Front Roof Research Articles

A globalized methodology of energy-saving solar greenhouse design in high latitudes

The energy-saving solar greenhouse (ESSG) represents a Chinese-type agricultural building of facilitating low-energy and zero-carbon vegetable overwintering production in high latitudes and cold regions. However, its application benefit outside of China has been limited. To establish an operational ESSG design scheme applicable worldwide, this study developed a comprehensive methodology and specific parameters for different latitudinal regions. The ESSG design was determined based on considerations of daylighting, thermal insulation, heat storage-release capacity, and structural safety. Through validation in six representative regions, the reliability of the ESSG design methodology was confirmed. The optimal design values for front roof angle, ridge height, and back wall height were identified across different latitudes. ESSG in various latitudinal regions from 32°N to 48°N exhibited annual cumulative temperatures could reach 8 × 103∼1.3 × 104°C and accumulated light interception could reach 2 × 1012∼4 × 1012J. Even in the 48°N region, the average internal temperature of the greenhouse exceeded 8 °C, with a nighttime cooling rate lower than 0.75 °C/h and a maximum temperature difference between internal and external environments exceeding 40 °C. This suggests the ESSG fully meets the non-heated overwintering production requirements for common vegetables. The research findings provide crucial theoretical foundations for the global promotion of ESSG, contributing to the reduction of energy consumption and carbon emissions in the sustainable agriculture.

Study of Wind Field and Surface Wind Pressure of Solar Greenhouse Group under Valley Topography Conditions

There is a wind interference effect between greenhouses in a group arrangement of solar greenhouse groups. To ensure the structural integrity of greenhouse groups situated in valleys, it becomes imperative to analyze both the wind pressure distribution patterns and the wind interference effects. This arises from the recognition that the wind load coefficients applicable to solar greenhouse groups nestled within valleys deviate from those observed in flat plains. The application of the contour modeling method facilitated a realistic reconstruction of the authentic topography within the study area. Subsequently, a wind field simulation was executed specifically for the constructed valley. The resultant wind field data for the studied valley area were then obtained. In the valley, nine solar greenhouses were systematically arranged in a three by three configuration. Special attention was directed towards assessing the surface wind pressures derived meticulously from the simulated wind field and wind direction angle of 0°. The findings elucidate the following: (a) The wind speed ratio exhibits a diminution on the leeward side of the mountain as compared to the windward side, with a notably reduced wind speed ratio observed in proximity to the mountain. (b) An amplification effect is discernible in the peripheral zone adjacent to the leading row of greenhouses, proximate to the incoming airflow. Particular emphasis is warranted regarding the reversal of wind direction observed in the secondary row of greenhouses positioned along the north wall and front roof, specifically at a wind angle of 0°, owing to the pronounced influence of interference effects. Hence, when undertaking the design and construction of a cluster of solar greenhouses within the valley terrain of Tibet, meticulous consideration must be directed towards both the meticulous calculation of wind loads within the periphery of the greenhouses and the judicious selection of the grouping’s location.

Water-inrush mechanism from the head-on working face roof in a Jurassic coal seam in the Ordos Basin.

When Chinese coal mines are mining Carboniferous Permian coal seams, the mechanism of water inrush from the roof of the working face usually conforms to the "Upper Three Zones" or "Upper Four Zones" theory. The water inrush passageway is water-conducting fracture zone, and the water inrush position is located in the goaf. However, when mining Jurassic coal seams in Chinese coal mines, the location of water inrush often appears at the head-on working face, above the coal mining machine. Due to the support of the fully mechanized mining support, the roof rock layer cannot collapse and therefore cannot form water-conducting fracture zone. Therefore, the water inrush mechanism cannot be explained by the above two theories. This paper is guided by the Practical Mine Pressure Control Theory, and based on the explanation of the motion forms of bending (pulling) failure movement and shearing (cutting) failure movement, and combined with on-site examples, it is revealed that the passageways leading to from the head-on working face roof in a Jurassic coal seam in the Ordos Basin are splitting zones type, fracture line type and structural fracture type, respectively. Taking the changes in water inflow during the mining process of the 3301 and 3302 working faces in Zhujiamao Coal Mine as examples, this paper reveals the mechanism of water inrush from the head-on working face roof caused by splitting zones type, and proves the existence of this passageway through on-site 3D high-density electrical detection and tracing experiments. Taking two catastrophic water inrush accidents that occurred head-on in the 1309 working face of Guojiahe Coal Industry Co., Ltd. as examples, the water inrush mechanism of the fracture line type and the water inrush mechanism of the structural fracture type were respectively revealed. Based on mechanism of water inrush from head-on roof of working face and the analysis of the on-site water inrush process, a method for distinguishing the type of water inrush passageway from the front roof of the working face is proposed. The results indicate that the Jurassic coal seam mining in the Ordos Basin is prone to shearing (cutting) failure movement, resulting in the frequent formation of the three types of water inrush passageways mentioned above.

Study on the bearing characteristics of overrun hydraulic support under impact loading

In order to study the effects of stress change and adaptability of the overrun hydraulic stent under impact load, the rigid–flexible coupling numerical model of the stent is established using multi-body dynamics simulation software ADAMS. In the model, the stent is flexibilized using the HyperMesh module, and the column and jack are equivalently replaced with a spring damping system. By applying impact loads to different positions above the front roof beam of the stent, the dynamic response characteristics of the column and the articulation point are obtained at different positions with different strengths. The results show that when the impact load is applied to different positions of the front roof beam, the steady-state response force of the column shows an overall “M" distribution, and along the length direction of the roof beam, the steady-state response force of the column shows an upward trend, and the maximum steady-state response force of the column is 547 kN at point (1, 6); when the impact load is applied to both sides of the front roof beam, the response at the articulation point is greater, resulting in a higher maximum simple harmonic response at that articulation point. When the impact load acts on both sides of the front roof beam, the response of the articulation point is greater, with a maximum simple harmonic response coefficient of 0.75 and a maximum excitation response coefficient of 0.28; when the impact loads of different strengths act on the whole front roof beam, the force acting on the column and pin shaft at the articulation point will produce a large impact, reducing its adaptability. To address this, we can consider changing the top plate stress conditions using methods like high-pressure injection of water and control the gradual and slow release of the top plate stresses. The results of the study provide a reference for the structural strength design and reliability analysis of the hydraulic support, which is of practical significance and value for improving the safe mining of the coal mining face.

Research on energy-saving renovation of solar greenhouses based on multiple factors and multiple objectives

The applicability of the traditional energy-saving renovation method for greenhouses is limited and influenced by the subjective decisions of researchers. Therefore, in this paper, a multifactor and multiobjective unbiased evaluation method is proposed based on the orthogonal test and entropy methods to study energy-saving transformation of solar greenhouses. The results show that the thickness of the gas layer, type of front roof glass and thermal insulation material of the rear roof greatly influence energy consumption, accounting for 45.5 %, 34.4 % and 15.3 %, respectively, of the total energy consumption, followed by the type of gas, thickness of glass and thermal insulation material of the heat storage wall, accounting for 3.2 %, 1.1 % and 0.5 %, respectively, of the total energy consumption. Based on energy savings, carbon emission reduction, investment cost and payback period, all renovation cases are comprehensively analyzed by the entropy weight method. The results show that Case m is the best renovation case, i.e., the front roof comprises three-layer glass, the glass thickness is 3 mm, the width of the cavity is 6 mm, which is filled with krypton gas, the rear roof insulation material is 100-mm thick extruded polystyrene (XPS), and the heat storage wall insulation material is 100-mm thick expandable polystyrene (EPS). This renovation method provides a systematic and objective theoretical basis for energy-saving renovation of solar greenhouses in cold regions.

The effect of aluminum body on acoustic characteristics of vehicle

Automobile manufacturers have extensively researched on applying various lightweight materials to automobiles to match with the strict emission standards. In recent automotive industry, in terms of material, a main stream to reduce vehicle weight could be divided into aluminum and engineering plastic, respectively. When it comes to cost, reusability, aluminum materials have greater advantages than engineering plastics. In this study, the effect of the sound characteristics of the vehicle according to the body material was confirmed. Accelerator Position Sensor 100%, Constant speed (80kph), PBNR (Power Based Noise Reduction), Input Point Stiffness and Acoustic Sensitivity were tested under the condition that the same sound absorbing parts were applied to two vehicles made of steel and aluminum, each FRONT FLOOR, REAR FLOOR, LUGGAGE FLOOR, and ROOF panels of the vehicle body. As a result of test data comparison between steel and aluminum bodies, the study shows pros and cons of respective materials.

A one-dimensional transient temperature prediction model for Chinese assembled solar greenhouses

The prediction of the thermal environment of greenhouses has always been an essential component of greenhouse development. In this paper, a one-dimensional transient temperature prediction model is constructed based on the principle of energy balance for Chinese assembled solar greenhouses (CASG). The daily temperature trends for each surface in the greenhouse were obtained by solving the model using MATLAB. The performance of the model was assessed by comparing the measured and predicted values. The mean absolute errors for the temperature of air, back roof, front roof, heat collector plate, north wall, ground and water storage tank were computed to be 1.4 °C, 1.89 °C, 1.98 °C, 2.07 °C, 2.26 °C, 1.44 °C and 0.68 °C, respectively. The results demonstrate a high level of concurrence between the simulated and measured values, indicating that the model is proficient in predicting the thermal environment of CASG. Based on this, predictions were made regarding the internal environment of CASG on both sunny and cloudy days, which contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the thermal environment. The research provides theoretical support for regulating environmental conditions of CASG.

Performance of a novel internal insulation in Chinese solar greenhouse for the cleaner and energy-saving production in high latitudes and cold regions

Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG), which facilitates year-round vegetable cultivation without energy consumptions or carbon emissions, is significant for sustainable agriculture. However, the overwintering production is often damaged by frost in high latitudes and cold regions. Since as much as 60% of the heat is lost from the front roof, a novel internal insulation was proposed to improve the thermal insulation capacity of the unheated CSG. The traditional single-layer front roof was transformed into comprehensive external and internal thermal insulation to reduce nighttime heat dissipation. The mathematical model and the energy balancing equations were established to clarify the theoretical basis and evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed method through experiments. The results indicate that the internal insulation helped reduce the heat loss of the front roof by 13.67% and the total heat saving in CSG was 8.75%. The average indoor temperature was improved by 2.01 K, and the difference with outdoor temperature could reach 36.26 K. The economic benefit 36.93 USD per day for winter production. The results can provide scientific evidence for the system design of internal insulation in solar greenhouses or other agricultural settings, in order to guarantee the cleaner and energy-saving production of annual vegetable supply in high latitudes and cold regions.

Analysis of Front Roof Header of Vehicle for Rollover Protection by using Ansys Software

Abstract: Inadequate roof strength in vehicles is a major concern as it greatly increases the risk of head and neck injuries for passengers involved in even minor rollover accidents. Despite this, many manufacturers continue to produce cars with inadequate roof strength. Rollover accidents are unfortunately quite common and often result in serious injuries, such as spinal and neck trauma. Even when wearing a seatbelt, front seat passengers can still be at risk of injury as they may be thrown from the vehicle or experience significant forces during the rollover. The key to reducing these risks lies in ensuring that the roof of the vehicle is strong enough to withstand the compressive forces of a rollover and provide enough living space for the occupants. While airbags and seat belts are important safety features, a strong roof is equally essential to protecting passengers. For this reason, we have undertaken a project to improve the strength of the front roof header in order to enhance the safety of vehicle occupants.

A Two-Factor Thermal Screen Control Strategy for Chinese Solar Greenhouses in High-Latitude Areas

Covering thermal screen on the front roof is one of the most general methods to improve the thermal performance of the solar greenhouse in China. Thermal screen control, however, is operator-dependent and based on empirical strategies. In order to more effectively manage the thermal screen, an optimal control method based on solar radiation and temperature difference between indoor and outdoor was established. The influence of different factors on the control of greenhouse thermal screen is systematically analyzed and the control function of the greenhouse thermal screen was calculated. The empirical control formula was established based on simulation which lasted for 62 days. As a result, the two-factor control method can significantly improve the air temperature when the thermal screen is controlled, and it can increase the average air temperature by 0.53 °C. Comparing with temperature difference, solar radiation has a greater impact on the control of thermal screen. The control method based on temperature difference and solar radiation can save 7.2% energy in winter. The research can provide reference for energy saving and automatic control of Chinese solar greenhouse.

EXPERIMENTAL OPTIMIZATION OF AERODYNAMIC DRAG COEFFICIENT OF A MINIBUS MODEL WITH NON-SMOOTH SURFACE PLATE APPLICATION

In this study non-smooth surface plate application was experimentally investigated to flow control around a scaled minibus model in a wind tunnel. 1/15 scaled minibus model and non-smooth surface plate were designed in SolidWorks® Cad program and produced in 3-D printer. It was focused on decrease of drag coefficient of vehicle with non-smooth surface plate by reducing flow separation. The experimental tests carried out 4 free stream velocities between the speed of 13.90-27.40 m/s and 2.62x105-5.18x105 Reynolds numbers. In wind tunnel tests Reynolds number independence was used to ensure dynamic similarity. The blockage rate was 10.68 %. It was determined that the using of non-smooth surface plate e on the front roof area of minibus model decreased to drag coefficient by an average of 1.03%. This reduction rate can decrease fuel consumption of vehicle about 0.5% at high speeds.

Optimal design for solar greenhouses based on canopy height

The front roof of the solar greenhouse captures more solar radiation energy, the height of the rear wall exposed to direct sunlight is high and the last row of crop canopy receives direct sunlight throughout the day is the basis for the efficient use of solar thermal resources in solar greenhouses, however, previous studies generally focused on the optimization of individual structural parameters of greenhouses, never considering the greenhouse structure-crop cultivation correlation. Therefore, a model for optimal the design of the structural dimensions of the solar greenhouse based on the canopy height was established, comparing the calculated values with the actual structural dimensions of greenhouse and analyzing their structural stability in Abaqus software. The results showed that: The calculated values of the model and the actual construction parameters are in good agreement and meet the structural stability requirements; Taking the 12 m span of the solar greenhouse in Xi'an area as an example, the difference in solar radiation capture on the winter solstice for greenhouse front roofs of different structures under three canopy height conditions were small, 195.95, 194.76 and 192.44 MJ/m, respectively. Taking the 8 m span solar greenhouse in Harbin area as an example, when the canopy height is reduced from 2.0 m to 0.8 m, the corresponding total cost of solar greenhouse construction can be reduced by 5.24%, of which the wall and skeleton costs are reduced by 12.54% and 5.08%, respectively. This study can provide a reference for the optimization of structural dimensions of the solar greenhouse.

Analysis of solar radiation changes in Chinese solar greenhouses with different roof structures based on a solar radiation model

Chinese solar greenhouses (CSGs) are important agricultural production facilities. Under non-artificial heating conditions, solar radiation is the only CSGs energy source. It is highly important to optimally obtain solar energy in greenhouse construction and production. In this study, a solar radiation model for solar greenhouses was adopted to explore the quantities of solar radiation in greenhouses considering different front roof forms and angles. Herein, the solar radiation amounts corresponding to five roof forms, namely, double-section arc, parabolic, oval, arc, and linear roofs, are compared and analyzed during the four solar periods (beginning of spring, vernal equinox, beginning of winter, and winter solstice). It was found that the solar radiation of oval roof greenhouses on the ground was the largest and was 4.44%-23.68% higher than that of parabolic roofs. In addition, the cumulative sum of light on the linear roof greenhouse wall is also the largest and was 6.02% to 12.08% higher than the parabolic roof greenhouse in the four solar terms. Moreover, the solar radiation in CSGs was compared with front roof angles of 25°, 30°, and 35°. It was observed that the solar radiation amount gradually increases with increasing angles. Notably, the variation at an angle of 35° influences the solar radiation of the paraboloidal CSGs ground and elliptical CSGs north wall to the greatest extent, which increased by 8.23% and 12.74%, respectively. This study confirms the role of front roof form and inclination angle in enhancing the greenhouse solar radiation level. Keywords: Chinese solar greenhouse, roof structure, roof angle, solar radiation model DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20221502.6763 Citation: Liu K, Xu H J, Li H, Wu X, Sang S Y, Gao J. Analysis of Solar radiation changes in Chinese solar greenhouses with different roof structures based on a solar radiation model. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2022; 15(2): 221–229.

Sensitivity of solar greenhouse envelopes to the thermal disfigurements and optimal selection of the thermal insulation quilt

The objectives of the present work are focused on exploration of the reasons for temperature difference in different envelopes, the sensitivity of envelopes of solar greenhouse to thermal disfigurements and optimal selection of the thermal insulation quilt. Theoretical analysis and derivation are conducted according to the experimental results of surface temperature, convective heat transfer, and heat flux density in different envelopes which with thermal disfigurements of solar greenhouse using heat transfer theory. The results revealed that the difference of intrinsic thermal conductivity and thickness of the envelopes leads to difference in the thermal flux and thus in the surface temperature of different envelopes. Compared with the front roof and back roof, the wall is more sensitive to thermal disfigurements. According to the influence of thermal disfigurements on solar greenhouse temperature, the allowable thermal disfigurements area fraction of front roof and back roof are given. Based on the analysis of heat transfer theory and test results, the work given the expression of the thickness and thermal conductivity of thermal insulation quilt under different outdoor minimum temperatures for optimal selection of thermal insulation quilt based on comprehensive considering factors of the solar greenhouse structure, crop demand, outdoor minimum temperature, and insulation quilt properties. The results of this work gives technical criterion for whether the envelopes with thermal disfigurements needs to be repaired or replaced, and it also provide theoretical and technical support for design the solar greenhouse as well as methodological guidance for the optimal selection of the thermal insulation quilt. Keywords: solar greenhouse, thermal disfigurements, optimal selection, thermal insulation quilt DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211405.6311 Citation: Sun Y C, Zhang Y, Zhu C M, Xu S N, Liu B W, Cao Y F, et al. Sensitivity of solar greenhouse envelopes to the thermal disfigurements and optimal selection of the thermal insulation quilt. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(5): 50–55.

Effect of single tube sections on the structural safety of Chinese solar greenhouse skeletons

In recent years, the use of single-tube skeletons for the construction of Chinese solar greenhouses has increased. As a consequence, during the selection of the construction materials, the safety of these structures has become an important issue. The single tube section has various forms, but there is no scientific theory to guide the selection process. To the best of our knowledge, the scientific analysis of the impact of single pipe cross section on the safety of greenhouse skeleton has not been addressed so far. In this context, the finite element analysis software was used to calculate and analyze the stress elements, displacement of round tube, Ω tube, elliptic tube and square tube under the same load conditions. We used the Chinese Standard values as a reference and analyzed structural features of different sizes and thicknesses of the greenhouse steel skeleton sections under non-uniform snow load. The results showed that, under the same load condition, the maximum stress in the four skeleton materials was all located at the connection of the transverse tension bar and the front roof. In addition, under same load condition, the greenhouse skeleton with elliptic tube presented the smallest cross-sectional displacement between the different materials tested. The effect of increasing the size of the greenhouse frame was better than that of increasing the greenhouse material thickness. All this work will provide theoretical guidance to the material selection of this structure.

Sensitivity of solar greenhouse envelopes to the thermal disfigurements and optimal selection of the thermal insulation quilt

The objectives of the present work are focused on exploration of the reasons for temperature difference in different envelopes, the sensitivity of envelopes of solar greenhouse to thermal disfigurements and optimal selection of the thermal insulation quilt. Theoretical analysis and derivation are conducted according to the experimental results of surface temperature, convective heat transfer, and heat flux density in different envelopes which with thermal disfigurements of solar greenhouse using heat transfer theory. The results revealed that the difference of intrinsic thermal conductivity and thickness of the envelopes leads to difference in the thermal flux and thus in the surface temperature of different envelopes. Compared with the front roof and back roof, the wall is more sensitive to thermal disfigurements. According to the influence of thermal disfigurements on solar greenhouse temperature, the allowable thermal disfigurements area fraction of front roof and back roof are given. Based on the analysis of heat transfer theory and test results, the work given the expression of the thickness and thermal conductivity of thermal insulation quilt under different outdoor minimum temperatures for optimal selection of thermal insulation quilt based on comprehensive considering factors of the solar greenhouse structure, crop demand, outdoor minimum temperature, and insulation quilt properties. The results of this work gives technical criterion for whether the envelopes with thermal disfigurements needs to be repaired or replaced, and it also provide theoretical and technical support for design the solar greenhouse as well as methodological guidance for the optimal selection of the thermal insulation quilt. Keywords: solar greenhouse, thermal disfigurements, optimal selection, thermal insulation quilt DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211405.6311 Citation: Sun Y C, Zhang Y, Zhu C M, Xu S N, Liu B W, Cao Y F, et al. Sensitivity of solar greenhouse envelopes to the thermal disfigurements and optimal selection of the thermal insulation quilt. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(5): 50–55.

Kajian Teknis Sistem Jaringan Ventilasi Tambang Ciurug Level 600 PT Aneka Tambang Tbk UBPE Pongkor

According to field observation result the average dry temperature and wet temperature around between 23 – 30 ºC, with relative humidity around 83 - 93 % and contain 20.9 % O2, 4 ppm CO, on the front production there are 2 cross cut XC 636 and XC 644 have high temperature that reach 31 ºC and 100 % relative humidity. The acquired field data contain dry temperature, wet temperature, wet bulb global temperature, air velocity, and tunnel dimension so then effective temperature, work efficiency and work climate threshold value can be calculated. The result calculation get effective temperature is acquired 29 – 30 ºC, work efficiency 79 - 62 %, and climate threshold value with work arrangement as much 0 - 50 %. Technical problem on the field which causes high temperature is air recirculation from dirty air exhaust from XC 636 that is opposite with clean air direction from fan 75 kW, recirculation on access 644 from booster fan 37 kW located before XC 637 which results in increasing dirty air quantity into front production plus the second front with water puddles from drilling front roof droplets. Effort made on access XC 644 that is fan 75 kW replaced with fan 90 kW, and the tip of flexible duct extends after RC 7 so that the airflow doesn’t mix with exhaust from XC 636, aside from that booster fan 37 kW after XC 637 is moved so it help sucking dirty air from front XC 644, it can resolve air recirculation

Influence of thermodynamic disfigurement on the convective heat transfer of solar greenhouse

Solar greenhouse is a typical greenhouse without any additional heating system, which has developed rapidly in Northern China. However, due to the construction quality, management methods, especially the long-term use and other factors, there are usually different degrees of thermodynamic disfigurements in the envelop enclosure of solar greenhouse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of thermodynamic disfigurement on the temperature distribution and convective heat transfer of solar greenhouse. In this study, the east and west compartments of a typical solar greenhouse which is located in Yangling, China (108°4′E, 34°16′N) were tested. The air temperature of each compartment was collected using temperature recorders, and the thermal infrared images of different compartment envelopes were obtained by a thermal infrared imager on a typical cloudy day. Convective heat transfer coefficients and heat flux densities of different compartment envelopes in the solar greenhouse were calculated. The results showed that the temperature difference can be displayed in the thermal infrared images of compartment envelopes, the surface temperature of the front roof was the lowest, followed by the back roof, the wall surface temperature was the highest. The minimum average surface temperature of the front roof in the eastern compartment was only 3.8°C, which was 6.8°C and 9.2°C lower than the average surface temperature of the back roof and back wall, respectively. The surface average temperature of thermodynamic disfigurements located at the bottom of the south side in the front roof of the eastern compartment, whose area accounted for 16.5% of the total front roof in the eastern compartment, was only 5.4°C. Compared with non-thermodynamic disfigurement, the average convective heat transfer coefficient and heat flux density of thermodynamic disfigurements in the front roof of the eastern compartment were increased by 20.3% and 110.3%, respectively. The average air temperature in the eastern compartment was 3.5°C lower than the average air temperature in the western compartment of the solar greenhouse. Construction of brick wall at the bottom of the south side of the front roof in the solar greenhouse helped to increase the inner surface temperature of the front roof, with an average temperature rise of 6.2°C, and reduce the area of thermodynamic disfigurement, which only accounted for 2.6% of the total front roof in the western compartment. The average surface temperature of thermodynamic disfigurements mainly caused by the entry and exit door in the wall of the eastern compartment was only 9.8°C, which was lower 3.2°C than the average temperature of non-thermodynamic disfigurement of the wall. Thermodynamic disfigurement helped to increase heat loss. The weighted average proportion of thermodynamic disfigurement in the western compartment was 2.1%, while that of thermodynamic disfigurement in the eastern compartment was 10.7%. The thermal insulation performance of the western compartment envelope in the solar greenhouse was better than that of the eastern compartment envelope. Keywords: solar greenhouse, thermodynamic disfigurement, convective heat transfer, thermal infrared image DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20201304.5397 Citation: Sun Y C, Cao Y F, Wang H T, Zhou C J, Xiao J X, Jiang C Y, et al. Influence of thermodynamic disfigurement on the convective heat transfer of solar greenhouse. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(4): 55–60.

Research on Energy Saving greenhouse based on Sunlight Environment

This paper combs the current research on the energy-saving greenhouse in a daylight environment. The application and research progress of thermal insulation and energy-saving technology in the solar greenhouse in China are introduced from the aspects of location, type, orientation, front roof, rear roof, wall, multi-layer cover in a greenhouse, cold prevention ditch, cheap energy, utilization and cultivation of energy-saving equipment, operation, and management. Finally, some suggestions are given for the future research of energy-saving greenhouse in the solar environment, to make a certain contribution to the research of energy-saving greenhouse in the solar environment.

The Proportion of Architectural Chinese House on Musi River Palembang

Since the era of Sriwijaya, Palembang had been accosted and livable by different ethnics from other nations, such as Chinese, Arabia, and Campa. Their presence has coloured the development of architecture in Palembang because of the architectural influences of the native country. The existence of the Chinese architecture houses in Musi river is one of the architectural heritages of the Chinese ethnic that still survive until today. Visually, the shape of the buildings provides equal image proportions indicating that there is a size comparison of the physical elements of the main building in building the houses. It is interesting to find out physical proportions (main frame) of those house buildings. The research used descriptive quantitative method and data were analysed stastistically. Results of the study showed that the proportion (ratio) of the physical elements (main frame) of this building was P: L: T = 9.2:3.4:2.3. The front roof of the building (segment A) has a high proportion but lower than the roofs on segment B and C. This indicates that the spaces on segments B and C have a higher space value as praying room and private activity spot for its residents.