Crawl Swimming Technique Research Articles

The Impact of Using the Trainings of Mental Visualization on Learning Crawl Swimming

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the impact of using mental imagery exercises in teaching crawl swimming. Methods: The experimental approach was adopted for its suitability to the nature of the study. The study sample consisted of 30 male students enrolled in the swimming course (1) for the second semester of the academic year 2020-2021 at the College of Sports Sciences, Mu'tah University. They were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to two equally matched groups. The experimental group, comprising 15 students, utilized a proposed educational program accompanied by mental imagery exercises, while the control group, also consisting of 15 students, followed a standard educational program. The implementation of the educational program lasted for 8 weeks, with two instructional sessions per week and a total of 16 instructional units. Results: There were statistically significant differences at a significance level (≥ α 0.05) in teaching crawl swimming between the two groups in dimensional measurement, in favor of the experimental group, indicating the impact of using mental imagery exercises in teaching prone crawl swimming compared to the control group. The effect size ranged from 25.31% to 15.77%. The results also showed no statistically significant differences at a significant level (≥ α 0.05) between the two groups according to the "arm movements" test. Conclusions: It is recommended to incorporate mental imagery exercises into the instructional program for teaching the front crawl swimming technique, as they have a positive impact on improving and expediting the learning process. The use of mental visualization exercises for motor skills requiring more precise motor coordination and conducting studies and scientific research on different types of swimming and more complex skills, is recommended.

Is Real-Time Poolside Assessment of Upper Limb Errors in Front Crawl Swimming Technique Reliable and Equivalent to Video Analysis?

Swimming technique is widely believed to influence performance, but this relationship has rarely been tested objectively using a real-time poolside assessment. To determine the (1)test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and criterion validity (live vs video) of real-time poolside assessment of upper limb (UL) errors in front crawl (FC) swimming technique and (2)the relationship between UL errors and FC swimming performance. Cross-sectional reliability, validity, and correlational study. Swim team practice at a college natatorium. Thirty-nine Division III college swimmers (21 women and 18 men, age = 19 [1]y, swimming experience = 11 [3]y). Seven UL errors in FC swimming technique, many of which involved unnecessary vertical and mediolateral motions, were assessed in real time from outside the pool during swim practice. Test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and criterion validity were calculated using Cohen kappa (κ) and weighted kappa (κw). Swimming performance was determined by the participants' best FC events relative to the conference records. The correlation between total UL errors and FC swimming performance was assessed with Pearson r. Cohen κ and κw were moderate for the majority of errors, with the following ranges: 0.46 to 0.90 (test-retest), -0.01 to 1.00 (interrater), and 0.36 to 0.66 (criterion validity). There was a significant correlation between total UL errors and FC swimming performance: r(24) = -.59 (P = .001, R2 = .35). Reliability and validity were moderate for the majority of errors. The fewer UL errors swimmers made while practicing FC, the faster their best FC race times tended to be relative to the conference record. UL errors in FC swimming technique explained 35% of the variance in performance.

Tethered force at lower limbs and swimming during a 30 s exercise bout and its association with 50 m front crawl performance

BACKGROUND: The capacity to produce force should be promoted especially for the fastest swimming events. AIM: This study aimed to analyze the effects of different test periods in mean, maximal and coefficient of force variation and to correlate the coefficient of force variation and 50m front crawl time. METHOD: Twelve well trained swimmers (age: 22.33±8.08 years, 1.69±0.48 m height, body mass 56.08±7.86 kg) randomly performed three maximal 30s repetitions of full swimming and lower limbs actions in front crawl swimming technique with ~15min resting period. A load cell system permitted the continuous measurement of exerted tethered forces, and 50m time was registered as the best time obtained at 12 months before the test. RESULTS: Mean swimming force was greater at 10s compared to 20 and 30s period (26.40 [20.66-54.20], 25.33 [21.70-52.35] and 21.39 [17.91-43.98] respectively, p<0.05). Mean, maximal and force coefficient variation at tethered test with full swimming were higher than lower limbs (24.37 vs. 12.71, 77.97 vs. 39.78, 0.77 vs. 0.49 respectively, p<0.05). Strong and inverse correlations were noticed between coefficient of force variation at 10 s during full swimming, at 20s during kicking and performance (28.75s [26.20-30.68s];r=-0.75;p<0.01). Very strong correlation was noticed between coefficient of force variation during swimming at 20s, 30s and performance (r=-0.91 and -0.92;p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Mean swimming force at full swim and lower limbs is affected by the period of the 30s maximal tethered swimming test and is associated with performance.Data reported may be used as reference for setting training strategies at short distance events.

Intra-cyclic analysis of the front crawl swimming technique with an inertial measurement unit

This research was funded as part of a project supported by the Federal Institute for Sports Science (BISp), funding code ZMVI4-070801/19-21.

Integral indicators of the swimming techniques effectiveness of highly qualified crawl-stroke swimmers

It is known that prominent world-class swimmers are characterized by the manifestation of specific abilities. These abilities allow to constantly maintain a stable speed swimming of different segments of the distance. In this case, highly qualified swimmers can increase the maximum speed of swimming on a segment of a given length. They achieve this by increasing the total external mechanical power. In this case, swimmers keep, and in some cases even reduce the power of the stroke. It is implemented the phase-specific principle of creating driving forces during each phase. At the same time, the principle of creating driving forces is common to all swimming locomotion. The article gives a rationale for the effectiveness of the integral criterion application for evaluating swimming techniques. The integral criterion for evaluating the swimming technique was applied at remote speeds of the entire spectrum of the competitive front crawl swimming program. Material . The study involved 9 highly qualified crawl-stroke swimmers, members of Russia national team. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 24 years. It is studied the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of the front crawl swimming technique of highly qualified athletes at various competitive distances. The studies applied video recording of swimmer’s movements with OLYMPUS TG-5 camera (Vietnam) from a depth of 4.5 m. Three luminous markers located on the swimmer’s hips were applied to record the dynamic parameters of swimmer’s movements. The results of the swims were processed with Natatometry™ (Russia). Results . It was determined that swimmers demonstrated high indices of the intra-cyclic dynamic index (ICDI - Intra Cycle Dynamic Index) and the dynamic coordination index of the swimming cycle (DCI - Dynamic Coordination Index) at speeds in medium distances relative to speeds at sprint distances. Swimmers demonstrate the ability to generate a significant amount of promotional efforts at 100 m distance that ensure the achievement of high speeds. It is established that no general trends in ICDI changes in individual structural phases of the stroke. This indicates the demonstration of individual specific features in the swimming technique of each athlete. Conclusion . It is considered the feasibility of applying the integral indicators ICDI and DCI for a quantitative assessment of the intra cycle promotion forces interaction and hydrodynamic resistance forces arising at the level of an integral biomechanical system of the swimming cycle.

Kinesiological analysis of involvement of selected muscles during a crawl swimming technique

Kinesiological analysis of involvement of selected muscles during a crawl swimming technique

Forces during front crawl swimming at different stroke rates

Understanding the relationships between front crawl swimming technique and the corresponding fluid dynamics is important to athletes seeking improved performance and an edge over their rivals. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) swimming modelling provides a controlled and unobtrusive capability that provides many previously immeasurable quantities including full flow fields and information on the forces experienced by the body throughout the stroke. In this study, a coupled biomechanical-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is used to determine when peak arm thrust occurs and how the ratio of arm–leg thrust changes with stroke rate. A dynamic biomechanical model of a female national-level swimmer was generated from a three-dimensional laser body scan of the athlete and multi-angle videos of sub-maximal swimming trials. This was coupled to the SPH method to simulate the fluid moving around the body during front crawl swimming. Two distinct peaks in net streamwise thrust were found during the stroke coinciding with the underwater arm strokes. The peak arm thrust occurred during the transition from pull to push (left arm) and midway during the push (right arm). Finally, the ratio of arm thrust to leg thrust was found to increase with increasing stroke rate.

Whole breast and regional nodal irradiation in prone versus supine position in left sided breast cancer

BackgroundProne whole breast irradiation (WBI) leads to reduced heart and lung doses in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy. In this feasibility trial, we investigated the prone position for whole breast + lymph node irradiation (WB + LNI).MethodsA new support device was developed for optimal target coverage, on which patients are positioned in a position resembling a phase from the crawl swimming technique (prone crawl position). Five left sided breast cancer patients were included and simulated in supine and prone position. For each patient, a treatment plan was made in prone and supine position for WB + LNI to the whole axilla and the unoperated part of the axilla. Patients served as their own controls for comparing dosimetry of target volumes and organs at risk (OAR) in prone versus in supine position.ResultsTarget volume coverage differed only slightly between prone and supine position. Doses were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in prone position for ipsilateral lung (Dmean, D2, V5, V10, V20, V30), contralateral lung (Dmean, D2), contralateral breast (Dmean, D2 and for total axillary WB + LNI also V5), thyroid (Dmean, D2, V5, V10, V20, V30), oesophagus (Dmean and for partial axillary WB + LNI also D2 and V5), skin (D2 and for partial axillary WB + LNI V105 and V107). There were no significant differences for heart and humeral head doses.ConclusionsProne crawl position in WB + LNI allows for good breast and nodal target coverage with better sparing of ipsilateral lung, thyroid, contralateral breast, contralateral lung and oesophagus when compared to supine position. There is no difference in heart and humeral head doses.Trial registrationNo trial registration was performed because there were no therapeutic interventions.

Changes in speed and efficiency in the front crawl swimming technique at 100m track

The aim of our research is to show how the speed of competitive swimmers at a 100m track (4 x 25m) develops and to find out if there are any considerable changes in swimming efficiency. As for the speed, we expect its gradual decrease caused by fatigue. Efficiency of swimming is directly determined by mastering of swimming techniques. However the question is whether it is also influenced by fatigue. It expands our earlier publications and includes measurements conducted not only at the 50m swimming track (two sections /25m legs) but also those taken at the 100m track (four sections/25m legs). Thanks to our measuring device called Tachograph, we have been able to record and subsequently analyse the results of 10 male and seven female swimmers, all being between the ages of 18 and 23 / 26. Research shows that the average mean speed in male categories declines from 1.65 m*s -1 reached in the first section down to1.50m*s -1 in the fourth section. The decrease seems to be linear during the first three sections while it is not so significant in the fourth swimming legs. Efficiency of swimming slightly decreases from 0.949 to 0.936. As for the female swimmers, their average mean speed decreases from 1.46m*s -1 (measured in the first section) to1.34m*s -1 in the fourth section. The decline is more or less linear, with a slight reduction in value. Efficiency has a subtle declining tendency (from 0.967to0.961). In both male and female categories, the speed of swimming slightly declines, whereas changes in the efficiency of swimming are not substantial.

Correction of errors front crawl swimming technique of students of physical education and sport

Mandzak Peter, Stankiewicz Blazej. Correction of errors front crawl swimming technique of students of physical education and sport. Journal of Health Sciences. 2014;4(14):27-38. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/article/view/2014%3B4%2814%29%3A27-38 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2014%3B4%2814%29%3A27-38 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/510005 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13262 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13262 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1107. (17.12.2013). © The Author (s) 2014; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. Conflict of interest: None declared. Received: 15.11.2014. Revised 05.12.2014. Accepted: 08.12.2014. Correction of errors front crawl swimming technique of students of physical education and sport Peter Mandzak 1 , Blazej. Stankiewicz 2 1 Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Arts Matej Bel University, Slovenska republika 2 Faculty of Physical Education, Health and Tourism, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland ABSTRACT The author in this paper deals with diagnosis of Students' Front Crawl Swimming Technique. The research group was formed by 101 freshers of the Department of Physical Education and Sport, FH UMB in Banska Bystrica. Their average age at the time of research was 20 years of age. We used the assessment technique based on Svozil and Gajda's (1997) rating scale to assess the front crawl swimming technique. Based on the results of output testing, we claim that the level of acquired swimming technique increased. Despite the errors, which were not removed completely, there was a percentage decrease in the number of errors in both groups. Systematic application of our corrective programme led to an important improvement in breathing technique. Nevertheless, some students still tilt their head backwards, despite having taken lessons aimed at the correction of such error. We also registered positive changes in the pull phase. Errors were minimised in both groups. As for the position of the trunk and the leg kick, positive changes without distinct anomalies in the technique were recorded. Drawing on these facts, we confirmed the hypothesis about the efficiency of the corrective programme, which has been integrated into the swimming courses to correct errors in the front crawl swimming technique. Key words: front Crawl Swimming Technique, Corrective swimming programme

Advisability on the shift from standard front crawl swimming technique to the “kayaking” and “loping” variants

PurposeThe aim of this study was to analyze selected kinematics parameters of standard front crawl swimming technique and its variants, the “kayaking” and “loping”, in order to estimate the differences that can determine swimming effectiveness and efficiency.MethodsEighteen swimmers, divided equally into three groups, took part in the research. The first group was composed of individuals who favored the standard technique, the second group used the “kayaking” variant and the third one swam in the “loping” variant. All swimmers were instructed to swim the 50 m freestyle with their technique of choice at maximum velocity. Analysis of kinematic parameters (time, average swimming velocity), swimming cycle parameters (stroke length, stroke rate), and the swimming efficiency coefficient (stroke index) was calculated using SIMI’s 2D Reality Motion Systems software.ResultsThe Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test found statistically significant differences in the studied parameters between the standard technique (S) and the “kayaking” (K) and “loping” (L) variants in the time to swim 25 m (x̅&lt;sub&gt;S&lt;/sub&gt; = 15.472 s, x̅&lt;sub&gt;K&lt;/sub&gt; = 13.540 s, x̅&lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; = 14.108 s), and between (S) and (K) in the 15 m swim time (x̅&lt;sub&gt;St&lt;/sub&gt; = 9.598 s, x̅&lt;sub&gt;Kt&lt;/sub&gt; = 8.593 s) and average swimming velocity (x̅&lt;sub&gt;Sv&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.562 m/s, x̅&lt;sub&gt;Kv&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.757 m/s).ConclusionsAnalysis of the differences in the kinematic parameters that define front crawl swimming technique finds justification in the need to modify the standard technique of the propulsive movement used in swimming towards those that employ the “kayaking” and “loping” variants as they are more effective in affecting swimming velocity.

The Effect 0f Warm-up on Tethered Front Crawl Swimming Forces

This study was conducted to determine the effect of warm-up on high-intensity front crawl tethered swimming and thus to better understand possible variations in the force exerted by the swimmers. Ten male national level swimmers (mean ± SD; age 15.3 ± 0.95 years old, height: 1.73 ± 5.2 m, body mass: 64.3 ± 7.8 kg, Fat mass 8.31 ± 3.1 kg) participated in this study. After a typical competition warm-up, the subjects performed a 30 s tethered swimming all-out effort in front crawl swimming technique. The same test was repeated in the day after but performed without warming up. Capillary blood lactate concentration was assessed before and after the swimming test and the Borg ratings of perceived exertion scale was used. Without a previous warm-up, the mean ± SD values of maximum and mean forces were 299.62 ± 77.56 N and 91.65 ± 14.70 N, respectively. These values were different (p<0.05) from the values obtained with warm-up (351.33 ± 81.85 N and 103.97 ± 19.11 N). Differences were also observed when regarding to the forces relative to body mass. However, the values of lactate net concentrations after the test performed with and without warm-up were not different (6.27 ± 2.36 mmol·l−1 and 6.18 ± 2.353 mmol·l −1) and the same occurs with the values of ratings of perceived exertion (15.90 ± 2.42 and 15.60 ± 2.27). These results suggest an improvement of the maximum and mean force of the swimmer on the tethered swimming due to previous warm-up.

The Relationship Between Front Crawl Swimming Performance And Swimming Technique In Young Swimmers

The Relationship Between Front Crawl Swimming Performance And Swimming Technique In Young Swimmers

Shaping of Physical Endurance and Front Crawl Swimming Technique Indices in Swimmers After Half-Year Training Period

Shaping of Physical Endurance and Front Crawl Swimming Technique Indices in Swimmers After Half-Year Training Period