Front Grille Research Articles

Experimental Investigation of Hybrid Nanofluid Use in Automobile Cooling System and the Effect of New Front Grille Design on Cooling Load

Experimental Investigation of Hybrid Nanofluid Use in Automobile Cooling System and the Effect of New Front Grille Design on Cooling Load

Influence analysis of front grille shape on flow field in front cabin of series hybrid electric truck based on large eddy simulation

Influence analysis of front grille shape on flow field in front cabin of series hybrid electric truck based on large eddy simulation

Influence analysis of front grille shape on flow field in front cabin of series hybrid electric truck based on large eddy simulation

Influence analysis of front grille shape on flow field in front cabin of series hybrid electric truck based on large eddy simulation

Canadian monitoring program of the surface contamination with 11 antineoplastic drugs in 122 centers.

Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs can lead to long-term adverse effects on workers' health. Environmental monitoring is conducted once a year, as part of a Canadian monitoring program. The objective was to describe contamination with 11 antineoplastic drugs measured on surfaces. Six standardized sites in oncology pharmacy and six in outpatient clinic were sampled in each hospital. Samples were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (non-platinum drugs) and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (platinum-based drugs). The limits of detection (in ng/cm2) were: 0.0006 for cyclophosphamide; 0.001 for docetaxel; 0.04 for 5-fluorouracil; 0.0004 for gemcitabine; 0.0007 for irinotecan; 0.0009 for methotrexate; 0.004 for paclitaxel, 0.009 for vinorelbine, 0.02 for doxorubicine, 0.0037 for etoposide and 0.004 for the platinum. Sub-analyses were done with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. 122 Canadian hospitals participated. Cyclophosphamide (451/1412, 32% of positive samples, 90th percentile of concentration 0.0160 ng/cm2) and gemcitabine (320/1412, 23%, 0.0036 ng/cm2) were most frequently measured on surfaces. The surfaces most frequently contaminated with at least one drug were the front grille inside the biological safety cabinet (97/121, 80%) and the armrest of patient treatment chair (92/118, 78%).The distribution of cyclophosphamide concentration was higher for centers that prepared ≥ 5000 antineoplastic drug preparations/year (p < 0.0001). This monitoring program allowed centers to benchmark their contamination with pragmatic contamination thresholds derived from the Canadian 90th percentiles. Problematic areas need corrective measures such as decontamination. The program helps to increase the workers' awareness.

BAHASA INDONESIA

Making simulations with applications makes product planning costs more efficient. Various natural fiber composite materials require the right processing technology to become quality composites in the machining industry. This study aims to analyze the impact strength that occurs in composite materials reinforced with haur bamboo fiber and glass fiber with the ASTM D 5896 impact test. In the simulation process an application is used to see the extent of material damage in order to improve the composite design and repairs that must be made. Making simulations with the Pro Engineer application, it is known that the polyester material as a matrix and a filler of polystyrene fibers as reinforcement can absorb impacts up to 9.8 kN with a safety factor value of 3 being 8596e + 01 N / mm2. Damage to the headlamp and front grille was repaired with the addition of brackets and mass blocks to the bumper beam for the affected parts.

Surface contamination with nine antineoplastic drugs in 109 canadian centers; 10 years of a monitoring program.

Healthcare workers exposure to antineoplastic drugs can lead to adverse health effects. Guidelines promote the safe handling of antineoplastic drugs, but no safe exposure limit was determined. Regular surface sampling contributes to ensuring workers safety. A cross-sectional monitoring is conducted once a year with voluntary Canadian centers, since 2010. Twelve standardized sampling sites were sampled. Samples were analyzed by high performance mass coupled liquid chromatography. The limits of detection (in ng/cm2) were: 0.001 for cyclophosphamide and gemcitabine; 0.3 for docetaxel and ifosfamide; 0.04 for 5-fluorouracil and paclitaxel; 0.003 for irinotecan; 0.002 for methotrexate; 0.01 for vinorelbine. The surfaces from 109 centers were sampled between 01/01/2020-18/06/2020. Twenty-six centers delayed their participation because of the COVID-19 pandemic. 1217 samples were analyzed. Surfaces were frequently contaminated with cyclophosphamide (34% positive, 75th percentile 0.00165 ng/cm2) and gemcitabine (16% and <0.001 ng/cm2). The armrest of patient treatment chairs (84% to at least one drug), the front grille inside the biological safety cabinet (BSC) (73%) and the floor in front of the BSC (55%) were frequently contaminated. Centers that prepared ≥5000 antineoplastic drugs annually had higher concentration of cyclophosphamide on their surfaces (p < 0.0001). Contamination measured on the surfaces was reduced from 2010 to 2020. This large-scale study showed reproducible long term follow up of the contamination of standardized sites of Canadian centers and a reduction in surface contamination from 2010 to 2020. Periodic surface sampling help centers meet their continuous improvements goals to reduce exposure as much as possible. The COVID-19 pandemic had a limited impact on the program.

Detection of Consumer Preferences Using EEG Signals

In this study, a liking estimation system based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is developed for neuromarketing applications. The determination of the degree of appreciation of a product by consumers has become an important research topic using machine learning methods. Biological data is recorded while viewing product pictures or videos, then processed by signal processing methods. In this study, 32 channel EEG signals are recorded from subjects who watched two different car advertisement videos and the liking status is determined. After watching the advertisement videos, the participants were asked to vote for the rating of the different images (front view, dashboard, side view, rear view, taillight, logo and grille) of the products. The signals corresponding to these different video regions from the EEG recordings were segmented and analyzed by the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD). The statistical features were extracted from Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF) and the liking status classifications were performed. The classification performance of EMD- and EEMD-based methods are 93.4% and 97.8% respectively on Brand1, and 93.5% and 97.4% respectively on Brand2. In addition, the classification accuracy on both brands combined are 85.1% and 85.7% respectively. The promising results obtained using Support Vector Machines (SVM) show that the proposed EEG-based method may be used in neuromarketing studies.

Charging of car battery in electric vehicle by using wind energy

The battery is a storage unit which consists of many cells, is used to produce power by undergoing some chemical process so that chemical energy is produced, and converted into electric energy, that is used as a source of power in vehicles. In conventional Engine vehicles, the batteries are used only to power the components like starter motor, horn and so on. Thus, the rate of battery discharging is slow. But today, the world is moving towards the production and use of Electric Vehicles (EV’s), in which batteries are the primary source of power. This demands for batteries with larger capacity for EV’s. Even though high-power capacity batteries are used, they tend to discharge at a much faster rate and demands charging every day. To charge these batteries, there must be very high-power input and also the charging time is more (3 to 4 h for full charge). Due to this disadvantage, people do not prefer EV’s. Thus, the concept is to introduce a system which can charge the battery when the vehicle is in motion i.e., without stopping the vehicle for charging. To enable this, the most renewable source of energy is being utilized which is Wind Energy. To harness this wind energy, the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) is used. The VAWT will be placed inside the front grille of the vehicle where there will be air flow, which will propel the turbine, and thus power is generated. This system is capable of reducing the time and money spent for battery charging in the EV’s.

Optical Properties of CaF2 Anti-Reflection Coating On ZnS for 8~12 µm Infrared Region

Technologies for pedestrian safety are increasingly emphasized by Automakers in advance of autonomous driving vehicles. A Night Vision System attached behind the front grille can reduce fatal accidents, especially during the nighttime, however, consumers may hesitate to adopt such systems on account of their high price. High-cost Germanium is used in commercial Night Vision System windows, and therefore replacing it with a cheaper infrared window material can lead to a more affordable system. To achieve this, Zinc Sulfide (ZnS), which has about 70% transmittance in the Long-Wavelength Infrared region of 8~12 μm, was selected for the window substrate material. In this study, we designed, fabricated and characterized a single layer cost-effective anti-reflection coating on a ZnS window substrate using Calcium Fluoride (CaF2). The CaF2 coating was fabricated by E-beam evaporation technique, with Quarter wavelength anti-reflection thickness (QAR). It was characterized by FT-IR, SEM and a thermal camera test module. We found that CaF2 both side coated the ZnS window and exhibited about 10~15% higher transmittance than the ZnS window substrate. In addition the CaF2 coating stably bonded to the ZnS substrate without any internal defects. A thermal camera based window test also showed better detection performance with the CaF2 Coating than a bare ZnS substrate window, which was calculated using the output voltage of the microbolometer thermal sensor.

Optimization of vehicle horn placement based on a one-dimensional standing-wave model

Vehicle horns must satisfy sound pressure level regulations in each country. Therefore, it is essential to optimize the horn location inside the front grille of the vehicle to maximize sound transmission through the grille opening and adhere to sound pressure level regulations. This study developed a computational method to determine optimal horn locations during early stages of vehicle development to reduce the number of trials during later stages. Therefore, an analytical model based on a one-dimensional standing-wave model was established using parameters obtained in the early stages. Subsequently, spectral changes were predicted for the transfer characteristics based on the horn location (i.e., from the horn to the exterior of the front grille). The analytical model was validated by comparing computed spectral images with those obtained experimentally from sample commercial vehicles. Image correlations between the analytical model and experimental results were greater than 80%. The high correlation suggests that the analytical model sufficiently represented the sound propagation phenomena, including transmission from the front grille. Finally, the model results established the optimal horn placement, which was validated using a commercial vehicle as a case study. The placement obtained by the proposed analytical model was in good agreement with that of the commercial vehicle.

Cross-sectional evaluation of surface contamination with 9 antineoplastic drugs in 93 Canadian healthcare centers: 2019 results.

The primary objective was to describe environmental contamination with National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Group 1 hazardous drugs in oncology pharmacies and outpatient clinics in Canada in 2019, as part of an annual surveillance project. In each participating center, 12 standardized sites (6 in the oncology pharmacy and 6 in outpatient clinic) were sampled. Each sample was prepared to allow quantification of six antineoplastic drugs (cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, methotrexate, gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil, and irinotecan) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were also tested for three additional antineoplastic drugs (docetaxel, paclitaxel, and vinorelbine) without quantification. The impact of certain characteristics of the sampling sites was evaluated with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for independent samples. Ninety-three Canadian centers participated in 2019, with a total of 1045 surfaces sampled. Cyclophosphamide was the drug most often found in the surface samples (32.4% of samples with positive result), followed by gemcitabine (20.3%). The front grille inside the biological safety cabinet (81.5% of samples positive for at least one antineoplastic drug) and the armrest of a treatment chair (75.8%) were the most frequently contaminated surfaces. Centers with more oncology inpatient and outpatient beds, those that prepared more antineoplastic drugs each year, and those that used more cyclophosphamide each year had higher concentrations of cyclophosphamide contamination on the surfaces tested (p < 0.0001). Traces of dangerous drugs were found in oncology pharmacies and oncology outpatient clinics in 93 Canadian hospitals in 2019. However, the quantities measured were very small. Every healthcare worker should consider these work areas to be contaminated and should wear appropriate protective equipment.

Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Surface Contamination with Antineoplastic Drugs in Canadian Health Care Centres

Surfaces in health care centres are often contaminated with traces of antineoplastic drugs. Such contamination should be limited as much as possible, to reduce workers' exposure. The primary objective was to monitor environmental contamination with 9 antineoplastic drugs in oncology pharmacy and patient care areas of Canadian health care centres. The secondary objective was to explore the use of sodium hypochlorite as a cleaning agent for cyclophosphamide contamination. This cross-sectional evaluation was conducted from January to April 2018. Twelve standardized sites were sampled at each participating centre: 6 in the oncology pharmacy and 6 in patient care areas. Six of the antineoplastic drugs (cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, methotrexate, gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil, and irinotecan) were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. For the other 3 antineoplastic drugs (docetaxel, paclitaxel, and vinorelbine), samples were screened for contamination but not quantified. The effect of using sodium hypochlorite as a cleaning agent was evaluated with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for independent samples. Of 202 Canadian centres invited, 79 participated. A total of 887 surface samples were analyzed, 467 from pharmacy areas and 420 from patient care areas. Cyclophosphamide was the drug most often found as a contaminant (32.2% [286/887] of samples positive, 75th percentile of measured contamination 0.0017 ng/cm2, 90th percentile 0.021 ng/cm2). The front grille inside the hood (80.8% [63/78] of samples positive for at least one antineoplastic drug), treatment chair armrest (78.9% [60/76]), storage shelf in pharmacy (61.5% [48/78]), and floor in front of the hood (60.3% [47/78]) were the most frequently contaminated surfaces. Cleaning with a sodium hypochlorite solution was highly variable. Among centres that reported using sodium hypochlorite to clean armrests on patient chairs, the concentration of cyclophosphamide was lower (0.00866 versus 0.0300 ng/cm2, p = 0.014). Despite growing awareness and implementation of new safe-handling guidelines, surfaces in health care centres were contaminated with traces of many antineoplastic drugs. Providing centres with attainable goals (e.g., 75th to 90th percentile relative to other similar centres) would help in identifying the sampling sites where improvements are needed and in achieving lower surface contamination.

Experimental investigation on thermal management for small container data center

The energy consumptions of data centers are increasing dramatically and cooling systems using for controlling the operating temperature usually consume more than half of these energy. Thus, effective strategies on thermal management in data centers may have benefit on energy savings. In order to improve the power usage effectiveness (PUE) of data centers, the effects of air supply flowrate by computer room air handler (CRAH), intake flowrate of rack cooling fans, air supply grilles and heat load distribution on the cooling performance of a typical small container data center having overhead air supply system are investigated in this paper. The rack cooling index (RCI) and supply heat index (SHI) are incorporated to evaluate the local and average cooling performance of data racks. It is found that the intake flowrate of rack cooling fans plays dominant role, which is suggested to be greater than the air supply flowrate in normal operation. Meanwhile, the volumetric flowrate distribution of grilles is studied. The additional front grille before entering the cold aisle may improve the RCI and SHI of front rack (rack A), in which severe hot-air recirculation may occur in typical operation. Conversely, additional rear grille at the exit of cold aisle has negative effect on cooling performance of the last rack (rack E). Based on the measurement of local temperature distribution, the non-uniform heat load distribution in racks is proposed. Result shows that the RCI can be improved to 64% if more power is placed at lower half part, which is eligible for energy saving. However, the non-uniform heat load distribution shows limited improvement on the rear rack (rack E).

The design of front and back grille of KAD-927 B fan with Nigel Cross Approach at PT. X (A Manufacturer of Household Appliances)

PT. X is a manufacturing industry that produces household appliances especially electronic appliances. The appliances are Magic Com, Fan, Iron, Blender, Dispenser, etc. The product of this research is KAD-927 B fan, with the diameter size of 9 inches. The research took several parts, namely Front & Back Grille iron material that will be redesigned with plastic material. The method used in this study is Nigel Cross design principles, with sequential process stages: clarification of purpose, function setting, requirements setting, characteristic determination (QFD), morphological chart, alternative evaluation (AHP), and communication / improvisation . This research is also assisted with the help of CAD Autodesk Inventor and Auto Cad. The result of the design of Front & Back Grille is based on the customer needs (Engineering Staff). Specifications obtained from this research are as follows: additional function with handle, hook mounting process, spider web shape, Front & Back Grille color is white with PP (Polypropylene) material, light in weight, and with safe design so that fingers cannot get into the webs.

Surface contamination with ten antineoplastic drugs in 83 Canadian centers.

The aim of this study was to monitor environmental contamination by 10 antineoplastic drugs in Canadian oncology pharmacy and patient care areas. The secondary objective was to explore the impact of factors that may explain contamination. Twelve standardized sites were sampled in each center (six in the pharmacy and six in patient care areas). Each sample was prepared to allow quantification of seven antineoplastic drugs (cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, methotrexate, cytarabine, gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan) by UPLC-MS-MS. Docetaxel, paclitaxel and vinorelbine were also detected, but not quantified due to sensibility limitations. The impact of some factors was evaluated compared with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for independent samples. Eighty-three Canadian centers were recruited in 2017. A total of 953 surfaces were sampled, 495 in pharmacy and 458 in patient care areas. Cyclophosphamide was most often found on surfaces (36% of samples positive, 75th percentile 0.0040 ng/cm2). The arm rest (81.7% of samples positive for at least one antineoplastic drug), the front grille inside the hood (78.3%) and the floor in front of the hood (61.4%) were more frequently contaminated. Centers who prepared more antineoplastic drugs per year had higher concentration on different surfaces ( p < 0.0001). Despite growing awareness and implementation of new safe handling guidelines, healthcare centers' surfaces remain contaminated with traces of many antineoplastic drugs. The use of personal protective equipment remains indisputable. Performing an annual monitoring remains a good indicator to monitor trends over time and to compare with similar centers.

Full vehicle CFD investigations on the influence of front-end configuration on radiator performance and cooling drag

Proper underhood airflow management of road vehicles has two distinct objectives, viz. ensure the required cooling performance of the heat exchangers, and minimize the cooling drag component of the total vehicle drag. From the radiator performance perspective, there are distinct concerns according to the vehicle speeds. At highway speeds, the flow rate and flow-distributions over the radiator surface are the major operating parameters influencing the performance of a radiator. However, at low vehicle speeds, a phenomenon detrimental to the A/C system performance, called the underhood hot air recirculation, may occur. The cooling airflow not only causes drag directly, the interaction of under-body flow with other vehicle components may lead to more interference drag. This paper presents computational studies to investigate underhood airflow features associated with radiator performance and cooling drag. Additionally, analysis of the impact of the front grille opening size and underhood passive aerodynamic devices on the cooling drag and radiator performance are presented based on full vehicle CFD simulations carried out using a model of Hyundai Veloster. It is demonstrated in this study that by properly manipulating the cooling airflow pattern, simultaneous improvement of radiator performance and total vehicle drag can be achieved.

Environmental Contamination with Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide, and Methotrexate: A Study of 51 Canadian Centres.

Occupational exposure to hazardous drugs may lead to adverse reproductive effects. There is no safe exposure limit for health care professionals. To monitor levels of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and methotrexate contamination in oncology pharmacy and patient care areas in Canadian health care institutions. The study was conducted in 2014. Hospitals with at least 50 acute care beds were invited to participate. At each participating centre, 12 standardized sites (6 in pharmacy areas and 6 in patient care areas) were sampled. The samples were analyzed for the presence of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and methotrexate by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technology. The limits of detection were 0.36 pg/cm(2) for cyclophosphamide, 0.95 pg/cm(2) for ifosfamide, and 0.97 pg/cm(2) for methotrexate. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed to determine the median, 75th percentile, and maximum levels. Fifty-one hospitals participated in this descriptive study, and a total of 584 samples were quantified. Overall, 294 (50%) of the samples were positive for cyclophosphamide, 125 (21%) for ifosfamide, and 54 (9%) for methotrexate. The most frequently contaminated sampling sites in pharmacy areas were the front grille inside the hood and the floor in front of the hood and, in patient care areas, the armrest and outpatient clinic counter. The 75th percentiles for surface concentration were 10.8 pg/cm(2) for cyclophosphamide, 1.59 pg/cm(2) for ifosfamide, and below the limit of detection for methotrexate. Relative to 3 other multicentre studies conducted in Quebec over the past few years, the proportion of positive samples remained constant. Nonetheless, the 75th percentile surface concentration of antineoplastic drugs has been decreasing and seems to have reached a plateau. Local (country-specific or region-specific) and attainable goals for surface contamination with hazardous drugs should be set annually, so long as no health-based limit is known.

An enhanced optimization approach based on Gaussian process surrogate model for process control in injection molding

A stepwise optimization approach based on Gaussian process (GP) surrogate model is proposed to determine the process parameters and improve the quality control for injection molding. In order to improve the global performance in this optimization, an enhanced probability of improvement criterion is also introduced. Firstly, GP surrogate model is constructed with the initial samples which are obtained from an optimal design of experiment method. GP is capable of giving both a prediction and an estimate of the confidence for the prediction simultaneously. Secondly, an enhanced probability of improvement criterion is used to find the direction of adding training samples and optimize the surrogate model. Since the global optimal region of the model become accurate efficiently after steps of optimizing the surrogate model, the proposed enhanced probability of improvement criterion can switch more swiftly to global optima compared with other improvement criterion. Finally, an auto front grille molding process is taken as an example to illustrate the method. The results show that the proposed optimization method can effectively decrease the warpage of injection-molded parts.

Christine Parker's Peach: The Politics of Filming Desire in 1990's New Zealand

Christine Parker's 1993 live-action short begins with music, thekind of repetitive, slow, percussion-heavy, saxophone-dominatedscore usually associated with low-budget porn. The film's openingvisual, however, is a close-up not of the expected soft flesh, butof the skin of a soft fruit. Lest the viewer miss the joke-i.e., thatthe rounded, indented, rosy surfaces on display are not attachedto a human body at all-the main title Peach appears, underliningthe witty substitution. As the exaggeratedly sensual music continues,there is a long dissolve to a fixed frame shot of green backgroundfoliage, while a truck drives into view and approaches thecamera. The front grille soon fills the screen, as does the truck'slicense plate, which remains in sight for several seconds. It reads"PF 9037."

1310 室内エアコン用フロントグリル周りの流れの数値計算(フロントグリル設計開発への応用)

Front grille of an air conditioner as well as its function to cover the inside of the air conditioner are important components to determine the quality. The draft resistance is determined by this complicated shape. Thanks to the development of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), we have a method to apply CFD to various developments. We studied the porous media for modeling the front grille. Then, we designed a method for analyzing individual draft resistance of the front grille to obtain the relation given to the porous media. Further, we analyzed the influence of design parameters of each front grille upon the draft resistance. Finally, we obtained an ideal shape of the front grille under certain conditions.