Friend Connections Research Articles

Early Exposure to Orthopaedic Surgery.

Disparities in early orthopaedic experiences among medical students prompt a critical examination of factors influencing the availability and nature of these exposures. While the current body of literature underscores the significance of early surgical exposure and mentorship in medical education, a notable gap exists in investigating early orthopaedic exposure and its specific impact on students from diverse backgrounds. A 16-item questionnaire, approved by our institutional review board, was administered to fourth-year medical students (MS4) and first-year orthopaedic residents (PGY-1) across U.S. orthopaedic surgery programs during the 2022-2023 application cycle. The questionnaire assessed participants' initial orthopaedic exposures and factors influencing interest in the field. Two-proportion Z-test analyses were conducted to analyze the data, and thematic analysis was used to assess qualitative data involving free-response questions. Out of 72 total respondents, the study revealed that 83% of respondents encountered orthopaedics before medical school, with initial exposures stemming from various sources such as familial connections (28%), athletics(17%), and high school or college exposures (15%), including shadowing, athletics participation, and occupation-related exposure. Disparities were observed in the availability of orthopaedic mentors and early exposure opportunities between demographic groups. Statistical analyses highlighted significant differences in access to mentors who reflected students' identities between male and non-male participants (70% vs. 39%, p=0.02) and between white and non-white participants (69% vs. 36%, p=0.02). White participants were also more likely to first interact with a surgeon who treated them or their family members than non-white participants (35% vs 7%, p=0.04). Non-white participants were more likely than white participants to come by their first orthopaedic opportunity by searching for it independently (21% vs. 4%, p=0.03). Family and friend connections in orthopaedics were found to be influential in motivating students to pursue orthopaedics, with 40% of respondents indicating personal connections in medicine and 12% reporting family members who are orthopaedic surgeons. Research experiences were identified as important contributors to students' initial interest and motivation to ultimately pursue orthopaedics, especially those with diverse backgrounds. The findings underscore the importance of early orthopaedic exposures in shaping students' interest in the field, highlighting the need for more immersive pre-clinical year opportunities and enhanced mentorship programs. Addressing disparities in mentorship access and early exposure opportunities requires systemic changes and increased support for underrepresented minorities in orthopaedics. Initiatives like mentorship programs and research opportunities can help bridge gaps in access to early orthopaedic experiences. Medical schools should prioritise targeted early access to orthopaedic exposures for all students, regardless of background. This initiative aims to promote inclusivity and cultivate a more diverse orthopaedic workforce capable of meeting the evolving healthcare needs of society.

Efficient Star-based Truss Maintenance on Dynamic Graphs

K-truss is a useful notion of dense subgraphs, which can represent cohesive parts of a graph in a hierarchical way. In practice, in order to enable various truss-based applications to answer queries faster, the edge trussnesses are computed in advance. However, real-world graphs may not always be static and often have edges inserted or removed, leading to costly truss maintenance of recomputing all edge trussnesses. In this paper, we focus on dynamic graphs with star insertions/deletions, where a star insertion can represent a newly joined user with friend connections in social networks or a recently published paper with cited references in citation networks. To tackle such star-based truss maintenance, we propose a new structure of AffBall based on the local structure of an inserted/deleted star motif. With AffBall, we make use of the correlation of inserted edges to compute the trussnesses of the inner edges surrounding the star. Then, we analyze the onion layer of k-truss and conduct truss maintenance for the edges beyond the star, which can be efficiently achieved with a time complexity related to the number of the edges that change the onion layer. Moreover, we extend star-based truss maintenance to handle general updates and single-edge insertions/deletions. Extensive experiments on real-world dynamic graphs verify the effectiveness and efficiency of proposed algorithms against state-of-the-art truss maintenance algorithms.

Dangerous Friendships in Eighteenth-Century Buddhist Laṅkā and Siam

AbstractThe kingdoms of Kandy (now Sri Lanka) and Ayutthaya (now Thailand) were briefly connected across Indian Ocean waters in the mid-eighteenth century by Dutch East India Company (hereafter VOC) traders, leading to the importation of valuable Siamese Buddhist monks and their ordination lineage to the island. Two series of events related to the VOC's search for and delivery of these monks demonstrate that the patronage of connected religious dynamics—not just the contingencies of trade, land, labour, and statecraft—was an essential aspect of Company business. At the same time, mediating Buddhist connection was a dangerous, sometimes perilous undertaking. Analysing VOC records alongside Laṅkān and Siamese historical chronicles and travelogues reveals that what were initially friendly connections at first necessitated, and later intensified certain forms of danger. We begin with perilous shipwrecks and diplomatic impasses across monsoon waters that eventually led to the restoration of an important but defunct Kandyan Buddhist ordination lineage, and conclude with the aftermath of a failed assassination attempt in 1760 against the royal patron of that lineage transmission. I advance the notion of “dangerous friendships” to characterise how Buddhist courts and European traders worked together to first generate, and then exploit, friendly religious connections.

Making the Match: Understanding the Destining Process of Government-Assisted Refugees in Canada

Canada occupies a leadership role in resettling refugees as part of the United Nation’s durable solutions to the global refugee crisis. Although resettlement is an important demonstration of international solidarity, it also poses many challenges for policymakers in terms of optimizing integration and settlement outcomes for refugees. Under the Canadian Resettlement Assistance Program (RAP), government officials are responsible for choosing the communities to which Government Assisted Refugees (GARs) are matched and destined. While a significant amount of research has focused on the socio-economic outcomes of resettled refugees, there is a dearth of contemporary research outlining the substantive aspects of matching and destining GARs to their new homes in Canada. Mismatches can lead to refugees’ secondary migration, resulting in complicated trajectories of resettlement and integration. Based on interviews with key government officials and settlement providers, this study investigates the factors considered by the Canadian government, specifically, Immigration Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC), when making the match and assesses how they play out in the destining process by focusing on Ontario as a case study. The findings suggest that while factors such as availability of specialized medical services, family and friend connections, and a community’s settlement capacity are deemed important, the resettlement process lacks consideration of refugees’ individual characteristics and neglects to look at refugees’ human capital. The study has strong policy implications for designing and crafting an optimized destining and matching process that gives due consideration to refugee empowerment.

Understanding the Concept of Love and How it Evolves Through Life: An Exploratory Study

Each person is unique and interprets situations differently depending on their perspective, the definition of love can change as a person ages. The purpose of the present study is to explore the concept of love and how it changes with age and to study this objective data was collected using a subjective survey which consists of six open ended questions and thematic analysis was used to interpret the gathered information. Total sample size was, N=119 participants, among which 91 were females, 27 males and 1 other, age ranging from 17-60 years. Findings shows four major themes: expression, experience, connection, and exchange, all of which are considered to represent love when put together and it also reveal that participants at young age experienced love which is described as immature (35%), emotionally unstable (17%) as compared to love relationships after 30 years of age that were mature, long lasting and emotionally stable. It can be concluded that love is a multifaceted phenomenon including the expression of feelings and emotions, the formation of friendly connections, the exchange of pleasurable interactions, and the experience of a positive state. And the concept of love evolves as people gain new experiences with age.

Low Friend Connection Leads to Low Functional Capacity of Older Adults: Findings From a 2-year Longitudinal Study

Given the rapid growth of older Americans and the increased incidence of divorce among this population, it is paramount to identify negative health outcomes following marital transition and investigate the potential protective role of social support. Our study aims to identify relationships between change in depression and marital transitions, test whether social support moderates this association, and to examine variation by gender. The sample included 3,705 participants from the Health and Retirement Study, who reported being married or partnered in 2012. Changes in marital status were measured between 2012 and 2014 (remained married/partnered (reference), divorced/separated, and widowed). Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression short form (CESD-8). Three types of social support from family, friends, and children were assessed: social support, social strain, and social contact. Autoregressive multiple regression was used to examine the relationship between change in depression, marital transitions, social support, and gender. Widowhood and social strain were independently associated with an increase in CESD-8 scores between 2012 and 2014. Significant interactions between social support and social strain, and separation/divorce were identified, and the relationship between social support, depression, and divorce varied by gender. Change in depression was positively associated with social support for separated/divorced females, but not separated/divorced males. These results indicate that social support may modify the influence of divorce on changes in depression among recently divorced older females. These findings can help mental health service providers more effectively target older adults at the greatest risk of depression after experiencing a marital transition.

Evaluation of a school-based self-esteem intervention program for adolescents

The researchers aimed to evaluate a school-based self-esteem intervention program. The program's focus was to implement a culturally appropriate selfesteem intervention tool for school-going adolescents through selfhood, affiliation, competence, mission, and security activities. This study randomly recruited 183 nine-grade students aged 13 - 16 years. A pre-post design and two distinct measures were utilized to measure the intervention's social efficacy validity. The target skills' specific measures (Self-esteem, self-concept, selfconfidence) and effect measures (nature of friend connections, the suitability of intervention for youths) were introduced. Comparisons of scores using ANOVA's and t-tests discovered that the intervention had the most substantial effect on girls' self-confidence (p = 0.001) and changes in the self-concept, disruptive behavior, self-confidence, and social competence. The study's results provided satisfactory evidence of intervention effectiveness, and the post-test result showed little change across the study period.
 Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(2): 197-205, 2021 (July)

“Mathematical Paradise”: The Parallel Social Infrastructure of Post-war Soviet Mathematics

This article examines the response of the Soviet mathematical community to the geographical restrictions, physical barriers, political and administrative pressures, and conceptual constraints that they faced from the 1950s through the 1980s. Many talented mathematicians with “undesirable” ethnic or political backgrounds encountered discrimination in admission to universities, employment, travel to conferences abroad, etc. The mathematical community in response created a parallel social infrastructure, which attracted young talent and provided support and motivation for researchers excluded from official institutions. That infrastructure included a network of study groups (“math circles”), correspondence courses, math competitions, specialized mathematical schools, free evening courses for students barred from top universities, pure math departments within applied mathematics institutions, and a network of open research seminars. A community emerged in which mathematics became a way of life, work and leisure converged, and research activity migrated from restrictive official institutions to the private spaces of family apartments or dachas. In the informal community of Soviet mathematicians, a specific “moral economy” operated, which relied on a network of friendly connections and on an exchange of favors. The various external constraints further strengthened personal ties, encouraged mutual help, and fostered close friendships in the community. Although excluded from elite privileges, the “parallel world” of Soviet mathematics cultivated an ethos of noble rejection of career ambitions, material rewards and official recognition in order to pursue the highest ideals of mathematical truth. This way of life, which opposed the bureaucratic spirit of official institutions, was often perceived by its participants as a “mathematical paradise.”

Associations between connections to parents and friends and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: The mediating role of developmental assets.

We tested a model that incorporated potential developmental assets through which connections to parents and friends reduce the likelihood of engaging in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents. Data came from the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey, a population-based survey of 8th, 9th, and 11th grade students (N = 119,452). Chi-square test, t-test, and correlations evaluated bivariate relationships between all variables. Indirect effects of three developmental assets (social competency, positive identity, and empowerment) were modeled simultaneously on associations between connections to parents and friends, and past-year NSSI. Bivariate analyses demonstrated protective effects of parent and friend connections on NSSI and that all developmental assets were negatively associated with NSSI. After accounting for demographic variables and associations between developmental assets in a multiple mediator path model, connections to parents showed a stronger, negative direct relationship with NSSI than did connections to friends. Developmental assets, especially positive identity and empowerment, accounted for a greater proportion of the effect of connections to friends on NSSI than the effect of connections to parents. Finally, social competency was no longer significantly related to NSSI in the multiple mediator path model. Clinical efforts to prevent NSSI should focus on enhancing adolescents' sense of positive identity and empowerment, as well as connections to parents and prosocial friends.

Social Connectedness Factors that Facilitate Use of Healthcare Services: Comparison of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming and Cisgender Adolescents

To compare social connectedness factors that facilitate use of primary, dental, and mental healthcare services among transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) and cisgender adolescents. Data from the cross-sectional 2016 Minnesota Student Survey were used to examine protective social connectedness factors associated with use of different healthcare services among matched samples of 1916 TGNC and 1916 cisgender youth. Stratified, logistic regression analyses were used to examine background characteristics and social connectedness factors (parent connectedness, connections to other nonparental adults, teacher-student relationships, and friend connections) associated with use of each healthcare service within the last year. For TGNC youth, but not for cisgender youth, higher levels of parent connectedness were associated with receipt of primary (OR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.40-3.66) and dental (OR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.78-5.08) care services, and lower levels of connectedness to nonparental adults was associated with receipt of mental healthcare (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.33-0.93). Among cisgender youth, no protective factors were significantly associated with receipt of primary care services, higher levels of friend connections were associated with receipt of dental services (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.10-3.09), and lower levels of parent connectedness were associated with receipt of mental healthcare (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.10-0.40). To promote the health of TGNC youth, clinicians should understand the distinct factors associated with obtaining healthcare among this population such as the need for tailored efforts focused on strengthening connectedness between TGNC youth and their parents to facilitate receipt of needed care.

Elegant Systems, Inelegant Institutions: Building, Designing, and Pursuing Perfection in the Age of Revolution

Elegant Systems, Inelegant Institutions:Building, Designing, and Pursuing Perfection in the Age of Revolution John Lauritz Larson (bio) Tamara Plakins Thornton. Nathaniel Bowditch and the Power of Numbers: How a Nineteenth-Century Man of Business, Science, and the Sea Changed American Life. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2016. xiv + 400 pp. Figures, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $35.00. Edward G. Gray. Tom Paine's Iron Bridge: Building a United States. New York: W.W. Norton, 2016. xiv + 235 pp. Figures, illustrations, notes, index. $26.95. Historians do their best work when they struggle to find that place where the particulars of authentic lives, times, and events meet the possibility of generalization and the two perspectives illuminate each other. Most authentic lives display the banalities of daily existence punctuated by moments of aspiration and achievement that transcend the mundane. As often as not, achievements fall short of aspirations, scattering frustration and disappointment in their wake. Historians sift the resulting detritus and try to recover the dynamics of this strange relationship between the idiosyncratic individual and the "whole picture." We have before us here two fine examples of seasoned historians striving to do just that. Tamara Plakins Thornton has written an enormously learned book about an intellectually challenging subject—mathematic systems—in the guise of a normal biography of Nathaniel Bowditch, an early American gentleman of Salem, Massachusetts. Edward Gray has written an artful and sophisticated book about a complicated man—Thomas Paine—in the guise of a simple study of Paine's life-long effort to peddle his design for an iron bridge. Both subjects pursued the sublime union of natural law and human freedom. Both were disappointed. Nathaniel Bowditch grew up in Salem, which, at the time of his youth, was a leading center of New England's maritime economy. Like so many young men in seaport towns, Bowditch took advantage of friendly connections, clerked in a waterfront chandlery, went to sea, learned the ways of saltwater commerce, collected a little capital and parlayed that, in a matter of years, into a comfortable fortune. But his passion was fixed on mathematics, both abstract and [End Page 21] applied. While pursuing with one hand a perfectly ordinary practical course for a young man of modest means, with the other Bowditch taught himself mathematics and carved out a name for himself as a genius with numbers, with systems, and with the orderly view of things that proceeded from the two. Bowditch's first triumph came with the publication of his New American Practical Navigator (1802). Celestial navigation required the comparison of real-time observations of the moon and stars with elaborate, published tables of values designed to yield a global position. Human "computers" produced the requisite tables, crunching out page after page of numbers, setting them in type, and laboriously proof-reading the resulting pages. Errors crept in relentlessly. Starting with the most popular British navigational manual, Bowditch reworked these calculations, added the latitude of hundreds of American reference points, corrected for a serious mistake involving the leap year, included simple tutorials for use by practical seamen, and produced a new manual that quickly became the standard for the next generation. The book secured his reputation as a man of precision and practicality—if not pedantry. Many of his thousands of "corrections" could be found in the third decimal, too insignificant to affect working navigational decisions. (Today we might diagnose Bowditch as some kind of savant, especially in light of the rigid social miscues and lack of impulse control or executive self-regulation he displayed throughout his adult life; in his day he was considered very smart and prickly.) Bowditch's mathematical studies carried him deep into what we know as calculus, where he began to develop approaches to actuarial probabilities and statistical differentiations that he promptly put to use developing compound interest tables, marine insurance risks, and life insurance tables. On the applied side he developed systems for Salem's East India Marine Society and for the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company of Boston. To these financial services ventures he brought a degree of method, system, and regularity never before seen in banks or counting houses. He specialized...

Talking to Adolescents About Social Media.

I see a large number of adolescents in my clinic with issues related to their social media use. These issues range from lack of sleep, to depression, to cyberbullying, and even sex trafficking, all secondary to constant social media exposure. Pediatricians should ask about social media use when they see children and adolescents who already have access to electronic devices. They should also ask parents about controls that are set in place to monitor social media use, content, and friend connections on those sites. They should ensure that their children know personally everyone they are connected to on social media and that their accounts are always private and not public. This will help reduce many of the issues associated with the potential consequences of social media use. [Pediatr Ann. 2017;46(8):e274-e276.].

The duration of residence spells among Malawians: the role of established family and friend connections at migrants’ destinations

ABSTRACTIt is well-documented that established networks in a destination increase the chances of an individual moving to that destination, but rarely have migration scholars examined how these networks are linked to the duration of one’s stay. This paper examines whether the presence of kin and/or friends known at a location prior to moving is associated with one’s duration of residence. Presumably, having both kin and friends already at a destination will be associated with the longest residence spells, since migrants would likely maximise their access to diverse network resources. Using residence history data on 1069 Malawians from the Migration and Health in Malawi (MHM) Project from 2013, subtle gender differences emerge in this relationship via discrete-time event history analyses. Women who knew some friends, but no kin, prior to migrating have a significantly lower likelihood of moving away in any year compared to those who did not know anyone, or only kin. For men, knowing some friends, but no kin, does not represent a significantly lower likelihood of leaving compared to those who knew no one or only kin prior to migrating.

Elasticity of demand for tuition fees at an institution of higher education

Using a conjoint survey of 161 students at South Dakota State University (SDSU), we mapped a probability-of-enrolment curve for SDSU students, consistent with demand theory. A quasi-demand curve was created from the conditional-logit model. This study shows that along with the price of tuition fees, distance from home, availability of majors, and family and friend connections to the school have significant effects on a student’s decision to attend SDSU. From these results, we found that for enrolments at SDSU, the price elasticity of demand for tuition fees turns elastic around the $9000 price point.

Learning to blend vitality rankings from heterogeneous social networks

Heterogeneous social network services, such as Facebook and Twitter, have emerged as popular, and often effective channels for Web users to capture updates from their friends. The explosion in popularity of these social network services, however, has created the problem of “information overload”. The problem is becoming more severe as more and more users have engaged in more than one social networks simultaneously, each of which usually yields different friend connections and various sources of updates. Thus, it has made necessity to perform effective information filtering to retrieve information really attractive to web users from each of social networks and further blend them into a unified ranking list. In this paper, we introduce the problem of blending vitality rankings from heterogeneous social networks, where vitality denotes all kinds of updates user receives in various social networks. We propose a variety of content, users, and users correlation features for this task. Since vitalities from different social networks are likely to have different sets of features, we employ a divide-and-conquer strategy in order to fully exploit all available features for vitalities from each social network, respectively. Our experimental results, obtained from a large scale evaluation over two popular social networks, demonstrate the effectiveness of our method for putting vitalities that really interest users into higher orders in the blended ranking list. We complement our results with a thorough investigation of the feature importance and model selection with respect to both blending strategy and ranking for each social network.

Social Capital and Smoking Among Asian American Men: An Exploratory Study

We examined how different dimensions of social capital (i.e., family and friend connections, neighborhood and family cohesion, family conflict) were associated with smoking behavior among a nationally representative sample of Asian American men and whether the associations varied by ethnic group. The sample consisted of 998 adult Asian American men who participated in the National Latino and Asian American Survey from 2002 to 2003. We conducted weighted multivariate logistic regressions on data for the sample and for each of 4 ethnic subgroups (Chinese, Vietnamese, Filipino, and Other). Vietnamese American men had the highest prevalence of current smoking; Chinese American men, the lowest. After controlling for sociodemographics, socioeconomic status, acculturation, and perceived discrimination, neighborhood cohesion was inversely associated with smoking among Asian American men, and family and friend connections and family cohesion were not. An exception was family cohesion, which was associated with increased odds of smoking among Filipino American men. The relationship between social capital and smoking among Asian American men varied according to specific dimensions of social capital and was ethnicity specific. These findings highlight the need for smoking prevention and cessation interventions to take into consideration the heterogeneity that exists among Asian Americans.

Too Much of a Good Thing? The Relationship Between Number of Friends and Interpersonal Impressions on Facebook

A central feature of the online social networking system, Facebook, is the connection to and links among friends. The sum of the number of one’s friends is a feature displayed on users’ profiles as a vestige of the friend connections a user has accrued. In contrast to offline social networks, individuals in online network systems frequently accrue friends numbering several hundred. The uncertain meaning of friend status in these systems raises questions about whether and how sociometric popularity conveys attractiveness in non-traditional, non-linear ways. An experiment examined the relationship between the number of friends a Facebook profile featured and observers’ ratings of attractiveness and extraversion. A curvilinear effect of sociometric popularity and social attractiveness emerged, as did a quartic relationship between friend count and perceived extraversion. These results suggest that an overabundance of friend connections raises doubts about Facebook users’ popularity and desirability. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00409.x New forms of computer-mediated-communication (CMC) are raising questions, about the relationship between communication activities and interpersonal judgments. Communication technology has evolved beyond the means by which senders had more or less complete control over the impression-related information that receivers could observe. With the advent of new social technologies, users no longer have to rely on an individual’s self-composed emails, chat statements, or personal web pages to garner impressions about a subject. Users employ strategies unique to CMC including browsing archived transcripts of discussions and chats, surfing personal and institutional web sites, or using search engines to uncover a variety of

Lesbian FLEX-ibility

Lesbian ex-lover relationships have frequently been noted as unique phenomena, yet they have received little empirical or theoretical attention. In this article, the available literature on lesbian ex-lovers is examined, as are possible factors and/or motivations among lesbians for maintaining ties with ex-lovers, and especially for constructing close friend and/or family connections among lesbian ex-lovers-what the author calls FLEX relationships. Three main types of factors/motivations are identified: (a) those that reflect a problematic developmental perspective, (b) contextual influences (such as lesbians’ oppression as lesbians and women, socialization as girls and women, and the tendency for same-sex friendships), and (c) constructive challenges to traditional relational forms, family patterns and/or adult development models that offer alternative models for adult lives and relationships. Finally, the author considers the importance of attending to the ex-lover relational form and future directions this attention might take, closing with consideration of the implications for all of us-whatever our sexualities and gender identities-that may be drawn from telling constructive stories of friend/family relationships among lesbian ex-lovers.

Studies on Ancient Sport History

There are historical facts that Philip II was a triplex Olympic victor and he started to build the Philippeum in Olympia. It is noteworthy that the friendly connections between Macedonia and Olympia were established by Alexander I, who could hellenize his own country, and these contacts became more intensive during the rule of Philip II, who planned to hellenize the eastern territories. Philip was an outstanding athlete according to several historical sources. The soldier king had good physical abilities and he took care of the physical education of his son, Alexander with particular attention.

Sur les routes océanes — Ballin et l’impérialisme maritime de l’Empire allemand

Ballin and the imperial sea-power. Albert Ballin (1857-1918) was the son of a Jew from Denmark working in Hamburg as an agent for shipping companies. From the very start of his professional life, Ballin worked with the rapidly expanding shipping companies of Hamburg and became a leading personality of the greatest German company, the HAPAG. As Germany tried hard to build up its seapower, Ballin became acquainted with the Emperor Wilhelm lid and with some of the most prominent personalities of the German Court. Politically he was in close contact with the Nationalliberal group and with the Pangermanic League ; his opinion about the world affairs was in spite of this fact devoid of day-dreaming ; he thought it necessary for the German Empire to become first of all powerful enough (by anexing the Belgian and the French North Sea coast) and to keep as long as necessary friendly connections with the U.K. Since he was acquainted with some Jews from Germany who became prominent Englishmen, he tried unsuccess¬ fully to avert an Anglo-German war. He died on the 9th of November 1918 — was it a suicide ? At any rate, in these days the world to which Ballin has devoted his life energy broke down in Hamburg — but the final disaster occured twenty years later, in the pogrome of «Reichskristallnacht».