Frictional Entropy Generation Rate Research Articles

Second-law analysis of nanofluid-based photovoltaic/thermal system modeling and forecasting model based on artificial neural network

The PVT solar collectors can produce the thermal energy and power in a same frame. The improvement of the PVT's efficiency leads to reducing the system size and capital costs. To this end, this paper studied the irreversibilities of the Al2O3Cu/water hybrid nanofluid (NF) in a PVT solar collector considering two single and double serpentine channels (SS and DS). The influences of Re and nanoparticle concentration (φ) on the thermal and frictional entropy generation rates (S˙th and S˙fr) were investigated and the thermal, electrical and overall exergy efficiencies (ψth, ψe, ψov) of the PVT with SS and DS channels were compared and discussed. Based on the results, the DS channel exhibited S˙fr of almost 75 % lower than SS channel due to lower nanofluid inlet velocities and velocity gradients. In addition, S˙th for the DS channel is nearly 65 % lower and 26 % higher than that for the SS channel at Re numbers of 500 and 2000, respectively. Besides, the Re escalation from 500 to 2000 intensifies S˙fr by almost 94 % at different φs in the SS and DS channels. The increase in φ from 0 % to 1 % escalates S˙fr by almost 99.98 % times for two configuration regardless of the Re number. ψth of the DD channel is nearly 14.5 % and 12.77 % higher than that of the SS channel at Res of 500 and 2000, respectively. Besides, ψe of the PVT with the DS channel is 2.36 % higher than that with SS channel at Re=500 at four studied φs. Moreover, the maximum ψe for the PVT with the DS and SS were obtained as 22.29 % and 21.28 %, respectively, which are associated with Re=1500 and φ=0.25 %. Additionally, a predictive model was presented to determine the total entropy generation rate based in the Re and φ as the inputs.

The effects of using twisted tape, ferrofluid, and external magnetic field on hydrothermal performance and entropy generation of the building integrated photovoltaic thermal collectors

The numerical analysis of the present study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of twisted tape insert inside a building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPVT) system in the presence of an external Magnetic Field (MF) aimed to reducing the system size. The results demonstrated that the MF reduces PV plate temperature (TPV) by 1.13%-0.89%, 2.21%-1.96%, 1.61%-1.36%, and 1.38%-1.04% in the plain tube and twisted tubes with pitch distances (Pd) of 50 mm, 75 mm, and 150 mm, respectively, at Res of 400–600. In addition, the pressure drop (ΔP) escalates by 30.87%-27.36% in the presence of the MF for the plain tube. However, in the twisted tubes, ΔP under the MF effect has an increasing or decreasing trend. ΔP at Pds of 50 mm, 75 mm, and 150 mm, is 87% (or 83%), 82% (or 78%), and 76% (or 71%) higher than that in the plain tube, respectively, in the absence (or presence) of the MF effect. In addition, the increase in Re from 400 to 600 improves the electrical efficiency by 1.89–1.47% for the plain tube and 2.24–1.41% using three turbulators in the tube, respectively, for the without-with scenarios of MF effect. In addition, the increase in Re from 400 to 600 leads to escalating the frictional entropy generation rate by 52–62%.

The parametric optimization of a pin-fin heatsink in the presence of ultrasonic vibration based on the second law of thermodynamic

The goal of this numerical study is to investigate the effect of ultrasound waves on the entropy generation aspects in a water-cooled pin-fin heatsink. The effect of the number and locations of ultrasound transducers (32 different scenarios), Re number (500–2000) and frequency of ultrasound waves (F = 15–30 kHz) are investigated on the thermal and frictional entropy generation rates. It was revealed that different configurations with the transducers on two, three, and four walls entail a low thermal entropy generation rate, however, most of which have a high frictional entropy generation rate with the exceptions for case#27 and two other scenarios that bring a moderate frictional entropy generation rate. Therefore, case#27 was selected as the optimum configuration from the second thermodynamic law points of view. For the studied range of Re, the thermal entropy generation ratefor the optimum case is 21–47% lower than that for the base case at F = 30 kHz. While the frictional entropy generation rate for the optimum case escalates to 11–247 folds of the base case for Re numbers of 500–2000. In addition, the escalation of frequency from 15 to 25 kHz reduced the thermal and frictional entropy generation rates by 5.31% and 40.22%, respectively.

Comprehensive evaluation of the entropy generation in oval twisted double-pipe heat exchanger using non-Newtonian nanofluid using two-phase mixture model

The aim of this study is to investigate various aspects influencing the entropy production in a twisted double-pipe heat exchanger using two-phase mixture model. A combination of different percentages of CuO nanoparticles (φ=0–3%) in 0.5 wt% Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)-water as a non-Newtonian nanofluid (at 298 K) in the inner tube and water was used as the heating fluid at 308 K at the opposite direction. The simulation outcomes indicated that rising the Re from 500 to 2000 for nanofluid, increased thermal and frictional entropy. On the other hand, raising the φ from 0 to 3% sufficiently lowered the thermal and frictional entropy, which was much more significant in frictional entropy generation rate. For Re=2000, the increase in φ from 0% to 3% caused a decrement in thermal, frictional, and total entropy of 9.2%, 15.3% and 11.8%, respectively. The effect of twisting pitch (2–6 mm) changes on both types of entropy generation also showed that the higher twist pitch resulted in the greater entropy generation, mainly for thermal entropy (24.2%). The results also showed that for all φ, the Bejan number decreased with Re augmentation, and at constant Re, increased with raising φ to some extent.

Effects of the configuration of the delta winglet longitudinal vortex generators and channel height on flow and heat transfer in minichannels

Minichannels with the delta winglet longitudinal vortex generators (LVGs) is commonly used in the heat exchanger. However, there are few studies on the configuration of LVGs on the opposite walls and the large aspect ratio of the channel in the existing literature. In this paper, five LVGs configurations including arrangement on the opposite walls are considered, and four channel heights (1, 2, 4 and 8 mm) are considered to achieve a wide coverage of the channel aspect ratio (0.125–1). In the Reynolds number range of 3000 to 18,000, the effects of LVGs configuration and channel height on flow and heat transfer are obtained by evaluating parameters such as friction factor, Nusselt number, thermal performance factor (TPF), field synergy and frictional entropy generation rate and analyzing the vortex structure displayed by Ω method. The results show that the LVGs configuration and channel height mainly affect the main vortex behavior downstream of LVGs, but have little effect on the vortex structure near LVGs. The Mixed configuration at H = 1 mm and the CFU1 configuration at H = 2 mm have better heat transfer enhancement performance, and their Nusselt numbers are increased by 28–35% and 27–33%, respectively, compared with smooth channels. In addition, the configuration selection aiming at high overall performance under different conditions is given.

Effect of open-ring pin fin arrangement on the thermal performance and entropy generation of a heat sink cooled by biologically synthesized silver-water nanofluid

Thermal performance of a heat sink having open-ring pin fins (ORPF) and cooled by biologically synthesized silver-water nanofluid is explored in terms of first and second laws of thermodynamics within the present work by focusing on the arrangement of ORPFs, namely the in-line and staggered ones. Influences of four different volumetric fractions of nanoparticles (φ=0–1%) and four different Reynolds numbers (Re=500–2000) on the thermal performance and entropy generation behavior of the nanofluid are numerically evaluated. Outcomes revealed that the convective heat transfer coefficient is improved by up to 71% and 19.3% in the in-line, and 65% and 24.7% in the staggered ORPF configurations, respectively, due to the increment in Re and addition of nanoparticles (at Re=500). Moreover, a decline in the pumping power is noticed by adding φ=1% of nanoparticles at Re=1500, compared to base fluid. The pumping power, on the other hand, is increased by 10.5% at Re=2000 and φ=0% when staggered configuration is considered instead of in-line one. Thermal and frictional entropy generation rates are remarkably reduced by incorporation of nanoparticles. In addition, using staggered ORPF arrangement instead of the in-line one can decrease the frictional and thermal entropy generation rates by up to 17% and 4.4%, respectively, at Re=2000.

The effect of inlet velocity profile on entropy generation and hydrothermal performance of a pin-fin heatsink with biologically prepared silver/water nanofluid coolant: Two-phase mixture model

The prediction of heat transfer characteristics numerically depends on several factors such as the numerical method, the boundary and operating conditions, etc. The present paper investigated the influence of using the uniform and non-uniform inlet velocity profiles on the heat transfer coefficient (h), pumping power (W˙p), temperature uniformity (θ), and thermal and frictional entropy generation rates (S˙th and S˙fr) in a pin-fin heatsink with silver/water nanofluid (NF) coolant. The numerical study is conducted utilizing the two-phase mixture scheme. The results proved that h is almost the same for two inlet profiles with the maximum deviation of 0.2%. θ and W˙p, however, for uniform profile is nearly 2.52–1.86% and 15–26% higher than those for the other case at Reynolds numbers of 500–2000, respectively, indicating a lower temperature uniformity and higher power consumption for uniform velocity profile. The figure of merit was obtained as 1.19–1.36 at Re numbers of 500–2000; indicating the better hydrothermal performance of the non-uniform inlet velocity profile over the other case. In addition, S˙th was almost the same for both cases due to same mean temperature and temperature gradients. However, S˙fr for non-uniform profiles was 4.41–8.84% lower than that for other profile at Reynolds numbers of 500–2000.

The entropy generation analysis and optimization of a water/silver nanofluid flow inside a photovoltaic thermal collector considering plain, ribbed, and porous-ribbed absorber tubes

BackgroundThe application of three (a) plain, (b) ribbed and (c) porous-ribbed absorber tube in a PVT solar collector was numerically investigated from the second law of thermodynamic points of view. MethodsThe 3-D laminar forced convection numerical analysis and optimization were performed for Res of 500–2000 and considering water/silver NF with the nanoparticle concentration ratios of 0–2%. Significant findingsThe results showed that the lowest thermal entropy generation rate (S˙th) is associated with the porous-ribbed configuration which is nearly 323% (or 253%) and 1211% (or 1059%) lower as compared to the plain (or ribbed) absorber tube. The moderate frictional entropy generation rate (S˙fr) was obtained for the porous-ribbed configuration which was 23.45% higher and 14.50% lower than that for the plain and ribbed tubes, respectively. The thermal exergy efficiency for the PVT with the porous-ribbed tube was nearly 50% and 46% higher than that with the plain and ribbed absorber tubes, respectively. However, the electrical exergy efficiency of the PVT with the porous-ribbed tube were superior to the ribbed and plain tubes only at low Res of 500 and 1000, while a reverse trend was obtained for the higher Res.

Thermal performance improvement of a heat-sink using metal foams for better energy storage systems

Newly, energy storage systems and harvesting energy equipment are modern and important topics in engineering problems, but they still face the efficiency problem. Using the advantages of micro-scale flow and metal porous materials can be applied to improve the performance of these systems. So, the present investigation provides a numerical study on a heatsink employing various arrangements of metal foams inside a heat sink (in the direction and against the fluid flow). The influences of diverse fluid flow characteristics, metal foams' permeability and thermophysical properties of the coolant (using CuO-MgO/water nanofluids) on the thermal efficiency of the heatsink are examined. Then, the variations of convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure loss for all variables are investigated, and performance evaluation criteria are defined to distinguish the simultaneous impacts of improving heat exchange against incrementing the pressure loss. It indicates the metal foams located in the direction of the flow perform better than those located against the flow, which increases the performance evaluation criteria (PEC) of the heatsink between 1.18 and 1.55 depending upon the permeability of porous media. Also, using the nanofluids in the presence and absence of metal foams decreases the heatsink performance. Investigating the impacts of volumetric flow rate illustrates that thermal performance increases by increasing the flow rate. In addition, outcomes reveal that although adding metal foams and nano-additives and increasing volumetric flow rate enhance the frictional entropy generation rate, the total amount of entropy generation rate decreases due to more contribution of the thermal entropy generation rate, that reduces by those variables.

Entropy analysis and parametric optimization on the Nano fluid flow and heat transfer of a pin-fin heatsink with the splitter using the two-phase mixture model

The nanofluid (NF) flow rate and concentration (φ) in a pin-fin heat sink with the splitter (WS) were numerically investigated and the optimum Re and φ values were determined by applying a parametric optimization analysis on the thermal and frictional entropy generation rates (S˙th and S˙fr). To this end, the discretization of the governing equation was done by the second-order upwind scheme, the finite volume method. The results were compared with those obtained for the pin-fin heatsink without the splitter (WOS). Based on the findings, the intensification of Re and φ reduces S˙th by almost 43-45% and 10-13%, respectively, for both WS and WOS heatsinks. An insignificant difference between S˙th of two configurations was obtained (0.37-2.93%). Although S˙fr diminishes by 12% as φ intensifies from 0 to 1%, the escalation of Re from 500 to 2000 intensifies S˙fr by 2312% and 4618% in WS and WOS heatsinks, respectively. In addition, S˙fr of WS heatsink is nearly 43-48% lower than that WOS heatsink due to using splitters. The absence of the splitter in the WOS heatsink leads to a delay in flow separation from the pin-fin bodies and deteriorates the heat dissipation, thereby increasing the CPU temperature and S˙fr intensification.

Extensive investigation of the fluid inlet/outlet position effects on the performance of micro pin-fin heatsink through simulation

ABSTRACT One of the most important and simple ways to improve the performance of heatsinks is to make small changes in their designs. In this work, considering a reference structure for a pin-fin heatsink, different modes are examined through simulation by shifting the location of input/output currents. The operating fluid is water, and by raising its Reynolds number (Re) number in the laminar flow range (500–2000), functional parameters such as convective heat transfer coefficient (h), distribution of temperature in fluid/heatsink, thermal resistance, performance evaluation criterion value as well as the thermal and frictional entropy generation rates are evaluated. The significant point of the results was that, the geometry in which the inlet and outlet streams were perpendicular to the top plate and on either side of the diameter, and the geometry in which the input and output were placed on two opposite sides (rectangular widths) showed the highest efficiencies. In contrast, the placement of the input/output currents in one direction of the side plate had the lowest performance. Although boosting the inlet flow velocity increased heat transfer, it augmented the production of thermal and frictional entropy (especially frictional) as well as raised the pumping power. The highest PEC value obtained was equal to 1.131, which belongs to the geometry in which the input and output were placed on two opposite sides (rectangular widths) and occurred at Re = 1000.

Two-phase mixture numerical and soft computing-based simulation of forced convection of biologically prepared water-silver nanofluid inside a double-pipe heat exchanger with converging sinusoidal wall: Hydrothermal performance and entropy generation analysis

The cooling performance of biological water-silver nanofluid (NF) in three double-pipe heat exchangers with converging sinusoidal inner wall (SCDHX), converging inner wall (CDHX), and plain inner wall (PDHX) was examined numerically using the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The two-phase mixture model is employed to conduct the simulations. Based on the results, the sinusoidal wall increases the flow mixing, and thereby the convective heat transfer coefficient in SCDHX enhances by 50% and 18% over the PDHX type for Res of 500 and 2000, respectively. Moreover, the highest NF frictional entropy generation rate (S˙f,m,c) was obtained for SCDHX; 67% and 80% higher than those for CDHX and PDHX, respectively. The efficiency criteria ratio (η) of SCDHX was obtained as roughly 1.1 for Res of 500 and 1000, which is 27.27% higher than that for CDHX type. Also, the efficiency criteria ratio of SCDHX over the CDHX was in the range of 1.21-1.41. Besides, a robust soft computing, namely the Gaussian process regression (GPR) approach, was proposed to accurately estimate the total entropy of cold NF, the total entropy of hot NF, and the performance ratio based on the nanoparticle concentration and Reynolds number.

The entropy generation analysis of the influence of using fins with tip clearance on the thermal management of the batteries with phase change material: Application a new gradient-based ensemble machine learning approach

The present paper deals with 3D numerical analysis of a battery thermal management system (TMS) including the Phase Change Material (PCM). The TSM comprises three annular fins located around the battery considering the tip clearance (TC) space between the fin tips and the alumina enclosure. The calculations were performed for four cases with different TCs (1.5 mm, 1 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0 mm). The entropy generation analysis was performed to determine the locations of the geometry with highest frictional and thermal irreversibilities. The results showed that the application of TC leads to improve the PCM free convection and thereby enhance the heat transfer rate. So that there is an optimum TC (0.5 mm) in which the highest heat transfer rate and lowest PCM melting time is obtained. Moreover, the magnitude of frictional entropy generation rate is much lower than that of the thermal term. For accurate estimation of the liquid fraction, fractional and thermal entropy generation rates, a new ensemble machine learning (ML), namely Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), was developed based on the fin tip and flow time parameters as input features. The outcomes of ML-based simulation exhibited promising performance for the precision prediction of three understudy targets.

Heat transfer characteristics and flow features of nanofluids in parallel flat minichannels

Nanofluid in a mini/microchannel heat sink is an effective technique that combines advantages of micro/minichannels and nanofluids to obtain high single-phase enhancement of heat transfer. Experiment comparison and numerical analysis of irreversibility are used to analyze features of Al2O3-H2O nanofluid in minichannels. Results showed that transition point of the nanofluid from laminar flow to turbulent flow is 1300. Nusselt number of the Al2O3-H2O nanofluid presents the maximum increment in the concentration of 0.01% when Re ≈ 5200, with a maximum increase of 47.5%. The increase of friction factor of the nanofluid is 15.1%. Nu and f value indicated the efficient heat transfer of low-concentration nanofluids under low flow resistance compared with the results of previous studies. Thermal entropy generation rates of the nanofluid are the main irreversible loss and the frictional entropy generation rate is the main part before Re = 5000.

Entropy generation characteristics of phase change material in a variable wavy walled triplex tube latent heat storage unit for battery thermal management system

This study focuses on the thermal and frictional entropy generation characteristics of phase change material (PCM) in a triplex tube latent heat storage unit which is a promising technique for thermal management of lithium-ion batteries. Four different wavy structures for the triplex tube heat exchanger with variable waviness are considered, namely Case 1 to 4. Regarding the numerical analysis, the variations in mean temperature and liquid fraction of PCM are first revealed and presented where the crossflow heat transfer fluid in the system is considered water. Furthermore, thermal and frictional entropy generation rates in local and global means are separately discussed for both charging and discharging processes. The results showed that the difference in mean temperature and melting rates among the cases are more noticeable at the end of the process due to intensified natural convection, and Case 3 has 240 s (12.3%) shorter melting time compared to Case 1 and 4. Although solidification rates have similar trends in all cases, the solidification time is different, e.g., it is 110 s (5.2%) shorter in Case 4, compared to Case 1. The entropy generation trends are relatively similar during the solidification, while they are noticeably different in the melting process due to effect of liquid PCM flow.

Two-phase mixture simulation of the performance of a grooved helical microchannel heat sink filled with biologically prepared water-silver nanofluid: Hydrothermal characteristics and irreversibility behavior

• A novel heatsink with grooved helical microchannels is suggested. • Biologically synthesized water-Ag nanofluid is considered as the working fluid. • First and second law analysis of nanofluid flow inside the heatsink are evaluated. • Heatsink with staggered grooved helical channels has best first-law performance. • Grooving the helical channel entails an increment in the entropy generation. The present paper investigates the influence of using two grooved channel geometries on the hydrothermal performance of a helical microchannel heat sink. The results were compared with those obtained for the plain channel geometry. Based on the results, the highest flow mixing is observed for the staggered grooved configuration. Moreover, the convective heat transfer coefficient enhances by nearly 70% and 17% for the MCHS with the staggered and parallel grooved channels, respectively, as compared to that with the plain channel. The influence of Reynolds number ( Re ) escalation on the convective heat transfer coefficient is insignificant, while a 21% increase is obtained when NF concentration is increased from 0% to 1%. Furthermore, the increase of φ in the grooved configurations is more effective than that in the plain configuration. In addition, the lowest thermal resistance and temperature uniformity factors were obtained for the staggered grooved configuration. Besides, the parallel grooved configuration represents the highest frictional entropy generation rates among the three studied geometries due to the considerable reduction of the fluid flow cross-section area between the groove ribs. The highest heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop are associated with the staggered grooved configuration. For the plain, parallel grooved, and staggered grooved configurations, the increase of Re from 500 to 2000 escalates the NF pressure drop by 2730%, 4420%, and 4460%, respectively. Therefore, the highest performance evaluation criterion of more than unity was obtained for the MCHS with the staggered grooved channels for the studied range of Re (500–2000). The numerical analysis was also performed to evaluate the influence of groove pitch on the hydrothermal performance of the staggered groove channel for the pitch range of 0.15 mm to 0.75 mm. The results demonstrated that the highest PEC is associated with the groove pitch of 0.75 mm.

Thermohydraulic performance improvement and entropy generation characteristics of a microchannel heat sink cooled with new hybrid nanofluids containing ternary/binary hybrid nanocomposites

AbstractRecently, the combination of hybrid nanofluids with microchannel heat sinks (MCHSs) has led to superior heat removal from high heat flux electronics chips. The present work aimed to evaluate numerically the first and second law performances of MCHSs using the new cost‐effective binary/ternary hybrid nanofluids. Water‐based binary and ternary hybrid nanofluids include the MgO/TiO2 nanocomposite and the CuO/MgO/TiO2 nanocomposite, respectively. The effects of the hybrid nanofluid volume concentration (vol.%) and Reynolds number (Re) on the heat transfer, pressure drop, combined thermohydraulic characteristics, and entropy generation characteristics of the MCHSs are discussed. The results show that higher values of the convective heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and frictional entropy generation rate are obtained when using hybrid nanofluids with high Re and vol.% values. Furthermore, by increasing the Re and vol.% values of the hybrid nanofluids, the bottom wall temperature, total thermal resistance, and thermal entropy generation rate decreased, and an increased temperature uniformity was obtained on the bottom surface of the MCHSs. In conclusion, the applied hybrid nanofluids are considered to be more promising heat transfer fluids when compared with conventional fluids such as water. Particularly, the CuO/MgO/TiO2‐water ternary hybrid nanofluid exhibited a better heat transfer efficiency than did the MgO/TiO2‐water binary hybrid nanofluid.

CFD simulation of the impact of tip clearance on the hydrothermal performance and entropy generation of a water-cooled pin-fin heat sink

In this paper, the 3D numerical calculations of the water flow inside a pin-fin heat sink (PFHS) to determine the influence of tip clearance on the hydrothermal behavior and frictional & thermal irreversibilities of the fluid flow. The numerical simulations were conducted for five different fin heights (ξ = 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm) considering four different Reynolds numbers (Re=500, 1000, 1500, and 2000). The results demonstrated that the highest heat transfer coefficient is associated with ξ = 2.25 mm due to more uniform vorticity distributions, while the minimum central processing unit (CPU) average temperature is obtained for ξ = 2.5 mm due to the higher heat transfer surface area. The minimum thermal and frictional entropy generation rates are associated with PFHS with ξ = 1.5 mm. However, the PFHS with ξ = 2.25 mm has the highest Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC) of nearly equal to 1.28 as compared to the other ξs. Besides, the fluid flow from the pin-fin base to the top and vice versa leads to create the vortices especially at the entrance of the PFHSs with tip clearance.

Natural convection and entropy generation of Ag-water nanofluid in a finned horizontal annulus: A particular focus on the impact of fin numbers

In this work, numerical investigation of the natural convection and entropy generation characteristics of biological Ag-water nanofluid in a horizontal annulus having fins attached to the inner cylinder is aimed. The impacts of nanoparticle volume concentration (φ = 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1%), Rayleigh number (Ra = 103, 104 and 105), and number of fins (n = 0, 2, 4 and 8) on the flow structure, temperature distribution, average Nusselt number (Nu) as well as on the thermal, frictional and total entropy generation rates are examined comprehensively. The computational outcomes indicate that the fin attachment and the increment of its number significantly improve Nu up to 35.50%, while the entropy generation rate sourced by heat transfer significantly increases up to 39.07% accordingly, compared to the finless annulus. The frictional entropy generation is remarkably decreased at low Ra by the increment of the number of fins, nevertheless, it is notably increased at high Ra. Besides, the inclusion of nanoparticles significantly contributes to the augmentation of Nu, being attained up to around 30% with a volume fraction of φ = 1%, whereas it significantly increases both thermal and frictional entropy generation rates, which can respectively reach up to 30.25 and 77.60% at the same volume fraction in the finless annulus.

Numerical and artificial neural network modeling study on the first-law and second-law performance of a novel helical heat sink filled with water–silver nanofluid

This paper is devoted to studying the first-law and second-law performances of a novel helical heat sink (HS). The biologically synthesized water–Ag nanofluid is considered as the coolant. The impacts of volume concentration of nanoparticles ( $$\varphi$$ ), Reynolds number ( $$\mathrm{Re}$$ ) and geometrical parameters of HS on the hydrothermal aspects and irreversibility behavior of HS are evaluated, and their optimal values are found. It was noted that the intensification of both the $$\varphi$$ and $$\mathrm{Re}$$ causes an augmentation in the convection coefficient, average CPU temperature and maximum CPU temperature, while the thermal resistance diminishes by rising $$\varphi$$ and $$\mathrm{Re}$$ . In addition, the fluid friction and heat transfer irreversibilities growth by intensifying the $$\mathrm{Re}$$ diminished with the increment of $$\varphi$$ . Furthermore, the outcomes showed that the best first-law performance of the HS occurs at $$\varphi =1\%$$ and $$\mathrm{Re}=1500$$ , while the lowest irreversibility occurs at $$\varphi =1\%$$ and $$\mathrm{Re}=500$$ . Finally, the obtained numerical data were utilized to develop a predictive model for convective heat transfer coefficient, thermal entropy generation rate and frictional entropy generation rate. The accuracy of the models was evaluated based on three statistical indices including mean relative error percentage (MRE), root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). It was found that the $${R}^{2}$$ value for all the developed models is higher than 0.99.