Fructosamine Concentrations Research Articles

The measurement of plasma fructosamine as a diagnostic tool to improve the interpretation of plasma glucose and proteins in alpacas (Vicugna pacos).

This study assesses the use of fructosamine as a diagnostic tool for hyperglycemia in alpacas in view of their sensitivity to stress and susceptibility to conditions like lipid mobilization syndrome. Plasma fructosamine, like in diagnosing diabetes in cats and dogs, can reveal long-term blood glucose trends, differentiating stress-induced spikes from persistent diabetic hyperglycemia. In 125 alpacas presented as patients of a veterinary clinic, plasma glucose and fructosamine concentrations were compared for correlations with findings of the general clinical examination, laboratory parameters, demographic data, and a behavioral stress assessment processed by using principal component analysis. Hyperglycemia was observed on admission of 71% (89/125) of the animals. This was significantly associated with a higher concentration of serum cortisol and a higher behavioral stress scoring. Fructosamine above the reference limit was detected in only 15% (13/89) of the hyperglycemic individuals. In addition to a positive correlation of fructosamine to glucose concentration, positive relationships with different plasma proteins were detected. A relationship to stress parameters was not observed. These findings underscore stress as a significant trigger for hyperglycemia in alpacas and suggest fructosamine as a valuable parameter for distinguishing between stress-induced and diabetic hyperglycemia. However, the dependence of fructosamine formation on total plasma protein concentration should be considered to avoid misinterpretation.

Fasting triglyceride concentrations are associated with markers of lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis in healthy, non-obese dogs in lean and overweight condition.

Serum triglyceride concentrations increase in dogs with obesity, which is typically assessed by body condition score (BCS), however little is known about changes that take place in non-obese dogs in overweight condition. Further, the associations of triglyceride levels with other markers of energy homeostasis are poorly characterised in healthy animals. The present study aimed to evaluate associations between both BCS and triglyceride concentrations with other markers of lipid and glucose metabolism in healthy, non-obese dogs, as well as to assess whether these markers change significantly in non-obese dogs with overweight as compared to their lean counterparts. Serum concentrations of cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides, insulin, glucose and fructosamine were measured in 532 healthy, client-owned dogs, assigned either to 'lean' (BCS: 3-5) or 'overweight' (BCS: 6-7) categories. Generalised linear mixed models were used to assess associations between BCS categories, triglyceride concentrations and other variables, correcting for the effect of breed. Compared with lean dogs, overweight dogs had a greater serum cholesterol concentration (95% CI, 5.3-6.2 mmol/L or 205-237 mg/dL versus 5.1-5.4 mmol/L or 198-210 mg/dL, p = 0.0032), insulin concentration (95% CI, 17.5-22.1 μU/ml versus 16.7-18.0 μU/ml, p = 0.0374) and were older (95% CI, 4.0-5.3 versus 3.4-3.7 years, p = 0.0005). Triglyceride concentrations were positively associated with fructosamine (r 2 = 0.31, p = 0.0012), cholesterol (r 2 = 0.25, p < 0.0001), insulin (r 2 = 0.14, p = 0.0030) and glucose (r 2 = 0.10, p = 0.0014) concentrations, and negatively associated with free fatty acid concentrations (r 2 = 0.11, p < 0.0001). However, there was no association between triglyceride concentrations and age. In conclusion, both BCS and triglyceride concentrations were associated with other markers of glucose and lipid metabolism in non-obese healthy dogs, amongst which those with overweight showed metabolic changes as compared to their lean counterparts. Triglyceride concentrations were associated with an increase in insulin and fructosamine concentrations that might reflect an early-phase impairment in glucose tolerance which, surprisingly, was concurrent with lower basal free fatty acid concentrations.

The inflammatory and metabolic status of patients with sudden-onset sensorineural hearing loss.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is a common emergency symptom in otolaryngology that requires immediate diagnosis and treatment. SSNHL has a multifactorial etiology, and its pathophysiologic mechanisms may be associated with inflammatory and metabolic changes that may affect the cochlear microenvironment or its nervous component, thus triggering the process or hindering hearing recovery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess metabolic and inflammatory changes to identify systemic parameters that could serve as prognostic factors for hearing recovery in patients with SSNHL. Thirty patients with a sudden hearing loss of at least 30 dB in three contiguous frequencies were enrolled in this study. Patients were followed up for 4 months and peripheral blood samples were collected at 7 days (V1), 30 days (V2) and 120 days (V3). Interleukins (IL)-1F7, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, interferon γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and adiponectin were quantified in serum. In addition, lipid and glycemic profiles as well as concentration of creatinine, uric acid, fructosamine, peroxide, total proteins and albumin were analyzed. Patients underwent weekly ear-specific hearing tests with standard pure tone thresholds for frequencies of 250-8,000 Hz, speech recognition threshold and word recognition score. Patients with SSNHL were divided into a group of patients who did not achieve hearing recovery (n = 14) and another group who achieved complete and significant recovery (n = 16). Most serologic parameters showed no significant changes or values indicating clinical changes. However, IFN-γ levels decreased by 36.3% between V1 and V2. The cytokine TNF-α showed a statistically significant decrease from V1 to V3 (from 22.91 to 10.34 pg./mL). Adiponectin showed a decrease from 553.7 ng/mL in V1 to 454.4 ng/mL in V3. Our results show that serologic cytokine levels change in the acute phase of manifestation of SSNHL and establish a parallel between systemic changes and improvements in hearing, especially TNF-α, which showed differences in hearing recovery. The use of IFN-γ, TNF-α and adiponectin may elucidate the clinical improvement in these patients.

Metabolic response of endangered goats fed spineless cactus associated with Tifton-85 hay or Maniçoba hay

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacement of Tifton-85 hay by maniçoba hay, in spineless cactus-based diets, on markers of energy, protein, mineral metabolism and serum enzyme activity of Moxotó goats. Sixteen uncastrated male Moxotó breed goats, with 20 months old and initial body weight of 21.7 ± 3.92 kg were used in a randomized blocks design, using the initial weight as the criterion for the formation of blocks, with two treatments and eight replicates per treatment. The experimental treatments consisted of two diets: diets containing Miúda spineless cactus associated with Tifton-85 hay (1) or maniçoba hay (2), with roughage:concentrate ratio of 70:30. Blood samples were collected fortnightly (baseline, 15 days, 30 days and 45 days) during the feedlot period. There was a higher serum concentration of total protein and fructosamine (P &lt; 0.05) in goats that received maniçoba hay. However, there was higher serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) enzyme activity in goats that ingested Tifton-85 hay (P &lt; 0.05). Concerning to the profile of blood metabolites in the different fortnightly collections, it was possible to verify a significant effect for urea, fructosamine, GGT enzyme activity, K and Cl levels (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, Tifton-85 hay and maniçoba hay combined with spineless cactus does not cause metabolic disorders in feedlot native goats.

Q-Score Complements the Time in Range in the Evaluation of Short-Term Glycemic Control.

The Q-Score is a single-number composite metric that is constructed based on the following components: central glycemic tendency, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and intra- and interday variability. Herein, we refined the Q-Score for the screening and analysis of short-term glycemic control using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) profiles. Continuous glucose monitoring profiles were obtained from noninterventional, retrospective cross-sectional studies. The upper limit of the Q-Score component hyperglycemia' that is, the time above target range (TAR), was adjusted from 8.9 to 10 mmol/L (n = 1562 three-day-sensor profiles). A total of 302 people with diabetes mellitus treated with intermittent CGM for ≥14 days were enrolled. The time to stability was determined via correlation-based analysis. There was a strong correlation between the Q-Scores of the two TARs, that is, 8.9 and 10 mmol/L (Q-ScoreTAR10 = -0.03 + 1.00 Q-ScoreTAR8.9, r = .997, p < .001). The times to stability of the Q-Score and TIR were 10 and 12 days, respectively. The Q-Score was correlated with fructosamine concentrations, the glucose management indicator (GMI), the time in range (TIR), and the glycemic risk index (GRI) (r = .698, .887, -.874, and .941), respectively. The number of Q-Score components above the target increased as the TIR decreased, from two (1.7 ± 0.9) in CGM profiles with a TIR between 70% and 80% to four (3.9 ± 0.5) in the majority of the CGM profiles with a TIR below 50%. A conversion matrix between the Q-Score and glycemic indices was developed. The Q-Score is a tool for assessing short-term glycemic control. The Q-Score can be translated into clinician opinion using the GRI.

Body Condition Scores in Cats and Associations with Systolic Blood Pressure, Glucose Homeostasis, and Systemic Inflammation.

Feline obesity is the most common nutritional disease in cats. This study aimed to investigate the differences between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and circulating concentrations of glucose, fructosamine, and serum amyloid-A (SAA) in ideal-weight, overweight, and obese cats. The animals were divided into three groups: ideal-weight (BCS 5, N = 20), overweight (BCS 6, N = 20), and obese cats (BCS ≥ 7, N = 20). SBP, circulating concentrations of glucose, fructosamine, and SAA were evaluated. The SBP values of the ideal-weight, overweight, and obese cats were 140.0 mmHg, 160.0 mmHg, and 160.0 mmHg, respectively. The blood glucose and fructosamine levels for the ideal, overweight, and obese cats were 104.0 mg/dL and 245.0 µmol/L, 123.0 mg/dL and 289.0 µmol/L, and 133.0 mg/dL and 275.0 µmol/L, respectively, for each group. The SAA values were <5 ug/mL in all the groups. The SBP values of the cats with ideal BCS were significantly lower compared to overweight (p = 0.019) and obese (p = 0.001) cats. The blood glucose values of obese cats were higher than those of ideal-weight cats (p = 0.029). There was no statistical difference between the groups for fructosamine and SAA. Obese cats had significantly higher SBP and blood glucose concentrations than ideal-weight cats, showing the effect of BSC on these parameters.

Momordica charantia fruit reduces plasma fructosamine whereas stems and leaves increase plasma insulin in adult mildly diabetic obese Göttingen Minipigs.

Traditionally Momordica charantia (Bitter gourd) is known for its blood glucose lowering potential. This has been validated by many previous studies based on rodent models but human trials are less convincing and the physiological mechanisms underlying the bioactivity of Bitter gourd are still unclear. The present study compared the effects of whole fruit or stems-leaves from five different Bitter gourd cultivars on metabolic control in adult diabetic obese Göttingen Minipigs. Twenty streptozotocin-induced diabetic (D) obese Minipigs (body weight ~85 kg) were subdivided in mildly and overtly D pigs and fed 500 g of obesogenic diet per day for a period of three weeks, supplemented with 20 g dried powdered Bitter gourd or 20 g dried powdered grass as isoenergetic control in a cross-over, within-subject design. Bitter gourd fruit from the cultivars "Palee" and "Good healthy" reduced plasma fructosamine concentrations in all pigs combined (from 450±48 to 423±53 and 490±50 to 404±48 μmol/L, both p<0.03, respectively) indicating improved glycemic control by 6% and 17%. These effects were statistically confirmed in mildly D pigs but not in overtly D pigs. In mildly D pigs, the other three cultivars of fruit showed consistent numerical but no significant improvements in glycemic control. The composition of Bitter gourd fruit was studied by metabolomics profiling and analysis identified three metabolites from the class of triterpenoids (Xuedanoside H, Acutoside A, Karaviloside IX) that were increased in the cultivars "Palee" (>3.9-fold) and "Good healthy" (>8.9-fold) compared to the mean of the other three cultivars. Bitter gourd stems and leaves from the cultivar "Bilai" increased plasma insulin concentrations in all pigs combined by 28% (from 53±6 to 67±9 pmol/L, p<0.03). The other two cultivars of stems and leaves showed consistent numerical but no significant increases in plasma insulin concentrations. The effects on plasma insulin concentrations were confirmed in mildly D pigs but not in overtly D pigs. Fruits of Bitter gourd improve glycemic control and stems-leaves of Bitter gourd increase plasma insulin concentrations in an obese pig model for mild diabetes. The effects of Bitter gourd fruit on glycemic control seem consistent but relatively small and cultivar specific which may explain the varying results of human trials reported in the literature.

The Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Gardenoside on Inflammatory Injury via the INS/NF-κB Pathway in a T2DM Zebrafish Model

Objective: This study utilized the zebrafish model to investigate the therapeutic effects of gardenoside on inflammatory damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through the INS/NF-κB pathway. Methods: The study employed 7-8-month-old AB strain zebrafish and induced T2DM models by continuous exposure to a 2% glucose solution for 14 days. Control, model, gardenoside low-, medium-, and high-dose groups (2.5 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L), and a metformin group were established. Parameters such as zebrafish body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, and behavioral analyses were monitored. Fructosamine levels were measured using ELISA, while real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) was employed to assess the relative expression levels of INS, IRS, NF-κB, IL-1β, and IL-6 genes. Intestinal histological examination was conducted to observe inflammation levels. Results: Compared to the control group, the model group exhibited significantly increased blood glucose levels, weight gain, and fructosamine content. High-speed locomotion time increased, while low-speed locomotion time decreased. Relative expression levels of INS, NF-κB, IL-1β, and IL-6 genes were elevated (P &lt; 0.0001), whereas IRS relative expression levels decreased (P E0.001). In comparison to the model group, the gardenoside and metformin groups demonstrated reduced blood glucose levels and no significant change in body weight. The gardenoside low and medium dose groups, as well as the metformin group, showed reduced high-speed locomotion time and increased low-speed locomotion time. The relative expression levels of INS, NFκB, IL-1β, and IL-6 genes in the gardenoside and metformin groups decreased (P &lt; 0.01 or P &lt; 0.0001), while IRS relative expression levels increased (P &lt; 0.001 or P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusion: Gardenoside may suppress inflammatory responses, alleviate insulin resistance, and ameliorate diabetes-related inflammatory symptoms, potentially through the regulation of the INS/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Markers of Glycemic Control in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease

Background: Approximately 10% of adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) have diabetes mellitus (DM) (PMID 30714090). Glycemic control is challenging to evaluate in the setting of hemoglobinopathies, such as SCD, due to potentially inaccurate hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measurements (PMID 30897962). Fructosamine has been proposed as a marker of glycemic control in patients with hemoglobinopathies, although its use remains unvalidated in clinical studies (PMID 27457632). The ideal glycemic monitoring strategy in patients with SCD is unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of fructosamine and HbA1c in predicting glycemic burden in adults with SCD. Methods: We analyzed 439 patients followed between Jan 2010 and Feb 2023 at the University of Illinois Sickle Cell Center. DM was defined by a diagnostic code in the electronic health record plus either prescription of an outpatient antidiabetic agent or an outpatient random serum glucose &amp;gt;200 mg/dL. Comparisons of clinical and laboratory variables by DM status were performed using the Wilcoxon rank sum, Pearson's chi-squared, and Fisher's exact test. Correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate the association of fructosamine and HbA1c with time-paired mean serum glucose concentrations, and of HbA1c with indirect bilirubin (I Bili), absolute reticulocyte counts (retic), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration. Multivariate regression models for HbA1c used mean serum glucose concentration and either I Bili, retic, or LDH as covariates with an interaction term. Results: The median age of the cohort at the time of enrollment was 32 years (interquartile range [IQR] 25-43 years), 57% were female, 76% were hemoglobin SS, and 46% were on hydroxyurea. 41 (9.3%) patients had DM (Table). SCD patients with DM were older, more frequently on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, had higher serum triglyceride concentrations, lower baseline eGFR, and higher baseline urine albumin-to-creatinine ratios compared to those without DM (p ≤ 0.004). In 39 patients with 157 observations, fructosamine concentration correlated poorly with 14-day time-paired mean glucose concentrations ( r s +0.02, p = 0.8; R2 0.01). In 19 patients with 176 observations, HbA1c significantly correlated with 30-day time-paired mean glucose concentrations ( r s +0.36, p &amp;lt; 0.001; R2 0.25). HbA1c progressively increased with higher glucose category (p &amp;lt; 0.001), while there was no association between fructosamine concentrations and glucose category (p = 0.5) (Figure). Increased hemolysis was associated with decreased HbA1c (I Bili r s -0.44, p &amp;lt; 0.001; retic r s -0.33, p = 0.002; LDH r s -0.18, p = 0.2). After adjustment for hemolytic markers with interaction effects, HbA1c continued to predict 30-day time-paired mean glucose concentration (I Bili β HbA1c +20.8, p &amp;lt; 0.001; retic β HbA1c +24.1, p &amp;lt; 0.001; LDH β HbA1c +26.0, p = 0.002). The addition of these hemolytic and interaction terms generally improved the fit of the model (Unadjusted R2 0.24 versus adjusted for I Bili R2 0.42, retic R2 0.22, or LDH R2 0.55). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that fructosamine concentration is a poor glycemic marker in adults with SCD. We observe that increased hemolytic markers are associated with decreased HbA1c, and the addition of a corrective hemolysis interaction term may improve the predictive ability of HbA1c for mean glucose concentration. Further studies are urgently needed to develop and validate glycemic monitoring strategies, such as continuous glucose monitoring, in this group of patients.

Serum Oxidative Status in People with Obesity: Relation to Tissue Losses, Glucose Levels, and Weight Reduction.

This work aims to study the effect of reductions in various body mass components on the oxidative, glycemic, and lipid parameters of people with obesity (PWO). A total of 53 PWO underwent a six-month individualized low-calorie diet combined with moderate exercise, during which anthropometric, biochemical, and oxidative parameters were measured. Probands were divided into groups based on weight, visceral fat area (VFA), total body water (TBW), and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) losses. Weight reduction normalizes glycemia, but VFA reduction is less pronounced, while SMM and TBW reductions are more pronounced in patients with higher initial concentrations of glucose and fructosamine. Moreover, changes in oxidative parameters correlate with changes in glucose. Weight loss, regardless of the reduced tissue, decreases cardiovascular risk. We observed a significant change in almost all parameters related to the redox state. In general, parameters responsible for antioxidant action improved, and markers of oxidative damage decreased. Malondialdehyde, lipid peroxides, and total oxidative status levels can be considered biomarkers reflecting only the current severity of reactive oxygen species genesis processes. When considering the glycemic state, the results are not as clear due to the substantial differences between normoglycemic and hyperglycemic patients. Glycemic status is a factor playing a crucial role in weight reduction.

Association of vitamin D status with redox balance and insulin resistance and its predicting ability for subclinical pregnancy toxemia in pregnant sheep

The study aimed to evaluate the role of vitamin D on redox balance, insulin resistance and its predicting value for subclinical pregnancy toxemia (SPT) in pregnant ewes. At four weeks pre-lambing, fifteen healthy pregnant ewes were divided into two groups, ewes with sufficient vitamin D (25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25VitD) (SVD, n = 9) and ewes with insufficient 25VitD (ISVD, n = 6). Blood samples were collected at 4 weeks pre-lambing using modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test for the estimation of various metabolites. The baseline glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), fructosamine, beta-hydroxy butyric acid (β-BHA), calcium, phosphorus concentration and total oxidant status (TOS) did not differ significantly between the two groups, however, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was significantly (p = 0.031) low in ISVD ewes. Area under the curve for glucose, insulin, elimination rate of glucose and peak insulin also did not differ significantly between the two groups. Correlation analysis revealed, positive association of 25VitD with fructosamine, calcium and TAC, and negative correlation with NEFA and TOS. Subsequent blood sampling at 2 weeks pre-lambing and at lambing showed significant difference in NEFA (p = 0.001), β-HBA (p = 0.001), and fructosamine(p = 0.012) between the two groups. A significant time x group interaction was observed in NEFA (p = 0.019), β-HBA (p = 0.031), and fructosamine (p = 0.026) concentration. The NEFA concentrations were increased and fructosamine decreased at 2 weeks pre-lambing and at lambing along with significantly increased β-HBA at 2 weeks pre-lambing in ISVD compared to SVD. Taking 0.8 mmol/L β-HBA as the cut off limit for SPT, ISVD ewes had higher odds of developing SPT two weeks prior to lambing (OD 16.00; p = 0.042) and at lambing (OD 10; p = 0.077). This study concludes that 25VitD significantly influence redox balance and energy profile and serves as a valuable predictor for SPT in pregnant sheep.

Non-enzymatic glycation and aggregation of camel immunoglobulins induce breast cancer cell proliferation.

Glycation of biomolecules results in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been implicated in the progression of various diseases, including diabetes and cancer. This study purified three IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3) from Camelus dromedarius colostrum using ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatographic procedures. SDS-PAGE was performed to confirm the purity and molecular weight of the IgG subclasses. Several biochemical and biophysical techniques were employed to study the effect of glycation on camel IgG using methylglyoxal (MGO), a dicarbonyl sugar. Early glycation measurement showed an increase in the fructosamine content by ~four-fold in IgG2, ~two-fold in IgG3, and a slight rise in IgG1. AGEs were observed in all classes of IgGs with maximum hyperchromicity (96.6%) in IgG2. Furthermore, glycation-induced oxidation of IgGs led to an increase in carbonyl content and loss of -SH groups. Among subclass, IgG2 showed the highest (39.7%) increase in carbonyl content accompanied by 82.5% decrease in -SH groups. Far UV-CD analysis illustrated perturbation of β-sheet structure during glycation reaction with MGO. Moreover, glycation of IgG proceeds to various conformational states like aggregation and increased hydrophobicity. In addition, the cytotoxicity assay (MTT) illustrated the proliferation of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) with IgG2 treatment.

FRI628 Subnormal Fructosamine Levels In Non Diabetic Pregnant Women

Abstract Disclosure: U.M. Kabadi: None. S. Exley: None. Introduction: American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) and American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommend 2 step testing for diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes (GDM). The process is cumbersome and inconvenient. HbA1c levels are adopted as a screening test in nonpregnant adults but not during pregnancy. Alternatively, serum Fructosamine is not tested for diagnosis of DM in any population. We are in the process of examining utility of serum Fructosamine as a screening test for diagnosis of GDM. However, no data is available regarding Fructosamine concentrations in nondiabetic pregnant women. Therefore, we determined serum Fructosamine levels in pregnant women at 24 to 28 weeks at the time of 1 hour or 3 hour OGTT. Subjects and Methods: Random glucose (mg/dl), Fructosamine ( mcM/l) and HbA1c (%) were determined at 24-30 weeks in 200 pregnant women, age 24-40 years in whom the diagnosis of GDM was eliminated by either normal 1 hour OGTT or by normal 3 hour OGTT in presence of abnormal 1 hour OGTT according to criteria established by ACOG and ADA. 21 age matched nonpregnant women participated as controls. Normal reference ranges for all determinations were established by the local laboratory (Glucose, 60-139; Fructosamine, 200-285; HbA1c, 4.4-5.6). Statistical comparisons between 2 groups were conducted using Student’s ‘t’ test. Results: Fructosamine levels (182 ± 4) were significantly lower (p&amp;lt; 0.01) in non diabetic pregnant women when compared with age matched non pregnant women ( 224 ± 5). Cutoff Fructosamine between groups was 182. Glucose (96 ±7) and HbA1c (5.1 ± 0.2) were not significantly different amongst groups. Conclusion: In non diabetic pregnant women, Serum Fructosamine concentrations are subnormal whereas random glucose and HbA1c levels remain within normal range noted in age matched non pregnant women. Further studies are underway to assess the utility of serum Fructosamine as a screening test in diagnosis of GDM. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023

Features of the course of superficial candidiasis of the skin against the background of changes in carbohydrate metabolism

Objective — to investigate the pattern of the relationship between carbohydrate metabolism and superficial candidiasis for further development of rational therapeutic approaches to the treatment of candidiasis associated with initial disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Materials and methods. In order to determine the indicators of carbohydrate metabolism and their influence on the course of superficial candidiasis, 93 patients with different severity of this disease were examined. The study of carbohydrate metabolism included the determination of fasting blood sugar level to detect the overt diabetes and glucose tolerance test (with the load of 75 g of glucose). The impaired glucose tolerance was detected in 32 patients, so their levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and fructosamine were additionally determined. HbA1c level was determined in whole blood by ion exchange chromatography. Fructosamine was measured by kinetic colorimetric method in both serum and plasma. Blood sampling was performed on an empty stomach from the cubital vein. The studies were carried out immediately after sampling. The Sentinel CH test system from Intero (Italy) and a spectrophotometer with a 405—425 nm filter were used for the research. Results and discussion. The research showed that in the group of patients with candidal lesions, there was a direct dependence of HbA1c and fructosamine levels on the severity of the disease. In patients with minimal and moderate candidal lesions, an increase in HbA1c and fructosamine indicators (by 1.54 and 1.21 times, respectively) was observed compared to similar indicators in the control group. In patients with significant candidal lesions and relapses, the concentration of HbA1c increased by 2.59 times and the concentration of fructosamine — by 2.26 times compared to the indicators of the control group. Conclusions. As shown by the results of our research, we have proven a direct correlation between the severity of candidiasis and the levels of НbA1с and fructosamine. The identification of correlation patterns is important for the development of a multimodal pathogenetically justified treatment of patients with candidal lesions of the skin and mucous membranes.

Milk yield residuals and their link with the metabolic status of dairy cows in the transition period

The transition period is one of the most challenging periods in the lactation cycle of high-yielding dairy cows. It is commonly known to be associated with diminished animal welfare and economic performance of dairy farms. The development of data-driven health monitoring tools based on on-farm available milk yield development has shown potential in identifying health-perturbing events. As proof of principle, we explored the association of these milk yield residuals with the metabolic status of cows during the transition period. Over 2 yr, 117 transition periods from 99 multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were monitored intensively. Pre- and postpartum dry matter intake was measured and blood samples were taken at regular intervals to determine β-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin, glucose, fructosamine, and IGF1 concentrations. The expected milk yield in the current transition period was predicted with 2 previously developed models (nextMILK and SLMYP) using low-frequency test-day (TD) data and high-frequency milk meter (MM) data from the animal's previous lactation, respectively. The expected milk yield was subtracted from the actual production to calculate the milk yield residuals in the transition period (MRT) for both TD and MM data, yielding MRTTD and MRTMM. When the MRT is negative, the realized milk yield is lower than the predicted milk yield, in contrast, when positive, the realized milk yield exceeded the predicted milk yield. First, blood plasma analytes, dry matter intake, and MRT were compared between clinically diseased and nonclinically diseased transitions. MRTTD and MRTMM, postpartum dry matter intake and IGF1 were significantly lower for clinically diseased versus nonclinically diseased transitions, whereas β-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA concentrations were significantly higher. Next, linear models were used to link the MRTTD and MRTMM of the nonclinically diseased cows with the dry matter intake measurements and blood plasma analytes. After variable selection, a final model was constructed for MRTTD and MRTMM, resulting in an adjusted R2 of 0.47 and 0.73, respectively. While both final models were not identical the retained variables were similar and yielded comparable importance and direction. In summary, the most informative variables in these linear models were the dry matter intake postpartum and the lactation number. Moreover, in both models, lower and thus also more negative MRT were linked with lower dry matter intake and increasing lactation number. In the case of an increasing dry matter intake, MRTTD was positively associated with NEFA concentrations. Furthermore, IGF1, glucose, and insulin explained a significant part of the MRT. Results of the present study suggest that milk yield residuals at the start of a new lactation are indicative of the health and metabolic status of transitioning dairy cows in support of the development of a health monitoring tool. Future field studies including a higher number of cows from multiple herds are needed to validate these findings.

Association between Hyperglycemia and Canine Serum Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity Concentration in Diabetic Dogs.

It has been reported that hypertriglyceridemia can partially mediate between diabetes mellitus (DM) and pancreatitis in dogs, implying that another mediator, such as chronic hyperglycemia, might exist. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between hyperglycemia and serum canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) concentration in diabetic dogs. This retrospective cohort study included 26 client-owned diabetic dogs, divided according to their serum fructosamine levels (<500 μmol/L = well-controlled DM group; ≥500 μmol/L = untreated or poorly controlled DM group). Five of the 26 DM dogs (19.2%) had serum cPLI concentrations consistent with pancreatitis, among which two showed ultrasonographic evidence of pancreatitis without clinical signs. The serum cPLI concentrations (median [interquartile range]) were significantly higher in the untreated or poorly controlled group (520 μg/L [179.76-1000 μg/L]) than in the well-controlled group (77 μg/L [32.22-244.6 μg/L], P = 0.0147). The serum fructosamine concentration was positively correlated with the serum cPLI concentration (r = 0.4816; P = 0.0127). Multivariate analysis revealed serum triglyceride and fructosamine concentrations were associated with the serum cPLI concentration. In conclusion, this study suggests that chronic hyperglycemia may induce pancreatic inflammation in diabetic dogs; however, the clinical significance of increased cPLI concentration is unknown.

Preliminary evaluation of the impact of periodontal treatment on markers of glycaemic control in dogs with diabetes mellitus: A prospective, clinical case series.

Periodontal disease (PD) can adversely affect glycaemic control in humans. However, it is unknown if a similar association exists in dogs. Ten client-owned dogs with poorly regulated diabetes mellitus (DM) and PD were prospectively enrolled. A complete blood count, serum biochemistry, urinalysis and measurement of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fructosamine concentrations were performed before periodontal treatment (PT) and monthly thereafter for 3 months. A periodontal disease severity score (PDSS) was determined during PT. The effects of time post-PT and PDSS on markers of inflammation and glycaemic control were determined by generalised estimating equation analysis. HbA1c (mean; 95% confidence interval [CI]) decreased 3 months post-PT (32.1mmol/mol; 21.1-43.1 mmol/molvs. 44.3mmol/mol; 36.4-52.0; p = 0.003). PDSS at enrolment was significantly (p = 0.031) positively associated with HbA1c concentration. Due to a significant (p < 0.001) interaction between PDSS and time post-PT in the analysis of fructosamine, dogs with low (1-3) PDSS and high (7-9) PDSS were analysed separately. Fructosamine (mean; 95% CI) significantly decreased 1 month post-PT (570μmol/L; 457-684 μmol/Lvs. 624μmol/L; 499-748; p = 0.001) in the high PDSS group but not in the low PDSS group. Fructosamine concentration upon enrolment and PDSS were correlated (r = 0.73, p = 0.017). IL-6 concentration significantly decreased 3 months post-PT (9.9 pg/mL; 8.5-11.3 pg/mLvs. 11.2 pg/mL; 9.7-12.7; p = 0.002). Limitations of the study included the small number of dogs, the lack of a control group and the inability to assess PDSS during follow-ups. These findings support a potential detrimental interaction between PD and DM. The apparent beneficial effect of PT on markers of glycaemic control was most conspicuous in dogs with more severe PD.

Evaluation of different sugars for glycation modifications of chitosan to improve its functionality for food preservation

The modification of chitosan's amino groups through the Maillard reaction (MR) presents a pioneering approach to enhance its functional and biological properties. The present study aimed to understand the association between sugar-specific glycation-induced modifications and Chitosan-based Maillard Reaction Products (CMRPs) functionality. CMRPs were prepared by treating chitosan (CHO) with different saccharides, namely fructose (Fru), galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc), lactose (Lac), maltose (Mal), and methylglyoxal (MGO) at 80 °C for 6 h. These CMRPs were characterized by assessing 1) glycation markers, 2) structural modifications, and 3) functional properties. CMRPs formation was higher in aldohexoses (Gal, Glc) as compared to ketohexose (Fru) and disaccharides (Mal and Lac). Notably, fructosamine content, carbonyl adducts, and β-amyloid aggregates were highest in Gal CMRPs (46 mM/mg, 52 mM/mg, 6 M/mg) and Glc CMRPs (45 mM/mg, 15 mM/mg, 3 M/mg). Furthermore, MR of chitosan with aldohexoses at 100 °C for 8 h accelerated CMRPs synthesis with improved emulsifying activity, surface hydrophobicity, antioxidant potential, and substantial gel formation. The thermogravimetric analysis assessed the thermal stability and residual weight, while field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed a compact, nonporous morphology compared to chitosan alone. FTIR and HPLC analysis confirmed the structural changes, primarily due to the binding of the carbonyl group of sugars with the NH2 group of chitosan. Differential scanning calorimetry of CMRPs indicated shifts in peak temperatures and endothermic transitions in terms of enthalpy. Overall, Glc CMRPs exhibited improved functional, thermal, antioxidant, and emulsifying properties indicating their potential application in food preservation and packaging.

Safety and effectiveness of the sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitor bexagliflozin in cats newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus.

Bexagliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. A pilot study has shown that bexagliflozin can decrease dependence on exogenous insulin in cats with diabetes mellitus (DM). To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of bexagliflozin as a monotherapy for DM in previously untreated cats. Eighty-four client-owned cats. Historically controlled prospective open-label clinical trial. Cats were dosed PO with 15 mg bexagliflozin once daily for 56 days, with a 124-day extension to evaluate safety and treatment effect durability. The primary endpoint was the proportion of cats experiencing a decrease in hyperglycemia and improvement in clinical signs of hyperglycemia from baseline on day 56. Of 84 enrolled cats, 81 were evaluable on day 56, and 68 (84.0%) were treatment successes. Decreases in mean serum glucose, fructosamine, and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) concentrations were observed, and investigator assessments of cat neurological status, musculature, and hair coat quality improved. Owner evaluations of both cat and owner quality of life were favorable. The fructosamine half-life in diabetic cats was found to be 6.8 days. Commonly observed adverse events included emesis, diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy, and dehydration. Eight cats experienced serious adverse events, 3 of which led to death or euthanasia. The most important adverse event was euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis, diagnosed in 3 cats and presumed present in a fourth. Bexagliflozin decreased hyperglycemia and observed clinical signs in cats newly diagnosed with DM. As a once-daily PO medication, bexagliflozin may simplify management of DM in cats.

Long-term field study of lispro and neutral protamine Hagedorn insulins treatment in dogs with diabetes mellitus.

The long-term clinical and biofhemical effects of basal-bolus insulin treatment with lispro and NPH in dogs with diabetes mellitus are undocumented. To perform a prospective pilot field study of the long-term effects of lispro and NPH on clinical signs and serum fructosamine concentrations (SFC) in dogs with diabetes mellitus. Twelve dogs received combined lispro and NPH insulins treatment twice a day and were examined every 2 weeks for 2 months (visits 1-4), and every 4 weeks for up to 4 additional months (visits 5-8). Clinical signs and SFC were recorded at each visit. Polyuria and polydipsia (PU/PD) were scored as absent (0) or present (1). Median (range) PU/PD scores of combined visits 5-8 (0, 0-1) were significantly lower than median scores of combined visits 1-4 (1, 0-1, p = 0.03) and at enrolment (1, 0-1, p = 0.045). Median (range) SFC of combined visits 5-8 (512mmol/L, 401-974mmol/L) was significantly lower than SFC of combined visits 1-4 (578mmol/L, 302-996mmol/L, p = 0.002) and at enrolment (662mmol/L, 450-990mmol/L, p = 0.03). Lispro insulin dose was significantly and negatively, albeit weakly, correlated with SFC concentration during visits 1 through 8 (r = -0.3, p = 0.013). Median duration of follow up was 6 months (range 0.5-6) and most dogs (8, 66.7%) were followed for 6 months. Four dogs withdrew from the study within 0.5-5 months because of documented or suspected hypoglycaemia, short NPH duration or sudden unexplained death. Hypoglycaemia was noted in 6 dogs. Long-term lispro and NPH combination therapy may improve clinical and biochemical control of some diabetic dogs with comorbidities. Risk of hypoglycaemia should be addressed with close monitoring.