solution (Fr) are assigned into six groups: NP/NP/W, NP/NP/Fr, NP/NPBP/Fr, LP/LP/W, LP/LP/Fr, and LP/LPBP/Fr. At week 13, plasma insulin, macrophage infiltration, activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation, and autophagy flux markers are examined. LP/LPBP/Fr shows lower insulin levels and Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values than LP/LP/Fr. Liver macrophage infiltration are decreased in LP/LPBP/Fr. LP/LPBP/Fr exhibits upregulated AMPK phosphorylation, downregulated mTOR phosphorylation, and increased Microtubule-associated protein1A/1B-light chain 3B-II (LC3B-II) levels. Maternal BP intake during lactation ameliorates insulin resistance and inflammation in the livers of adult offspring on a high-fructose diet from LP mothers.

Compatibility and stability of ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate injection mixed with fructose and glucose diluents and pilot study of long-term storage impurities by LC-MS/MS

Fructose injection is occasionally used to dilute ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate injection for patients who cannot receive glucose or sodium chloride injections in clinical settings. Since our PIVAS staff reported that discoloration occurred after ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate dissolved with fructose injection, this study aims to investigate the stability of ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate in fructose and glucose solutions. Ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate was purchased and diluted with fructose or glucose injection for compatibility testing. The solutions were maintained under various conditions for different periods of time, after which the concentration of ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate and other impurities was analyzed. The chemical structures of unknown impurities were further investigated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analytical method was validated and was deemed to be suitable for the analyses in this study. Compatibility tests indicated that ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate is sensitive to temperature, illumination, and pH. When diluted with fructose or glucose, the concentration of ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate decreased over time. The contents of impurities increased accordingly. Additionally, an unknown impurity was identified, speculated to be a hydroxyl oxidation product of ademetionine based on the LC-MS/MS results. Both fructose and glucose injections can be used as diluents for ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate, and the resulting mixture remains stable for up to 8 h after preparation.

Sucrose, glucose, and fructose preference in honeybees and their effects on food digestibility

In bee diets, nectar is the primary source of carbohydrates. During scarcity of bee flora, such as in winter, beekeepers typically provide supplemental sugar syrup as a nectar substitute. We examined four types of sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose, and a mixture of fructose and glucose) on bee longevity, bee appetitive, and their impact on pollen digestion. The results showed that sucrose and glucose had extended the longevity in cages. Bees preferred sucrose at a 50% concentration since they consumed more than the other sugar types in cages and in the multiple-choice test experiment in apiary. Bees given sucrose solution consumed the most pollen. In contrast, the cages provided the fructose solution consumed the least amount of pollen, increasing body fat percentage, which can be considered evidence of a digestive disorder. Generally, the type of sugar affects bee’s benefits from nutrition. Finally, sucrose is the best type of sugar and is considered the ideal substitute for nectar.

Non-destructive detection of fructose solutions via Terahertz spectroscopy enhanced by Frequency Selective Surface (FSS)

Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, combined with Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS), is emerging as a powerful non-destructive technique for detecting and analysing the properties of biological samples. In this study, we explored the use of THz spectroscopy for detecting fructose solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.2 % to 10 %. Using femtosecond laser light sources, the THz transmission and absorption characteristics of fructose were investigated. The integration of FSS significantly enhanced the sensitivity of THz detection, yielding a 16 % improvement at 1.29 THz and 28 % at 1.67 THz. UV–Vis and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were employed to compare results with traditional methods, highlighting the superior sensitivity of THz spectroscopy, especially at low concentrations. The findings suggest that THz spectroscopy, enhanced by FSS, has strong potential for advancing non-invasive testing in biological and environmental applications.

Cytoprotective Effects of Phloretin on Long-Term Post-Prandial Hyperglycemia-induced Esophageal Damage in Rats .

Esophageal damage arises from gastroesophageal reflux disease, where the contents of the stomach and duodenum flow back into the esophagus, causing an inflammatory lesion. Phloretin, a phytoconstituent classified as a flavonoid possessing both nutritional and medicinal properties, was the focus of this study. The experiment aimed to investigate the impact of phloretin on experimental esophagitis in albino rats. Rats in various groups underwent the induction of esophagitis through the administration of a Fructose solution (10%) and indomethacin (5mg/Kg). The resulting hyperglycemia from regular Fructose solution intake over 28 days was assessed. After sacrifice, the rats were evaluated for the esophagitis index. Additionally, esophageal tissues underwent further analysis for oxidative stress parameters, including TBARS, SOD, Catalase and GSH. Treatment with phloretin demonstrated a significant inhibition of the esophagitis index. Furthermore, phloretin contributed to the restoration of altered levels of oxidative stress parameters back to normal.

Formulation of Natural Food Coloring Granules from Dragon Fruit Peel Extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and Effectiveness Test in Reducing Blood Glucose Levels

Anthocyanin is one of the many compounds in dragon fruit skin that can be used as an antioxidant. Dragon fruit skin can also lower blood glucose levels. The fact that cases of diabetes mellitus are increasing every year shows that this disease needs serious treatment. This study aims to make dragon fruit skin extract formulated in the form of granules and make dragon fruit skin extract granules that meet the requirements as natural food coloring and to determine the content and effectiveness of dragon fruit skin extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) which can lower blood glucose levels. This research method is experimental. The One Way Anova test and the Tukey HSD post-hoc test were used to analyze the data. The outcomes showed that there were 9 granule recipes that met the assessment test necessities. After being induced by 20% fructose solution, the glucose level study revealed that the treatment of dragon fruit skin extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg / kgBW was able to lower blood glucose levels in test animals. Winged serpent natural product skin concentrate can be formed as granules. Equations 2 and 3 produce the best tone. The consequences of the review reasoned that winged serpent natural product skin remove (Hylocereus polyrhizus) at dosages of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kgBW was viable in decreasing blood glucose levels in guinea pigs prompted by 20% fructose arrangement and a portion of 200 mg/kgBW gave an impact of lessening blood glucose levels that was practically equivalent to the positive control.

Efficient separation of HEPES and CO2-derived fructose by nanofiltration: Optimizing pH for improved separation and proposing a potential mechanism

Utilization of an in vitro multi-enzyme catalytic system for the synthesis of fructose from carbon dioxide is a promising approach towards achieving carbon neutrality. However, the lack of effective separation methods for the buffer HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) and the product fructose within the system has hindered the industrialization of in vitro multi-enzyme catalytic synthesis systems. This study aimed to separate and recover HEPES and fructose using nanofiltration technology. We investigated the influence of various parameters, including total solution concentration, solute concentration ratio, pH, and temperature, on the nanofiltration separation performance. Experimental results revealed that increasing the pH to 9.0 significantly decreased the fructose retention rate while maintaining a nearly complete HEPES retention rate. The HEPES-fructose mixed solution was further subjected to diafiltration using a spiral-wound membrane, ultimately yielding fructose and HEPES solutions with purities of 90.22 % and 92.93 %, respectively. Combining separation test results with models such as DSPM-DE, and using characterization methods such as ATR-FTIR and pore size distribution analysis, we observed pore swelling during nanofiltration of the HEPES-fructose solution at pH 9.0. A mechanism for this pore swelling, induced by the dissociation of HEPES under the influence of pH, was proposed: Dissociated HEPES in the solution interacts with the membrane surface at the liquid-membrane interface, causing reversible swelling of the membrane pores at the membrane surface, thereby reducing the retention rate of fructose. The nanofiltration process developed in this study effectively separates HEPES and fructose, enabling resource recycling and cost reduction. Furthermore, this study provides theoretical foundations and practical guidance for the design of nanofiltration separation strategies for similar systems using HEPES as a buffer, holding significant scientific and practical value.

Evaluation of Peripheral Neuropathy in Rat Models of Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Mellitus.

The dynamics of nephropathy development in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus, caused by a high-fat diet and the streptozotocin administration (25 mg/kg), and metabolic syndrome, caused by addition of 20% fructose solution to the diet, was evaluated during the experiment. Models with moderate severity of metabolic changes without significant changes in body weight were obtained after 24 weeks. To study neuropathy severity, the method of electroneuromyography was used; the velocities of motor and sensory excitation propagation along the caudal nerve fibers were measured. In modeled diabetes mellitus against the background of hyperglycemia, a marked decrease in motor and sensory propagation rates was observed, and an increase in the response durations was noted from week 12 to week 24, indicating pronounced neuropathy. In the fructose model, the motor response duration increased from week 12, which possibly indicates the development of peripheral neuropathy.

Qualitative and Quantitative Profiling of Fructose Degradation Products Revealed the Formation of Thirteen Reactive Carbonyl Compounds and Higher Reactivity Compared to Glucose.

Fructose occurs in foods and as a metabolite in vivo. It can be degraded, leading to the formation of reactive carbonyl compounds, which may influence food properties and have an impact on health. The present study performed an in-depth qualitative and quantitative profiling of fructose degradation products. Thus, the α-dicarbonyl compounds 3-deoxyglucosone, glucosone, methylglyoxal, glyoxal, hydroxypyruvaldehyde, threosone, 3-deoxythreosone, and 1-desoxypentosone and the monocarbonyl compounds formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, and dihydroxyacetone were detected in fructose solutions incubated at 37 °C. Quantitative profiling after 7 days revealed 4.6-271.6-fold higher yields of all degradation products from fructose compared to glucose. Except for 3-deoxyglucosone, the product formation appeared to be metal dependent, indicating oxidative pathways. CaCl2 and MgCl2 partially reduced fructose degradation. Due to its high reactivity compared to glucose, particularly toward metal-catalyzed pathways, fructose may be a strong contributor to sugar degradation and Maillard reaction in foods and in vivo.

Protective effect of β-sitosterol against high-fructose diet-induced oxidative stress, and hepatorenal derangements in growing female sprague-dawley rats

BackgroundChronic consumption of a high-fructose diet causes oxidative stress that compromises kidney and liver health. β-sitosterol (Bst), a phytosterol, is a functional nutrient with health benefits. β-sitosterol antioxidant activity protects the liver and kidney from ROS-mediated damage and lipid peroxidation. We evaluated the potential renoprotective and hepatoprotective effects of orally administrated β-sitosterol in high-fructose diet-fed growing female rats. Thirty-five 21-day old female Sprague-Dawley rat pups were randomly assigned to and administered the following treatments for 12 weeks: group I- standard rat chow (SRC) + plain drinking water (PW) + plain gelatine cube (PC); group II- SRC + 20% w/v fructose solution (FS) as drinking fluid + PC; group III- SRC + FS + 100 mg/kg body mass (BM) fenofibrate in gelatine cube; group IV- SRC + FS + 20 mg/kg BM β-sitosterol gelatine cube (Bst) and group V- SRC + PW + Bst. The rats were fasted overnight, weighed then euthanised. Blood was collected, centrifuged and plasma harvested. Livers and kidneys were excised, weighed and samples preserved for histological assessments. Plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress, liver and kidney function and renal tubular injury were assessed.ResultsHigh fructose diet fed rats had increased plasma KIM-1, NGAL (p < 0.001) and MDA levels (p < 0.05). Dietary fructose caused microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis, and reduced glomerular density, Bowman’s capsule area and urinary space. β-sitosterol protected against the high-fructose diet-induced hepatic steatosis and glomerular disturbances without adverse effects on liver and kidney function.Conclusionsβ-sitosterol, as a dietary supplement, could potentially be exploited to prevent high-fructose diet-induced NAFLD and to protect against high-fructose diet-induced renal tubular injury.

Effect of sucrose fatty acid ester on crystal growth of carbon dioxide hydrate in aqueous fructose solution

CO2 hydrate is a remarkable candidate for novel solid carbonated foods because of its large gas capacity. This paper reports the effect of surfactants, essential additives in food production, on hydrate crystal growth by visually observing the CO2 hydrate crystal growth in aqueous fructose + sucrose fatty acid ester solution + gaseous CO2 system. Under all thermodynamic conditions, the surfactants affected the crystal growth of CO2 hydrates at liquid/gas interface, while not influencing growth in the liquid bulk phase. Porous hydrate crystals were formed at the liquid/CO2 interface and grew continuously along the reactor wall. The hydrate crystal morphology in liquid bulk phase was not affected by surfactants, changing from polyhedral and polygonal to dendritic shapes as temperature decreased. Discussion is provided on how the observation results can be specifically applied to intensification of hydrate formation process design and evaluation of hydrated food texture.

Effects of ∆-9 tetrahydrocannabinol on the small intestine altered by high fructose diet: A Histopathological study

The consumption of fructose is increasing day by day. Understanding the impact of increasing fructose consumption on the small intestine is crucial since the small intestine processes fructose into glucose. ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a key cannabinoid, interacts with CB1 and CB2 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, potentially mitigating inflammation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of the high-fructose diet (HFD) on the jejunum of rats and the role of THC consumption in reversing these effects. Experiments were conducted on Sprague–Dawley rats, with the experimental groups as follows: control (C), HFD, THC, and HFD + THC. The HFD group received a 10% fructose solution in drinking water for 12 weeks. THC groups were administered 1.5 mg/kg/day of THC intraperitoneally for the last four weeks. Following sacrification, the jejunum was evaluated for mucus secretion capacity. IL-6, JNK, CB2 and PCNA expressions were assessed through immunohistochemical analysis and the ultrastructural alterations via transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that fructose consumption did not cause weight gain but triggered inflammation in the jejunum, disrupted the cell proliferation balance, and increased mucus secretion in rats. Conversely, THC treatment displayed suppressed inflammation and improved cell proliferation balance caused by HFD. Ultrastructural examinations showed that the zonula occludens structures deteriorated in the HFD group, along with desmosome shrinkage. Mitochondria were found to be increased due to THC application following HFD. In conclusion, the findings of this research reveal the therapeutic potential of THC in reversing HFD-related alterations and provide valuable insights for clinical application.Graphical abstract

Effect of Bidens tripartita leaf supplementation on the organism of rats fed a hypercaloric diet high in fat and fructose

Herbs play an important role in folk medicine, and scientific research has confirmed the properties of their use as an alternative treatment, including the treatment and mild correction of metabolic disorders during disease. Trifid bur-marigold (Bidens tripartita) is a pharmacopoeial herbal raw material that is widely used in clinical practice as an external remedy for skin lesions and as an internal remedy for digestive and respiratory disorders. In this work, the general effect of dried leaves of B. tripartita on physiological activity and metabolic processes in model animals on a high-calorie diet was determined. For the experiment, three groups of 18 male white laboratory rats were formed and fed a hypercaloric diet (increased fat content and 20% fructose solution instead of water) for 27 days, in addition to 0.4% and 4.0% dried leaves of B. tripartita. The consumption of 0.4% and 4.0% of the medicinal plant resulted in a significant delay in the body weight gain and the average daily weight gain of the rats compared to the control group. Dried leaves of B. tripartita in the diet of rats decreased the relative weight of the thymus and increased the relative weight of the brain, and at a dose of 4.0%, increased the relative weight of the lungs and individual large intestines (cecum and colon). Dietary supplementation with B. tripartita caused an increase in globulin concentration and changes in protein coefficient. Blood parameters such as: urea, urea nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus, glucose and bilirubin levels changed depending on the dose. In the general blood test, consumption of dried leaves of B. tripartita caused a decrease in hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and platelet count, but increased the number of eosinophils. Bidens tripartita at both concentrations significantly increased ALT activity with a corresponding change in the blood De Ritis ratio. The addition of 20 g of B. tripartita leaves to the diet increased alkaline phosphatase activity and decreased alpha-amylase activity, while 200 g increased blood gamma-glutamyltransferase activity. At the end of the experiment, the rats' orientation activity, determined in the open field, changed according to the herb dose consumed: 0.4% leaves caused an increase and 4.0% a decrease. Physical activity was reduced and emotional state increased, regardless of the dose of dried B. tripartita leaves, compared to the control group of animals. The results obtained show that the addition of B. tripartita dried leaves as a dietary supplement to a high-calorie diet is safe, does not cause pathological changes or side effects, and has a significant effect on metabolic processes. This provides theoretical support for the use of B. tripartita dried leaves in the manufacture of nutraceutical and pharmacological products for the correction of metabolic disorders in humans and animals. The doses and duration of their application require further studies.

Study of the Behavioral Pattern in Type-2 Diabetic Mice Prepared by Introducing 10% and 15% Fructose Solution

An altered behavioral pattern is a deliberate fact in diabetic conditions that could be induced due to the consumption of foods rich in fructose content. The objective of this research was to develop a fructose-induced diabetic mice model to determine the behavioral changes. Swiss albino mice were involved in this study as the animal model which was subdivided into three groups (control, test groups 1 and 2). Diabetes was induced in test groups 1 and 2 by introducing 10% and 15% fructose solution orally for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, behavioral tests including hole board test (HBT), tail suspension test (TST), elevated plus maze test (EMT), and forced swim test (FST) were performed to evaluate the behavioral pattern. Findings indicated that test group 1 showed a considerable increase in body weight but only a minor increase in fasting blood glucose (FBG) level than the control group. Neither the behavioral studies for test group 1 stretch any substantial alteration. Whereas test group 2 showed a considerable increase in FBG level and body weight as well as in the behavioral tests. (HBT: 47.87% lower head dipping than the control group; TST: 90.85% higher immobility time than the control group; EMT: 58% lower exploration to open arm than the control group; FST: 38.64% less mobility time than the control group). The findings of the study illustrate that consumption of high concentrations of fructose for long term could have a positive correlation with the induction of type 2 diabetes along with the altered behavioral pattern. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 27(2): 158-163, 2024 (July)

Anti-diabetic activity of aqueous extract of Trichilia prieureana A. Juss leaves in fructose-fed streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats

Background and aimEthanolic extract of Trichilia prieureana leaves have been reported to exhibit anti-hyperglycemic activities without detailed information on the anti-diabetic activities. This study investigated the anti-diabetic activity of aqueous extract of T. prieureana leaves (AETPL) in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) male rats. Experimental procedureT2DM rats (induced with 10 % fructose solution ad libitum for 2 weeks and streptozotocin [STZ]; 40 mg/kg body weight {BW}) in groups B, C, D, E, and F were also administered distilled water (DW), metformin (100 mg/kg BW), 11.2, 22.3, and 44.6 mg/kg BW of AETPL, respectively, whilst non-diabetic rats in Group A received DW only (Sham Control, SC) for 14 days. The T2DM-related parameters were then evaluated. ResultsThe fructose-fed streptozotocin-(FSTZ) treatment related significant (p < 0.05) increases in FBS, HbA1c, fructosamine, HOMA-IR, G6P, GP, TC, TG, LDL-C, urea, bilirubin, hepatic and pancreatic MDA levels; decreases in BW, serum insulin, creatinine, albumin, HOMA-β, glycogen, G6PD, HK, HDL-C, hepatic and pancreatic SOD, GPX, RG, catalase, Hb, PCV, MCH, MCHC, MCV, RBC, WBC, differentials and the destruction of the pancreatic β-cells, hepatocyte degeneration, and central hepatic vein congestion were reversed by AETPL, to values that compared well with SC in most cases. In the IpGGT model, the intraperitoneally administered AETPL reduced the blood glucose and elevated the plasma insulin levels. The AETPL at 44.6 mg/kg BW exhibited the most pronounced effects. ConclusionAETPL (44.6 mg/kg BW) restored T2DM-glycemic control and associated biochemical changes via up-regulation of insulin, carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and restoration of pancreatic and hepatic histoarchitecture.

Comparison of Metabolic Changes after 6 Months of High-Carbohydrate Diet or High-Fat Diet with Low Dose Streptozotocin Injection in Rats.

We compared 2 models of metabolic syndrome in rats: high-fat diet (58% calories) with single streptozotocin injection at a dose of 25 mg/kg and replacement of water with 20% fructose solution. The model with fructose solution did not cause the main signs of metabolic syndrome over 24 weeks: concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, weight, and BP did not significantly differ from the control group (standard diet). At the same time, single streptozotocin administration was followed by the development of persistent hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and signs of visceral obesity. High-fat diet combined with injection of streptozotocin in a low dose can be considered a more representative model of metabolic syndrome in humans.

Peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia is exacerbated in rats with metabolic disorders induced by a fructose diet.

This study explored the effects of fructose-induced obesity and metabolic disorders on peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia, employing quantitative sensory testing with the von Frey test and measuring paw edema to assess inflammatory responses. Wistar rats were administered water or 10% fructose solution ad libitum over a period of 5 weeks. After intraplantar administration of inflammatory agents such as carrageenan (1 mg/paw), lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 µg/paw), or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 100 ng/paw), we conducted mechanical hyperalgesia tests and paw edema evaluations. The fructose diet resulted in dyslipidemia, elevated insulin and leptin plasma levels, insulin resistance, and increased epididymal and retroperitoneal adiposity compared to control animals. In response to inflammatory agents, the fructose group displayed significantly enhanced peripheral hyperalgesia and more pronounced paw edema. Our results demonstrate that fructose not only contributes to the development of obesity and metabolic disorder but also exacerbates peripheral inflammatory pain responses by enhancing prostaglandin sensitivity.