Friedman Modification Research Articles

Томас Рикман. Релятивизованное a priori: оценка и критика (перевод В. В. Целищева)

The paper considers M. Friedman's modification of Reichenbach's idea of ‘relativization a priori’. Reichenbach's explication a priori in the form of ‘coordination’ conditions for the correlation of empirical data and mathematical physics is considered by Friedman in the perspective of establishing the nature of the transcendental constitution of scientific objects. In turn, T. Ryckman puts forward an alternative version of relativization a priori, based on the intentionality of a scientific object, in the spirit of Husserl's phenomenology. In general, the paper shows that transcendental constitution is a specifically philosophical, moreover, phenomenological, and not a physical problem.

An evaluation of the male frog pregnancy test

1. Fifty-two urine samples were tested for pregnancy in 47 cases by using the male leopard frog Rana pipiens, as well as the female rabbit as in the Friedman modification of the Aschheim-Zondek test, and were correlated by later clinical follow-up.2. Ninety-eight per cent accuracy was observed with the Friedman test, and only 84 per cent accuracy with the male frog test.3. The male frog test, as now performed, may have value when positive where a rapid diagnosis of pregnancy is desired as in ectopic gestation.

THE HYPEREMIA AZT AND THE EVALUATION OF THE HYPEREMIA RAT UNIT OF CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN*

INTRODUCTION IN an earlier communication (7) we reported the results of 300 rapid pregnancy tests. Infantile female rats, which respond in a few hours to the presence of prolan B (luteinizing hormone—LH) with anterior pituitary reaction (APR) II, served in these tests as the experiment animals. APRII in the rat takes the form of a marked hyperemia, and is essentially different in character from APRII in the mouse and rabbit where prolan B induces follicle hemorrhages (blood points) (3). The hyperemia AZT has been used routinely in this laboratory in a total of 2500 examinations. The test has proved to be a very reliable one, and in actual practice has completely replaced mouse (original AZT) and rabbit (Friedman's modification of AZT) tests. The error of the twenty-four hour hyperemia test, when the technic is sufficiently known, does not exceed that of the older AZT methods, i.e., 0.5-1 per cent. The two and six hour hyperemia tests, on the other hand, showed in our rats error rates of 31 per cent and 8 ...

A Comparison of the Color Chemical Test with the Friedman Modification of the Aschheim-Zondek Test

A Comparison of the Color Chemical Test with the Friedman Modification of the Aschheim-Zondek Test

A Two and Six-Hour Pregnancy Test1

AFTER their meritorious work on the detection of gonad-stimulating substances in the urine of pregnant women, Aschheim and Zondek proposed the first accurate test for pregnancy. The test is based upon the fact that, following the injection of urinary gonadotropins (which increase sharply 2 to 3 weeks after conception) into immature female mice, hemorrhagic follicles or “blutpunkten” occur in the ovaries. The A-Z test was soon modified by Friedman so that the isolated female rabbit was used for the test animal (2). The accuracy of the A-Z test or the Friedman modification is beyond doubt the highest of the many pregnancy diagnostic tests. Other pregnancy tests or modifications of the A-Z test have been offered simply because of the relative inconvenience of the original procedure and the Friedman modification. Although the Friedman test is the most widely accepted and used and is more applicable than the immature mouse test, nevertheless, it has some undesirable features, namely, the expense involved and difficulty of securing animals, especially during the present emergency, time necessary for completion of the test, inconvenience of isolation of the animals prior to use and the difficulty experienced by some technicians in the administration of the urine.

The chemical pregnancy test of Visscher and Bowman

1. Of 187 urines examined by the technic of Visscher and Bowman for the determination of pregnancy, 69.5 per cent agreed with the clinical diagnosis.2. Approximately 9.5 per cent of the 30.5 per cent of incorrect chemical reactions were false positives and 21 per cent false negatives.3. The chemical test agreed with the Friedman modification of the Aschheim-Zondek test in 72.5 per cent of the 69 cases.4. The specificity of this test for anterior pituitary-like substance in the urine of pregnancy, capable of producing ovulation in rabbits, could not be established.5. A russet color and flocculent precipitate could not be obtained with histidine, creatine, glucose, lactose, or galactose, which indicates that these substances are not responsible for the reaction.6. A russet color and a floceulent precipitate should be present before a test be considered positive.7. The titration method described by Visscher and Bowman in their original article could not be confirmed.

REPORT OF 1600 ASCHHEIM-ZONDEK TESTS (FRIEDMAN MODIFICATION)*

The object of this report is to describe a simpler technic for the Friedman modification of the Aschheim-Zondek test, which has proved as accurate as more complicated procedures.1, 2 The results of 1600 tests indicate its practicability. Methods to avoid certain pitfalls encountered in the earlier tests are also described. The Friedman modification is based on the fact that corpora lutea and corpora hemorrhagica occur in the rabbit's ovaries only after copulation, or artificially from the injection of a pituitary-like gonadotropic substance present in the urine of pregnant women. TECHNIC. Rabbits. The rabbits used were ordinary mature, domestic females, weighing 5 to 7 lb. or more. Ovaries of larger rabbits were found to be more sensitive to the gonadotropic hormone than those of smaller immature animals. Also, the larger animals were better able to tolerate a single intravenous injection of 25 cc. of urine, as advocated in this technic. When possible, rabbits were isolated in individual cages for 1 month...

THE CORPUS LUTEUM OF PREGNANCY IN RELATION TO THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND*

The corpus luteum produces two hormones in varying amounts, oeostrin and progestin. The latter has been found to be important for the embedding of the ovum and for the preservation of the embryo during its early life. Whether the presence of the corpus luteum is necessary for the anterior pituitary gland to exercise its hormonal influence during early pregnancy, has not, as far as I know, been subjected to clinical observation. The following case, in which the Aschheim-Zondek test (Friedman modification) was repeated thirteen times after the removal of a twisted ovarian dermoid and a corpus luteum cyst complicating pregnancy, afforded an opportunity of noting whether the pregnancy reaction persists in the absence of the corpus luteum. Mrs. M. T., a private patient of Dr. Richard Hoffmann, was operated upon, June 12, 1934. Her last menstrual period began April 16. Previously symptom-free, she was suddenly seized with severe pain in the left lower abdominal quadrant and vomiting two days before her admission to the hospital. A large globular mass was found in the left half of the pelvis; the uterus was enlarged and soft. At operation there was a moderate amount of sero-sanguinous fluid in the pelvis. The uterus was found to be enlarged to the size of a seven-weeks’ gravidity. There was a twisted dermoid ovarian cyst on the left side, which was removed. The right ovary contained a smaller cyst, which was also removed. The latter, upon histological examination, was found to contain the corpus luteum of pregnancy but no dermoid particles.

Relation of Potency of Anterior Pituitary-Like Hormone to Hydrogen ion Concentration

ConclusionsFrom the foregoing results, conclusions are drawn that the urine of pregnant women is most potent in anterior pituitary-like action at a pH of 6.1 to 7.3. Potency is defined as the smallest amount of urine causing the graafian follicles to rupture in 3 out of 5 test animals. The hormone may be protein-like in nature, or carried down with the foreign protein at the isoelectric point of 6.1.Potency is little affected by acid, but varies with the alkali content, sometimes being greatly reduced, as when sodium hydroxide is added, and again showing less change after 3 months in the icebox at an alkaline pH which has developed on standing.These observations in no way affect the Friedman modification of the Aschheim-Zondek test,4 since larger amounts varying from 5 to 10 cc. are always used in the latter.

A new method of reading the friedman modification of the Aschheim-Zondek test

A new method of reading the friedman modification of the Aschheim-Zondek test

Aschheim-Zondek Pregnancy Test, Friedman Modification : With Report of 174 Cases

Aschheim-Zondek Pregnancy Test, Friedman Modification : With Report of 174 Cases

Results with the Friedman Modification of the Aschheim-Zondek Test for Diagnosis of Early Pregnancy

Results with the Friedman Modification of the Aschheim-Zondek Test for Diagnosis of Early Pregnancy