Front-line Soldiers Research Articles

Культурно-исторические особенности языковой картины мира участников военных действий: прошлое и современные отечественные реалии

The article delves into the cultural and historical specifics shaping the linguistic worldview of participants in special military operations (SVOs), as reflected in the modern media field. The most popular slang words and expressions among military personnel are identified and analyzed. The primary reasons for the use of war-related imagery, stemming from the implementation of a special operation in Ukraine, are characterized. Unofficial designations for weapons and other objects, enemies and civilian populations, locations of combatants and lines of demarcation of forces, as well as words and expressions related with death in war, are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the imagery of frontline life during the Great Patriotic War and SVOs. The method of selective analysis of posts is used as the main method of researching posts in the virtual Telegram environment. The practical significance of the conducted research lies in the fact that the linguistic space created by front-line soldiers aids in understanding their mental world and values, as well as in establishing an inseparable link between different eras.

Островки милосердия. Российские медики во время военных действий на Северном Кавказе в 1990 — начале 2000-х гг

At the turn of the XX–XXI centuries, Russia had to conduct active military operations twice to suppress the hotbed of separatism, crime and terrorism in the North Caucasus. Serious military medicine forces had to be involved. Meanwhile, the participation of medical professionals in two Chechen operations is still on the periphery of attention of domestic researchers. In the 1990s and early 2000s, the Russian mass media wrote that military doctors were helping wounded and sick servicemen of the federal troops directly on the front line and in rear hospitals, often informed the general public about maintaining the mental health of recent front-line soldiers, and also never ignored the assistance to the civilian population (women, the elderly, children) of the Chechen Republic. Some press publications described the most successful and complex operations performed by Russian military surgeons. In many publications of those years, you can also find reports about the doctors who distinguished themselves the most during the active hostilities and were awarded high state awards, including the Gold Star of the Hero of the Russian Federation. The practical activities of Russian doctors in the North Caucasus in the 1990s and early 2000s resulted not only in the saving of the lives of the vast majority of wounded soldiers, but also in restoration of the Chechen health system, prevention of epidemics and successful fight against numerous infectious diseases.

Between Collective Will and Individual Standards: Levels of Discourse within the Japanese Military’s Kōgun Ideal, 1937–1945

ABSTRACT During the Second Sino–Japanese War, the Japanese military constructed the kōgun ideal as a code of conduct for its soldiers, stimulating their fervour for a ‘holy war’. The basic principles of kōgun included loyalty, devotion, and sacrifice, which played an important role in controlling frontline soldiers through ideological propaganda. However, the kōgun ideal was inherently contradictory. If the spirit of ‘aggression’ constituted the standard of violence, ‘compassion’ implied an opposing principle of self-restraint. Furthermore, ‘pacification’ became a new expectation for kōgun after the outbreak of the Pacific War, primarily as a means of reconstructing legitimacy under domestic and international pressure, but it was no different from ‘plunder’ from a Chinese perspective. As the gap between the harsh conditions at the front and the luxurious life in the rear became increasingly apparent, the kōgun ideal, specifically glorified sacrifice, created dilemmas and frustration for individual soldiers, which threatened to undermine the ideal. This article explores the diverse and nuanced wartime mentality of frontline soldiers, whose deviations from and negotiations with the collective will reveal their dual identities as victimisers of Chinese civilians and victims of the fascist ambitions of the militarist Japanese government.

明末清初宣府镇蒙古归附武官颇氏家族事迹考

In the late Ming Dynasty, a family of the Po, who was a Mongolian military officer, emerged in Xuanfu. At first, they served as “Yi Ding(Tatar Soliders)” in Jiubian(nine-frontier fortification system of the Ming Dynasty). Unlike the Mongolians who joined the Wei Suo system in the early Ming Dynasty, the Po family served as private armed servants of Ming Dynasty border defense generals. They not only serve as frontline soldiers for border defense generals, but also serve as Mongolian language translators for them. In short, they have a lot of effectiveness.At the same time, they were incorporated into the military status of the garrison in Xuanfu, and became officials in the camp step by step from the positions of garrison and guerrilla.Its members took part in a series of eastern expeditions and western wars in the late Ming Empire, such as the Imjin War, and participated in the battles of Jigsan and Ulsan to expel the Japanese army, while the father and son of Pou Tingxiang participated in the war between the Ming Dynasty and the Later Jin Dynasty and sacrificed their lives on the battlefield. After the change of Dynasties in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the members of the Po family chose to become officials in the Qing Dynasty for the sake of family interests, and tried to let the next generation continue to engage in the army and maintain their glory. However, due to the collapse of the former Ming Dynasty’s military officer system, the Qing Dynasty’s vigilance against the former Ming Dynasty’s generals, and the characteristics of the Qing Dynasty’s military system and military officer system itself, the Po family did not get the same position of power as the former Ming.In the end, like other generals on the Jiubian(nine-frontier), the former Ming generals, who were born as adherents, gradually withered away in the Qing Dynasty.

CURRENT DIRECTIONS OF WORK OF SOCIAL SECURITY BODIES OF THE BSSR IN THE FIRST POST-WAR YEARS

The article examines certain areas of work of the social security bodies of the BSSR, developed to provide assistance to the families of front-line soldiers and partisans, employment and vocational training for disabled people of the Great Patriotic War, their prosthetics and sanatorium-resort treatment. The main problems and difficulties faced by the social security system in the process of personnel formation are shown, and the measures that were taken to solve them are identified.

Социальный портрет фронтовиков Первой мировой войны: информационные возможности

Introduction. Soviet historiography has traditionally seen the front-line soldiers as supporters of the Bolshevik Party, active participants in the establishment of Soviet power in the localities. This approach was convincingly supported by evidence from the memoirs of participants in the events. There are almost no special memories of the World War - participation in it was not a matter of pride; mainly about staying at the front was reported in connection with subsequent revolutionary events. Modern historiography considers front-line soldiers more variably, but essentially uses the same source base. Since millions have returned from the front, and thousands have left memoirs, the conclusions drawn from these sources are quite vulnerable, especially if researchers insist on their universality. Many judgments are about the unwillingness of soldiers to fight, the desire to get land at home, etc. - made not on the basis of source facts, but logical reasoning. Materials and methods. This article attempts to analyze the sources of personal origin of the frontline soldiers of one region - the Orenburg province. A complete collection of memoirs, autobiographies, etc., is reflected in the catalog published in 2021 and includes materials from the archives of the Orenburg region (state archives, museum archives) and archives of adjacent territories (Samara, Ufa, Chelyabinsk) - a total of 167 authors, as well as autobiographies from the personal files of the personnel department of the Orenburg Regional Committee of the CPSU - 240 texts. In total, these documents can be considered as a natural sample, which made it possible to create a social portrait of front-line soldiers in the southeast of the European part of the country with fixation of variants of certain aspects. The data obtained in some cases do not agree with the generally accepted judgments of the all-Russian scale. Results. The process of returning from the fronts dragged on until 1919. The thesis accepted in historiography that the peasant soldiers were in a hurry to get home in order to have time to receive land under the decree on land, does not find any support in the sources. The thesis about the mass revolutionary moods of the front-line soldiers and their readiness and desire to fight for the new government does not find support either. The vast majority of those who returned from the war sought to arrange a normal peaceful life. Those who could not find work immediately left for the Red Guard (and later the Red Army) as volunteers - service in the Red Guard was an alternative source of livelihood. Conclusion. A significant number of peasants got back to farming on land, and were drawn into the confrontation of the civil war only through the mobilization of 1919.

Земства и кооперация Ставропольской губернии в годы Первой мировой войны

Introduction. In the context of the outbreak of the First World War and the involvement of Russia in military conflicts, the authorities are looking for additional sources of solving the problems that have arisen. The government involved local governments in carrying out state activities. Why did they even expand the competence of the zemstvo? The authorities began to involve cooperation in solving socio-economic problems. The experience of interaction between zemstvo and cooperation is of interest. Мaterials and Methods. The study was prepared on the basis of an integrated approach, which made it possible, based on a combination of information from various sources, to analyze the activities of zemstvos and cooperative associations during the First World War. The application of the principles of historicism, objectivity, and comprehensiveness made it possible to analyze the problem under study, including in the regional aspect. The sources involved in the analysis were both published sources and previously unstudied archival documents, statistical materials, periodicals on the problems and history of the activities of local governments and the history of cooperative associations. Analysis. The article examines the activities of zemstvo selfgovernment and cooperation of the Stavropol province during the First World War. The directions of work of zemstvos and cooperative associations are described. The process of development of the cooperative movement in the period under study is examined, the possibilities of cooperation in solving the problems of introducing management methods, providing the population with consumer goods, and reducing the level of social tension are analyzed. Results. The study made a reasonable conclusion that during the First World War, zemstvo institutions and cooperative associations of the Stavropol province carried out fruitful activities and contributed to solving the most difficult wartime problems. Cooperators and zemstvos contributed to solving the problems of providing the population with essential goods, supplying the army, and providing assistance to the families of front-line soldiers. During the war, cooperative associations in the region managed to strengthen their positions, significantly expanding the network of their organizations.

TREM2-IGF1 Mediated Glucometabolic Enhancement Underlies Microglial Neuroprotective Properties During Ischemic Stroke.

Microglia, the major resident immune cells in the central nervous system, serve as the frontline soldiers against cerebral ischemic injuries, possibly along with metabolic alterations. However, signaling pathways involved in the regulation of microglial immunometabolism in ischemic stroke remain to be further elucidated. In this study, using single-nuclei RNA sequencing, a microglial subcluster up-regulated in ischemic brain tissues is identified, with high expression of Igf1 and Trem2, neuroprotective transcriptional signature and enhanced oxidative phosphorylation. Microglial depletion by PLX3397 exacerbates ischemic brain damage, which is reversed by repopulating the microglia with high Igf1 and Trem2 phenotype. Mechanistically, Igf1 serves as one of the major down-stream molecules of Trem2, and Trem2-Igf1 signaling axis regulates microglial functional and metabolic profiles, exerting neuroprotective effects on ischemic stroke. Overexpression of Igf1 and supplementation of cyclocreatine restore microglial glucometabolic levels and cellular functions even in the absence of Trem2. These findings suggest that Trem2-Igf1 signaling axis reprograms microglial immunometabolic profiles and shifts microglia toward a neuroprotective phenotype, which has promising therapeutic potential in treating ischemic stroke.

Герои Великой Отечественной войны: «Быль о политруке Кемале Касумове»

During the Great Patriotic War, figures from various areas of arts, employees of entertainment institutions took part in the creation of works aimed at uniting the people, maintaining and developing patriotic feelings, and performed in front of the soldiers of the Red Army as part of front-line concert brigades. The dastan “The true story about political instructor Kemal Kasumov,” discovered in the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, is being introduced into scholarly discourse for the first time. Written by a famous ashug – poet and performer of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialistic Republic, member of one of the front-line concert brigades, M. Bayramov. It was during the war years when the dastan about K. Kasumov became widely known both among the front-line soldiers and among the civilian population. At present, the study and publication of the dastan “The true story about political instructor Kemal Kasumov” serves to preserve the historical memory of the Great Patriotic War and reveals the forgotten feats of an ordinary Soviet soldier.

The Struggle for Authentic Teaching

Higher education has inextricably become a part of political platforms, specifically in calls for limits on social sciences and humanities perspectives in the classroom. As instructors, we have become front-line soldiers in this fight, managing hostile students and their parents, while struggling to remain authentic to our academic selves. In this article, I reflect on my authentic teaching, the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida, and the Stop WOKE Act, and offer a contribution on how we might change the course.

Web Resources Containing Ego-Documents of the Great Patriotic War Participants: the Regional Aspect

The object of the article is to present the results of research aimed at identifying data on memorial information resources about Siberians – the participants of the Great Patriotic War and serving on the home front. Basing on studying Websites containing full texts of documents of personal origin (ego documents), that reflect the fates of Siberians during the Great Patriotic War, the activities of Siberian organizations (archives, museums, etc.) on the study of ego documents and their introduction into scientific and public circulation are presented,The paper provides a brief overview of publications on the study of various aspects of memorial practices in the electronic environment and shows the interpretation of the concept of “ego documents” by different authors.In the course of work there were examined 63 sites containing memorial information resources: the websites of the Ministry of Defense, State museums and archives of Siberia and the Far East, as well as other organizations. 19 sites containing ego documents were identified, their search capabilities studied, the characteristics of ego documents given according to several parameters (types, quantity, content, etc.).The revealed websites containing significant arrays of ego documents are: “Pis’ma Pobedy” (“Letters of the Victory”), “Prozhito” (“It’s lived through”), “Ya pomnyu” (“I remember”), etc. There are also sites that contain memories of the front-line soldiers and home front workers’ relatives and friends, sharing stories about them: “Pamyat’ naroda” (“Memory of the People”) and “Bessmertnyi polk” (“Immortal Regiment”). On some sites ego documents are presented in the form of collections (the Museum of History and Ethnography of the KhMAO-Yugra, the State Archive of Kuzbass, etc.).There is a number of shortcomings hampering the study of ego documents on some sites (lack of printed deciphering of scan copies of letters, advanced search function, etc.). The authors conclude that a number of All-Russian and regional Internet resources contain significant volumes of ego documents reflecting the events of the Great Patriotic War, which provide good opportunities for the research work of historians and local history scientists.

ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND WAR, WHAT TO EXPECT?

The aim. To conduct an analysis and generalize scientific publications on the influence of war factors on morbidity indicators and the clinical course of arterial hypertension.
 Materials and methods. An analysis and generalization of scientific research and publications on the specifics of morbidity among military personnel and the population affected by war has been conducted. The following methods were utilized: a systematic approach, bibliosemantic analysis, and analytical methods.
 Results: The article focuses on the influence of war factors on the incidence rates and clinical course of arterial hypertension in both military personnel and the civilian population. Through a review of historical data and modern scientific sources, the study examines the long-term effects of stress factors on the development of hypertension, the peculiarities of its clinical manifestations, and the potential for predicting complications in individuals affected by military operations. The impact of nervous tension is particularly evident among frontline soldiers, as hypertension is observed, on average, 3-4 times more frequently compared to soldiers in the rear. The article emphasizes the clear correlation between the frequency of arterial hypertension in servicemen and the duration of their frontline deployment.
 Conclusion. Severe mental trauma and negative emotions, experienced by both military personnel and the civilian population during war, can not only contribute to an increased incidence of hypertension but also lead to a significant rise in the occurrence of the disease in young individuals, with severe clinical manifestations expected.

Need of Li-Fi (light fidelity) technology for the world to track COVID-19 patients

In this modern world, a single day without light or the internet is unimaginable. Nowadays, wireless fidelity, often known as Wi-Fi, is the most well-known and commonly utilized conventional wireless technology. Wi-Fi employs radio waves or electromagnetic waves to carry data across networks. Imagine if a basic LED light in and around the hospital could link us to high-speed wireless internet with just a simple flickering of light at a very high speed where eyes cannot detect it. This technology is known as Li-Fi, or light fidelity, and it is 10,000 times faster than Wi-Fi. Hospitals are among the locations where Wi-Fi is absolutely forbidden. As doctors are the frontline soldiers against COVID-19, the objective of this project is to develop smart healthcare systems that use green communications to monitor COVID-19 patients using temperature, pressure, and heart rate sensors from Li-Fi transmitter to Li-Fi receiver by using simple LED light as a medium to transmit the data or information of COVID-19 to the cloud by using Li-Fi Dongle.

Enhancing Family Life Quality of Nurses Amid COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Organization-Based Self-Esteem in the Relationship Between Mentoring Quality and Family Satisfaction

It is challenging to be a nurse because you have to deal with patients’ unstable states on the spot, especially during pandemics. There has been an escalation in the situation as a result of the spread of a novel Coronavirus, COVID-19, across the globe. The mental health and personal lives of nursing staff suffered as a result of overload and stress during this contagion. In this context, the current study aims to hinge on improving the family satisfaction and family life quality of frontline soldiers by mentoring quality through the mediating role of organization-based self-esteem. Against this backdrop, a sample of 450 nurse-family dyads was collected in a three-wave field survey to investigate the hypotheses concerning the subjects working in hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. Data were analyzed through structural equation modeling using AMOS 26. The study results indicate that high mentoring quality positively impacts family satisfaction and family life quality. In light of the study findings, hospital administration has practical implications for improving the quality of mentoring in order to enhance the personal and professional lives of nurses.

One victory for all: Kostroma Region – for Stalingrad

In this article, the authors showed for the first time that this victory was achieved by the efforts of everyone: a front-line soldier. Kostromichi fought in all military units in the ranks from soldier to marshal. Among them: Marshals A.V. Vasilevsky and A.A. Novikov, Army General M.V. Malinin, Tank Forces Major General N.A. Novikov, etc. Two Kostroma residents were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for their exploits in this battle. For many who received the title of Hero later, the battle on the Volga became a school of combat experience. The article examines what role the workers of the Kostroma rear played in achieving victory, providing material, moral and psychological support to the fighters. It is emphasized that this support was mutual. It is also noted that even after the battle, the Kostroma residents continued to provide assistance to the liberated Stalingrad: they sent specialists to restore the city, building materials, food, livestock, etc. Results. The authors came to the unequivocal conclusion that only the unification of the forces of the front-line soldiers and comprehensive assistance from the rear could lead to victory both at Stalingrad and in the entire war.

A Research of the Historiographical Approach to the Cuban Missile Crisis: Exploring the Impact of Irrational Factors on the Peaceful Ending

With the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022, a new nuclear crisis and violent geopolitical shocks seem to be looming worldwide. At this juncture, reviewing the historical lesson of the Cuban missile crisis appears imperative. The previous studies investigated the causes of the peaceful end of the Cuban missile crisis, but downplaying the role of irrational factors. Based on the analysis of relevant research approaches, numerous primary sources and case study, this paper is bent on the role of irrational factors including emotional variables, contingency and uncontrollable agents during this crisis. The result of this research reveals that irrational factors played a significant role in the peaceful resolution of the Cuban missile crisis. The favorable development of some irrational factors (e.g., the choice of frontline soldiers in the Soviet submarine incident) due to fortunate or contingency even became crucial in preventing this crisis from degenerating into a nuclear war. This paper can expand the scope of the studies of the Cuban Missile Crisis and provide guidance for preventing nuclear war and instability in the present era. Hence, it is of theoretical and practical value.

2D COSY Records Reduced Neurotransmission In Blast Exposed Artillery Soldiers After Live Fire Training.

There is a need for an objective method to determine a safe level of low-level military occupational blast (MOB) having recognised it can lead to neurological damage. To evaluate the effect of artillery firing training on the neurochemistry of front-line soldiers using 2D COrrelated SpectroscopY (2D COSY) in a 3T clinical MR scanner. Ten men considered to be of sound health were evaluated by before and after a weeklong live firing exercise in two ways. Prior to the live fire exercise, all participants were screened by a Clinical Psychologist using a combination of clinical interview and psychometric tests and then scanned in a 3T MRI. The protocols included T1 and T2 weighted images for diagnostic reporting and anatomical localisation and a 2D COSY to record any neurochemical effects from the firing. No changes to the structural MRI were recorded. Nine substantive and statistically significant changes in the neurochemistry were recorded as a consequence of firing training. Glutamine and glutamate, glutathione and two of the seven Fucose-α (1-2)-Glycans were significantly increased. NAA, myo Inositol+Creatine and glycerol were also increased. Significant decreases were recorded for the glutathione cysteine moiety and tentatively assigned glycan with a 1-6 linkage (F2:4.00, F1:1.31ppm). These molecules are part of three neurochemical pathways at the terminus of the neurons providing evidence of early markers of disruption to neurotransmission. Using this technology, the extent of deregulation can now be monitored for each Frontline Defender on a personalised basis. The capacity to monitor early a disruption in neurotransmitters, using the 2D COSY protocol, can monitor the effect of firing and may be used to prevent or limit these events.

“My Heart Is a Piece of Stone”: Anxious Separations and Emotional Dislocations in British Correspondence from the Long Second World War

AbstractHistorians who write about emotion in wartime focus mainly on the experiences of front-line soldiers and of civilians under bombardment exposed to life-threatening events. However, in Britain in World War II, conscription, mobilization, and evacuation inflicted hugely disruptive separations on a large proportion of the population, and the emotions that they provoked have been under-examined. This paper excavates emotion in an unusually complete set of letters written by a British working-class couple between 1941 and 1946. Interpreting letter writing as a technology of the self, it explores their letter-writing practices and uses psychoanalytic theory to comprehend the anxieties that their letters document. Wartime and postwar separation, enforced by conscription, challenged their aspirations to a companionate marital style and added to the complexities of pregnancy and parenthood. The sickness and hospitalization of their baby in 1945–46, in the era before the establishment of the National Health Service, introduced a new dimension to separation. Occurring at a time when the couple were even further apart geographically than during the war itself and letters were the only regular means of connection, this trauma imposed massive marital and, particularly, maternal strain. By analyzing and contextualizing the increasingly fraught exchanges between a mother on her own and a man at the front line, this article throws new light on epistolary constructions of anxious separations and emotional dislocations in the long Second World War.

Role of Entrepreneurship in the Development of Russia

With the collapse of the USSR, the total fertility rate per woman in Russia fell below the critical value of 2.1 children. Under these conditions, the increase in mortality threatens the country with accelerated extinction. The conclusions of the article are based on an analysis of the dynamics of birth and death rates for 1950–2021. When analyzing data for Russia, its indicators are compared with the arithmetic averages for the leading countries: Israel, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The greatest differences between Russia and the leading countries are observed in terms of mortality. In 2021, in Russia, it was twice the level of leading countries, while in 1959–1962 it was, on the contrary, lower. The sharp decline in mortality in Russia in 1950–1960 was achieved thanks to a combination of the suppression of infections with antibiotics (as in the leading countries) with the passionate breakthrough of front-line soldiers who seized on civilian life. The outpacing growth in mortality in Russia compared to the leading countries since the early 1960s is caused by social stress that destroys work motivation – ​the opportunity to provide for oneself and one's family by honest work (B. T. Velichkovsky's definition) or an unknown X-factor (Gundarov's definition) Maximum violations labor motivation fell on 2003. Since 2004, the restoration of work motivation began and the resulting decrease in mortality, which continued until 2019. In 2020–2021, a new increase in mortality began. To stop the increase in mortality, it is necessary to strengthen labor motivation. The development of entrepreneurship will solve this problem by developing a work ethic, the violation of which causes social stress. A comparison of Russia with the leading countries shows that for this it is necessary to double the number of entrepreneurs and, in connection with this, the proportion of the electorate living on income from business and property. The necessary conditions are: the institutional exclusion of the possibility for the security forces to ruin businesses and a significant reduction in the share of state-owned banks in the capital.

Повседневность учащихся общеобразовательных школ в годы Великой Отечественной вой-ны (на примере Кабардино-Балкарии)

For the first time, based on new archival documents and other sources, a reconstruction of the schoolchildren's daily life in wartime conditions was conducted using the example of the Kabardi-no-Balkarian Republic. This article reveals the influence of a restructuring of the school education system on the daily life of students’ education. The organization of military, physical training and patriotic education of students was analyzed. This work shows the activity of schoolchildren, help-ing the front, wounded soldiers in evacuated military hospitals, participation in the partisan movement. Forms of helping rears are studied: caring for the families of front-line soldiers, or-phans, participating in the restoration of the national economy and agricultural work. The experi-ence of the state work, party bodies and educational institutions in the law’s implementation on universal compulsory education of school-age children is summarized. Problems are analyzed: the introduction of separate education, “Rules for students”, and the quality of students’ knowledge. Difficulties in covering universal education are identified as the main reasons for dropout. It is concluded that the restructuring of the school education system in the interests of the front and rear has significantly affected the daily life of students. Military and physical training, patriotic and labor education of schoolchildren allowed them to help the front and rear and overcome the difficulties of wartime.