Front Kick Research Articles

Test-retest reliability and construct validity of Inosen’s Silat Momentum Test

Problem Statements: The kick in Pencak Silat has a magnitude called momentum, which requires a tool capable of measuring several variables based on the International System of Units (SI) in real-time. Nowadays, there are affordable and reliable sensor technologies to meet these needs. Purpose: The research aimed to design a test instrument that utilizes sensor technology to measure kick momentum in the sparring category of Pencak Silat following the applicable SI, and to test its reliability and validity. The resulting instrument is named Inosen’s Silat Momentum Test. Approach: This study followed Johnson and Nelson’s seven-test construction process. Twenty-four Pencak Silat athletes, consisting of 12 elite and 12 non-elite participants, were involved in the evaluation process. The test’s reliability was assessed by examining the correlation between the test and retest results. The construct validity test was conducted by comparing the results of the front kick tests of elite and non-elite Pencak Silat athletes. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation and independent t-tests using Minitab 21.4.1 software. Results: The results of the test and retest indicate a very high correlation (r = 0.923), demonstrating the consistent ability of Inosen’s Silat Momentum Test to measure kick momentum. The study found a statistically significant difference in the Inosen’s Silat Momentum Test scores (p < 0.05) between the elite fighter group (average score of 463.3 kg.m/s) and the non-elite fighter group (average score of 375 kg.m/s). The results indicate that Inosen’s Silat Momentum Test is an effective instrument for differentiating kick momentum based on fighter performance. Conclusions: Based on the findings, it is inferred that Inosen’s Silat Momentum Test is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring Pencak Silat kick momentum according to SI standards. Keywords: biomechanics, kick momentum, pencak silat, performance test, sensor technology.

Knee joint contact load associated by balance control for stance leg during taekwondo front kick: A musculoskeletal modeling approach

Knee joint contact load associated by balance control for stance leg during taekwondo front kick: A musculoskeletal modeling approach

Associations between Body Segment Mass and Punch, Front Kick, or Countermovement Jump Performance in Military Cadets.

Despite the recognized influence of body mass on combat techniques, the relationship between body segment mass (BSM) and combat moves remains unexplored. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the striking arm mass (SAM), kicking leg mass (KLM), and body mass (BM) and the dynamic forces of direct punch (DP), palm strike (PS), elbow strike (ES), front kick (FK), and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Sixteen male military cadets (22.3 ± 1.8 years, 181.4 ± 7.0 cm, 82.1 ± 8.5 kg) performed combat techniques, with their performance measured by using a force plate and their body segment mass assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Spearman's correlation analysis, the Wilcoxon test, and Cohen's d were applied. The results indicated the relationship between the KLM or BM and the FK impulse (r = 0.64, p = 0.01; r = 0.52, p = 0.04, respectively) and CMJ impact force (r = 0.80, p ≤ 0.01; r = 0.70, p ≤ 0.01, respectively). The FK peak and impact forces were moderately correlated with the CMJ jump height (r = 0.74, p ≤ 0.01; r = 0.77, p ≤ 0.01). Moreover, the FK peak force was significantly higher than that for DP, PS, and ES (p ≤ 0.01, d = 3.32; p ≤ 0.01, d = 1.6; and p = 0.013, d = 1.3, respectively). The highest relationship was found between the KLM and the FK impulse; however, the difference in variability explained by the KLM versus the body mass was only 12%. This suggests that knowledge of the BSM did not provide a significantly better estimate of the dynamic forces of the punches and FKs than the knowledge of the BM.

Recognition of TaeKwonDo kicking techniques based on accelerometer sensors

TaeKwonDo (TKD) is a worldwide sport in both competitive among athletes and physical exercise among the public scenarios. Measuring TKD kicks have been studied a lot in a laboratory setting but rarely in a free-living situation. Machine learning algorithm combined with accelerometer data was used to study some martial art styles, e.g., Chinese KungFu but little in TKD. The purpose of this study was to discover a method to recognize different kicking techniques in TKD. A total of 20 participants (35 % male) were recruited to perform front kick, roundhouse kick, side kick and back kick 6 times on each side with three accelerometers wore on waist, right ankle and left ankle. SVM and decision tree were used to analyze data and classify kicking movements. The usage of different combination of accelerometers were also compared. The result showed that using accelerometers on waist and both ankles, on waist and only right ankle, on only waist and combined with SVM model could have at least 0.96 accuracy of classification, while decision tree had the accuracies around 0.8. It was concluded that using SVM model on only waist data is the optimal choice because of the high accuracy and less accelerometers used.

Impact of explosive power, agility, and focus on front kick speed in pencak silat

Introduction. In pencak silat, a front kick is considered the most effective technique for scoring points due to its precision and power. Aim. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of leg muscle explosiveness, agility, and focus on the speed of the front kick. Material and methods. This type of research is causal associative research. The population in this study comprised pencak silat athletes. 30 pencak silat athletes voluntarily participated in the study. The research instruments used in this study were vertical jumps, shuttle runs, focus grids, and kick speed tests. The analytical technique used to test this research is path analysis with multiple linear regression tests. Results. The results showed that: (1) there was a significant direct effect between the explosive power on the speed of the front kick about 13.6%. (2) Agility has a significant direct effect on the speed of the front kick, accounting for about 21.1%. (3) Focus significantly affects the speed of the front kick, contributing approximately 71.6%., (4) There is an indirect effect of explosive leg muscles on the speed of the front kick, with a focus of approximately 21.4%. (5) There is also an indirect effect of agility on the speed of the front kick among pencak silat athletes, with a focus of about 20.6%. (6) Furthermore, there is a combined effect of explosive leg muscle power, agility, and focus on the speed of the front kick, accounting for approximately 71.2%. Conclusions. It was concluded that the front kick speed was affected by explosive power, agility, and focus by 71.2% while the rest were other variables that were not studied. The results of this study are expected to help coaches, athletes, and performance analysts in developing appropriate training programs by prioritizing explosive power, agility, and focus variables.

The Effect of Using Pencak Silat Front Kick Precision Modifications on The Level of Confidence in SMP Negeri 2 Surabaya

Pencak silat is a subject that is rarely carried out in schools, because of the lack of educators who know about pencak silat and pencak silat is a sport that is quite dangerous so if it is carried out in schools there must be strict guard against students and interesting innovations in implementation of pencak silat learning. This study aims to determine the influence and how much influence the use of modified pencak silat front kick accuracy aids on students' confidence levels. This study used a quantitative descriptive approach with the PreExperimental method, Design One Group Pretest-posttest. The instrument used in the study was the Self-Confidence Questionnaire consisting of 40 indicators. This research was conducted in class VII-J which amounted to 30 students. The results of an increase in the Self-Confidence Questionnaire by 74.43% in the high category. The conclusion of the influence of student confidence in pencak silat learning using modifications to the pencak silat front kick determination tool can be seen from the results of the pre-posttest with calculation results of an increase after the provision of pencak silat learning using front kick aids with the results of an increase in self-confidence questionnaire of 67.00.

Neuromuscular characters influenced by knee flexion-extension during martial art techniques: Axial kick VS front kick

Neuromuscular characters influenced by knee flexion-extension during martial art techniques: Axial kick VS front kick

Efforts to Improve the Learning Outcomes of Pencak Silat Front Straight Kicks through A Scientific Approach and Learning Variations In Integrated Grade VIII Students of SMP Muhammadiyah 01 for the 2019/2020 Academic Year

This study aims to improve the learning outcomes of pencak silat front straight kicks through a scientific approach and learning variations in integrated grade VIII students of SMP Muhammadiyah 01 for the 2019/2020 academic year. This study used the PTK (Classroom Action Research) approach. The subjects of this study were grade VII students of Integrated SMP Muhammadiyah 01 Academic Year 2019/2020 with a total of 22 students. The object of this study is through the application of "Scientific Approach and Learning Variations to Improve Learning Outcomes of Pencak Silat Front Straight Kick". This research time was carried out in the Even Semester at SMP Muhammadiyah 01 Medan at 08.00 WIB. The research instrument used in this study was an observation sheet of the pencak silat straight front kick learning result test based on the physical education curriculum of SMP Muhammadiyah 01 class VIII Integrated. Data analysis consists of data reduction and data exposure.

A Systematic Review of Dynamic Forces and Kinematic Indicators of Front and Roundhouse Kicks across Varied Conditions and Participant Experience.

Impact force and maximum velocity are important indicators of kick efficiency. Therefore, this systematic review compared the front kick (FK) and roundhouse kick (RK), including their impact force, maximum velocity, angular velocity, and execution time, considering various target types and experience levels. Following PRISMA guidelines, the Web of Science, SportDiscus, and PubMed were systematically searched for articles published from January 1982 to May 2022. Normalized kicking values were compared using one-way ANOVA. Eighteen articles included FKs (sample: 113 elite men, 109 sub-elite men, and 46 novices), and twenty-five articles included RKs (sample: 238 elite men, 143 sub-elite men, and 27 novice men). The results indicate that the impact force of the FK were 47% (p < 0.01), 92% (p < 0.01), and 120% (p < 0.01) higher than those of the RK across novice, sub-elite, and elite groups, respectively. Moreover, the maximum foot velocity of the RK was 44% (p < 0.01) and 48% (p < 0.01) higher than that of the FK for the sub-elite and elite groups, respectively. Furthermore, the elite group had 65% (p < 0.01) higher knee extension angular velocity with the RK than with the FK and 138% (p < 0.01) higher hip extension angular velocity with the FK than with the RK. In summary, the findings suggest that the FK is more effective in generating forceful kicks, while the RK has the potential for rapid execution.

PENGARUH LATIHAN MENENDANG MENGGUNAKAN BEBAN ANKLE WEIGHT TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KECEPATAN TENDANGAN DEPAN SISWA EKSTRAKURIKULER PENCAK SILAT DI MTSN 4 BLITAR

This research was made to determine the increase in the speed of the front kick in the sport of pencak silat. In this study using the experimental method. Methods in collecting data in this studyusing tests and documentation. The test used is the front kick test. The test was given before(pre-test) and after(post-test) students are given treatment. The treatment in question is giving kicking exercises using weightsankle weight ½ kg held for 8 weeks, 22 meetings with a frequency of 3 treatments a week. Collecting data in this study students kicked with the strongest leg that had been given treatment by kicking at maximum speed for 10 seconds. On resultspre-test In this study, the lowest kick obtained was 11 kicks and the highest was 16 kicks. With an average of 14 kicks. As for resultspost-test getting the lowest kick that is 12 kicks and the highest as many as 18 kicks with an average of 15 kicks. So the results of this study are expected to be a guideline for trainers and executors of pencak silat in practicing front kick speed.&#x0D; Keyword: front kick speed, angkle weight, pencak silat

Speed analysis of the Front Kicks technique in 2022 pencak silat world champion athletes: Kinematic analysis

Pencak silat is the dominant sport using the feet and hands. Kicks in pencak silat require speed to produce points, the faster the kick is made, the more difficult it will be to stop, fend off, or catch. This study aims to describe the difference in front kick speed between two male and female athletes of the Indonesian national team who are the 2022 pencak silat world champions. The research method used in quantitative descriptive research with the subjects of 2022 world champion pencak silat athletes in male and female numbers. This research instrument uses a Fujifilm XT 4 camera with camera placement at a distance of 5 meters from the arena. The video results were analyzed using Kinovea 0.9.4 software by calculating the speed of the subject's Front Kicks. The male sample produced an average speed of 3.25 m/s with an average breakdown of a 1.82-meter kick distance and an average travel time of 0.56 seconds. The female sample produced an average speed of 2.71 m/s with details of an average 1.90-meter kick distance and an average travel time of 0.70 seconds. Future research is expected to examine kinematic parameters in other techniques in pencak silat so that they know more about things that can support the performance of pencak silat athletes.

Evaluation of the Correlation Between Strength and Special Training Indicators in Mixed Martial Arts

Study purpose. To study the peculiarities of correlation between the maximum strength development and quantity of kicks in MMA using load regimes of different intensity and energy supply. Materials and methods. 75 athletes aged 19±0.7 practicing MMA for 4±0.8 years were examined and divided into 3 groups. During 12 weeks, group 1 athletes used low-intensity (Rа=0.53) load regime, group 2 – medium-intensity (Rа=0.65) and group 3 – high-intensity (Ra=0.72). The control of attacking kicks (front kick, reverse side kick, roundhouse kick) quantity with maximum force until full muscle fatigue for 20 s allowed to check special training. The level of strength training was evaluated by estimating the maximum strength development (1 RM) indicators. Non-parametric methods of mathematical statistics were used for data processing. Results. The indicators of special training showed the greatest increase by an average of 13.2% in group 3 athletes during 12 weeks. In the other two groups, the dynamics of the controlled indicator was 3.2 times smaller for a similar period of time. The maximum muscle strength indicator increased by 41.9% in group 3 athletes compared to the initial data. These changes are on average 1.5 times higher than the results recorded in athletes of groups 1 and 2. Despite the revealed growth of strength and special training indicators in MMA athletes, there was no strong correlation between them in any research group. Conclusions. Using high-intensity load regime in conditions of anaerobic-alactate mode of energy supply allowed achieving the greatest results in strength and special training indicators. However, the study did not show correlation between the increase in maximum strength development and quantitative indicators of attacking kicks. Further research will be focused on searching for more informative markers for assessing the training of athletes in MMA and adaptation processes using biochemical control methods.

The Effect of Resistance Bands Rubber Spring Exercise on the Front Kick Speed of Adolescent Pencak Silat Women

The Effect of Resistance Bands Rubber Spring Exercise on the Front Kick Speed of Adolescent Pencak Silat Women

Pencak Silat Front Kick Speed Reviewed From Leg Length and Leg Power (Correlation Study on Pencak Silat Extracurricular Students MTs Sudirman Jatiyoso)

The purpose of the research is to find out how big the speed of the front kick of martial arts is reviewed from the length of the legs and the power of the legs of the Pencak Silat extracurricular students at MTs Sudirman Jatiyoso. The population of this study was 20 extracurricular students of pencak silat MTs Sudirman Jatiyoso. Sampling in this study used the total sampling method, which is to take a sample as a whole, with condition 1). Attendance above 80% and 2) Included in the two teams that have participated in the match, so that 20 MTs Sudirman Jatiyoso were obtained as research samples. The variables of this study are Limb Muscle Power and Speed. The data collection method uses the sports measurement test method. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the computerized system of the SPSS 16.00 program. The results of data processing and analysis, the author concludes that: 1). From the results of the analysis of Pearson correlation calculation data between limb power and front kick results in extracurricular martial arts painters obtained the value r count (ro) = 0. 082 (P ˂ 0.05), Then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted means that there is a significant relationship between Limb Power and Front Kick results in Extracurricular martial arts painters. 2). From the results of Pearson's correlation calculation analysis between Kecepatan and Front Kick in martial arts extracurriculars, the value r count (ro) = 0 was obtained. 913 (P &lt;0.05), Then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted means that there is a significant relationship between Speed and Front Kick in martial arts Extracurriculars in MTs Sudirman Jatiyoso. 3). From the results of the analysis of Power Limb and Speed data obtained 0.890 (P &lt; 0.05), it means that there is a significant relationship between Power Limbs and Speed to Front Kicks in martial arts extracurriculars at MTs Sudirman Jatiyoso.

Показники змагальної діяльності висококваліфікованих дзюдоїстів легких вагових категорій на змаганнях серії Grand Slam, Grand Prix 2022 р

Purpose: to analyze the indicators of competitive activity of highly qualified judokas of light weight categories at the competitions of the Grand Slam, Grand Prix 2022 series. Material and methods. The following research methods were used during the work: analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature; timing; analysis of protocols and video recordings of fights of highly qualified judokas of weight categories up to 60 kg and up to 66 kg; methods of mathematical statistics. There were analyzed 57 fights of the final block of judoists of weight categories up to 60 kg (29 fights) and up to 66 kg (28 fights) at 8 competitions of the Grand Slam series and 2 series of Grand Prix 2022. The following indicators were recorded: the number of participants in the competition; the number of comments received by judokas; the number of disqualifications; the number of fights in extra time; the number of technical actions in the stance and on the ground. The percentage of the total number of comments and technical actions was calculated. Results: the analysis of the received remarks of highly qualified judokas of light weight categories shows that judokas of the weight category up to 60 kg received 55 remarks for all competitions, athletes up to 66 kg - 10 more (65 remarks), which shows their greater activity during the fight. For athletes under 60 kg, typical remarks for not fighting, avoiding the grip, false attack and going outside the working area. For judokas under 66 kg - for not fighting, prohibited grab, false attack and avoidance of grab. Also, athletes under 66 kg received remarks for interlacing fingers and blocking with one hand, unlike athletes under 60 kg. The analysis of the received disqualifications of judokas showed that in the weight category up to 60 kg 5 (17 %) fights ended in disqualification (4 - disqualifications for warnings; 1 for traumatic actions (head bending)). In the weight category up to 66 kg, 10 (36 %) fights ended in disqualification by reprimand. It was found that athletes of both weight categories perform approximately the same number of effective technical actions in the position of the rack, floor and lying down. The main effective technical actions that are most often used by athletes of each weight category separately in the rack, floor and lying position are revealed. Thus, in athletes of the weight category up to 60 kg, these were throws behind the back (46 %), grabs (13 %), throw over the head with a shin catch (13 %) and elbow lever (50 %). In judokas of weight category up to 66 kg these are throws over the back (18,5 %), varieties of front kicks (18,5 %) and elbow lever (100 %). Conclusions. It is established that during the fight athletes of light weight categories receive a fairly large number of comments related to reconnaissance wrestling during the fight. It was found that the fight of athletes of light weight categories mainly takes place in the stance. It is established that athletes in the weight category up to 66 kg are more technical and use more technical actions in competitions. But this applies only to the rack position. If we analyze the position of the floor, lying down, then athletes in the weight category up to 60 kg, on the contrary, have a greater arsenal of technical actions compared to the category up to 66 kg.

Conception of effective mass and effect of force – measurement of taekwon-do master

Background: Engagement of mass during a strike in martial arts and its relation to generated force is one of the factor, deciding on the success of an athlete. The aim of this study was to calculate the quantitative portion of effective mass of a athlete who execute striking techniques, by registering a force of strike and time of its contact with a sensor (target). Material and methods: Black belt taekwon-do (International Taekwon-do Federation) master (age 32 years, body mass of 60 kg, height of 160 cm) performed three types of techniques for three times; roundhouse kick, front kick, side kick and straight punch. His target was a shield mounted on force plate MC 12-2K with amplifier GEN5. Acceleration data was obtained by mounting wireless IMU sensor manufactured by Noraxon attached to a lateral side of a foot. Results: The highest force was registered for side kick (2406.9 ± 299.8 N), and the lowest for front kick (2008.6 ± 284.8 N). The shortest time of contact with a target had roundhouse kick (0.026 ± 0.010 s), while the longest front kick (0.119 ± 0.052 s). The highest effective mass was achieved by front kick (44%). The highest effect of force coefficient was obtained by roundhouse kick. Other techniques with much lower values seems to be push-like movements. Conclusions: During strike, a crucial factor for its effectiveness lies in its destructive power. It does not only depend on generated force and engaged mass, but also on contact duration. Proposed quantitative indicators could be beneficial during preparation of an athlete to sport competition. Correctly calculated effective mass allows to measure force in a training environment.

PENGARUH LATIHAN POWER OTOT TUNGKAI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN GERAK DASAR TENDANGAN DEPAN PENCAK SILAT

This study aims to determine whether there is influence and how much influence leg muscle power training has on improving the basic movements of the pencak silat front kick in MTS Rawdhotut Taufik Muara Enim. The type of research used was an experiment. With a population of totaling 200 students, and the sample was taken 15% of the population, namely 30 students by means of progressive random sampling. The instrument used was the basic motion assessment of the pencak silat front kick, while the data analysis technique used the t-test. The results showed: first, there was a significant effect of leg muscle power training on improving the basic movements of the pencak silat front kick. Second, the magnitude of the effect is shown from the calculation results, meaning that there is a significant effect of leg muscle power training in the experimental group on increasing the basic movements of the pencak silat front kick. the effect of leg muscle power training on increasing the basic movement of the front kick. So the researchers can conclude that with leg muscle power training there is an increase in the basic movements of the pencak silat front kick.

Optimization of movement skills assessment in physical education learning using online self and peer assessment

The obstacle for physical education (PE) teachers during COVID-19 was conducting video assessments of students' movement skills one by one so that the teacher's focus was dominant on assessing. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of self-and peer assessment of the skills of Pencak silat front kicks in Physical Education subjects. The method used is a comparative causal method with a quantitative approach. The selection of the sample is by using the incidental sample technique in class VIII students of SMP Negeri 3 Malang. The data obtained was in the form of self-, peer, and teacher assessments on the material for Pencak silat front kicks using an online application. The results of the different tests using the Wilcoxon Signed Test obtained a P value &gt; 0.05 so that the data did not differ between the comparison of self- (SA) and peer assessments (PA) and the teacher's assessment (TA). Self-assessment and peer assessment was declared effective in assessing movement skills, especially the material for the Pencak silat front kick.

Характер зміни показників ударної підготовки спортсменів ММА в залежності від особливостей режимів силового навантаження

The purpose of the work was to study the peculiarities of changes in the quantitative indicators of the most powerful attacking and counter-attacking kicks in MMA in the process of strength training, depending on the load regimes and their energy supply system. Materials and methods. 75 athletes aged 19 ± 0.7 years who have been practicing MMA for the past 4 ± 0.8 years were examined. The duration of the study was 12 weeks. The participants were divided into 4 groups of 25 men each. The representatives of the 1st and 2nd groups used the anaerobic-glycolytic mode of energy supply for power loads in conditions of low (Rа=0.53) and medium (Rа=0.65) intensity. Athletes of the 3rd group used loads of high (Rа=0.72) intensity in the conditions of the anaerobic-lactate mode of energy supply. To control the dynamics of shock training indicators, to determine the number of attacking kicks in MMA (front kick, side kick, reverse side kick, roundhouse kick) in 20 seconds with maximum force until complete muscle fatigue, the method of testing the training level was used. Results and discussion. It was found that during 12 weeks of training, the use by athletes of 3 groups of high-intensity power loads (Rа=0.72) in the conditions of the anaerobic-lactate energy supply regime provides the greatest increase in the number of strokes performed in 20 seconds by an average of 11.8% compared to the weekend data. It was established that in the participants of groups 1 and 2, despite the use of an identical anaerobic-glycolytic mode of energy supply for muscle activity, the controlled indicators of impact training show a different tendency to change. Thus, in the athletes of 2 groups, the dynamics of impact training indicators during the study period is almost by 1.5 times higher compared to the results found in the examined 1 group during the same period. It was investigated that the greatest increase in the number of kicks performed in 20 seconds during the period of the experiment (by 15.3%) was found in representatives of the 3rd group during the execution of the attacking kick “Reverse side kick”. In turn, the smallest increase in the quantitative indicators of impact training was recorded in athletes of group 2 (by 2.5%) during 12 weeks of the study during the performance of “Side kick”. Conclusion. The use of high-intensity loads in the process of strength training of MMA athletes in the conditions of the anaerobic-lactate mode of energy supply contributes to the most accelerated growth of quantitative indicators of shock training against the background of increasing the functional capabilities of their body

The effect of Tabata exercise on some physiological indicators and endurance of compound front kick performance of Taekwondo players

There are many factors that affect sports training to develop and improve skill and physical performance, including the use of modern training methods and employ them according to specifics of sports, especially taekwondo. It has become necessary for specialists, researchers and sport experts to develop scientific training thought for the various applied aspects and topics related to the nature of competition. Considering all these factors, the research goal seeks: -To identify the effect of Tabata style exercises on some physiological indicators and endurance of compound front kick performance for advanced Taekwondo players and for weights (54, 58, 63) kg. -To achieve this goal, the researchers used the experimental method by designing two equal groups (control and experimental). The research community was determined by the players of the Al-Shurta and Al-Amana Clubs in Taekwondo for weights (54, 58, 63) kg, whose number were (15) players. Then the researchers chose a sample of (12) players in a stratified random manner and dividing them into two groups (control and experimental), six players for each group, each of them performs (3) different situations of measurements. The Tabata training program was applied to the experimental group for a period of ten weeks, three units per week, after that the data was analyzed using statistical means to extract the results.