Freshwater Fish Cirrhinus Mrigala Research Articles

Sodium Fluoride (NaF) Induce Biochemical and Histological Alternation in Liver and Kidney of Fresh Water Fish Cirrhinus Mrigala

Sodium Fluoride (NaF) Induce Biochemical and Histological Alternation in Liver and Kidney of Fresh Water Fish Cirrhinus Mrigala

Template free synthesis of mesoporous carbon from fire cracker waste and designing of ZnO-Mesoporous carbon photocatalyst for dye (MO) degradation

The fire cracker waste materials are one of the reasons for environmental pollution and it’s very hazardous to human beings. Till today, not much attention has been given to its utility or recyclability. In the present work, we have first time reported the synthesis of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCNPs) by using cost-free fire cracker waste having black columnar fluffy “snake-like” carbon using simple chemical activation and calcination method. The desired Zinc oxide–mesoporous carbon (ZMC) nanocomposites have been synthesized by precipitation and calcination method. Synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, UV–vis DRS, BET, PL, SEM, EDS and TEM. The above prepared nanocomposites were explored for their photocatalytic test under UV light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation percentage of methyl orange (MO) dye using optimized Zinc oxide–mesoporous carbon-15 (ZMC15) nanocomposite reached 90 % after 120 min under UV light than the pristine ZnO. The cytotoxicity studies experimented on the gills of the freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala revealed that MO dye solution caused damage to gill architecture, whereas photodegraded dye solution was shown to be less toxic and did not modify the gill architecture structurally. These results demonstrated the importance of the desired material in concern with environmental issues.

Genetic Structure Analysis of Freshwater Fish Cirrhinus mrigala by Mitochondrial COI Gene

Genetic Structure Analysis of Freshwater Fish Cirrhinus mrigala by Mitochondrial COI Gene

Enzymatic changes during lethal and sublethal exposures of Glyphosate (41% SL) on freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala

The lethal and sublethal effect of the Glyphosate (41% SL) on certain enzymes in tissue such as AAT (Aspartate Amino Transferase), ALAT (Alanine Amino Transferase), LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) and ACP (Acid Phosphatase) of the freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala during and after the cessation of the exposure were observed. Ten fish were exposed chronically to lethal and sublethal concentrations for a period of 4 days were sacrificed and tissues such as brain, gill, liver, kidney and muscle were analysed for biochemical parameters and remaining five fish were maintained in clean well water for a period of seven days without test substance being spilled in the water and its tissues were collected after reversal period for biochemical analysis. Marked changes were observed in the biochemical parameters of the fish exposed and after the cessation of the exposure

Detection on Electroplating Effluent-Induced Cytopathological Alterations and DNA Damage in the Blood Samples of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822)

In the present study, fresh waterfish Cirrhinus mrigala has been used as a model organism to understand the mechanistic link between electroplating industrial effluent (EIE) and oxidative stress in aquatic ecosystems. To this end, the fishes were exposed to industrial effluent, in the tank water for 10, 20 and 30 days under controlled laboratory conditions. Various hematological parameters (Total RBC and WBC, Hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, PCV), biochemical metabolites (Glucose, protein, Cholesterol) and markers of genotoxicity (comet assay and micronuclear assay) were assessed. Fishes exposed for 30 days showed marked increase (p <0.001) in RBC with concomitant decrease in total WBC. There is significant (p <0.001) decline in indices of blood cells such as Hb, MCV, MCH and PCV. Results from comet assay showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased frequency genotoxicity in erythrocytes of as evident from observed increase in tail length in fishes exposed to EIE for 30 days. Overall, the results of this study, clearly demonstrated concentration dependent response of electroplating industrial effluent on freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala on haematological, biochemical and genotoxic markers. The results obtained herein suggests EIE as potential xenobiotics contributing towards ecotoxic and genotoxic effect in fishes.

Effect of methanol on lipid profile of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala

Toxicology is a discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants. The relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is of high significance in toxicology. Factors that influence toxicity includes the dosage, route of exposure, species, age, sex, and environment. Toxicologists are experts on poisons and poisoning. Most chemicals display a classic dose response curve at a low dose (below a threshold), no effect is observed. Some show a phenomenon known as sufficient challenge – a small exposure produces animals that

Methanol Skin Mucus Extract of Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) Fish Peptide Targeting Viral Particles of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) and Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus (ISAV): an in silico Approach

The teleost fish skin mucus acts as an important physical and biological barrier that prevents fish from the surrounding environment. Many studies reported the presence of various immunological molecules in fish skin mucus that involve in protection against invading microbes. In the present study, the skin mucus proteins of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala (mrigal) were extracted using organic solvent (methanol) and further analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to identify proteins by database retrieval. LC–MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of diverse proteins in the methanol skin mucus extract. The identified proteins were classified into biological process, cellular process and molecular functions by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. A peptide was selected, modelled and compared with other antimicrobial peptides sequences through phylogenetic analysis and showed that the modelled peptide shared high similarity with Arminin-1 of Cnidaria animals. We also investigated the potentiality of the modelled peptide against Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus sub viral particle and Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus hemagglutinin-esterase protein through protein-peptide docking using ClusPro. The docking results confirmed that the modelled peptide has good interactions with viral particles. Therefore, these results suggest that the modelled peptide molecule from C. mrigala methanol skin mucus extract can be further studied that aid in the development of novel peptide candidate for the control of aquaculture viral diseases.

Biochemical Changes Induced by Cartap Hydrochloride (50% SP), Carbamate Insecticide in Freshwater Fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822)

Biochemical Changes Induced by Cartap Hydrochloride (50% SP), Carbamate Insecticide in Freshwater Fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822)

A comparative study on the effects of selected pesticides on hemato-biochemistry and tissue histology of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822).

The aim of the present study was to investigate the comparative effects of pesticides Chlorfenapyr, Dimethoate and Acetamiprid on the health of Cirrhinus mrigala under long term exposure. Eighty C. mrigala were divided in four equal groups; one control and three treated groups. The blood was collected from both control and treated groups at intervals of 10th, 20th and 30th days for hemato-biochemistry and histopathological alterations. The result indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) in RBCs, Hb, PCV and MCHC whereas elevation in WBCs and Platelets counts were recorded. In 10th day sampling, MCV value of Dimethoate and Acetamiprid treatment had no difference in comparison with the control group, however it is significantly increased (P < 0.05) in rest of sampling. The MCH value of exposed fish showed significant increased (P < 0.05) after 20th and 30th days for Chlorfenapyr and after 30th days for Acetamiprid exposure while insignificantly increased for rest of sampling. It was also found that these pesticides significantly decrease (p < 0.05) the T3 and T4 levels while increase in the TSH, cortical, ALP, AST, ALT and LDH levels in the serum of the treated fishes in contrast to control group. Similarly, histopathological analysis of gills and liver showed significant alterations in all the treated groups. Toxicity trends of these pesticides was ranked as Chlorfenapyr > Acetamiprid > Dimethoate. It is concluded that indiscriminate use of such pesticides poses a noxious threat to non-target organisms, harm the ecosystems and jeopardizes human health.

Biochemical responses of a freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP).

Freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala were exposed to tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) with three different concentrations (0.04, 0.2, and 1 mg/L) for a period of 21 days. During the study period, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) levels were significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in gills, liver, and kidney tissues, whereas glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (except liver tissue) activities were inhibited when compared to the control group. Likewise, exposure to TCEP significantly (p < 0.05) altered the biochemical (glucose and protein) and electrolyte (sodium, potassium, and chloride) levels of fish. Light microscopic studies exhibited series of histopathological anomalies in the gills, liver, and kidney tissues. The present study reveals that TCEP at tested concentrations causes adverse effects on fish and the studied biomarkers could be used for monitoring the ecotoxicity of organophosphate esters (OPEs).

Physiological, Biochemical and Neurochemical responses of Cirrhinus mrigala upon short term exposure to Cerium oxide

The current study was performed to ascertain the biochemical and physiological impact of cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) on freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala , which are widely consumed. Biochemical, neurochemical and physiological modifications were evaluated and LC 50 of CeO 2 was found to be 22 ppm, observed for 24 h. Further 1/10 th of the LC 50 concentration of CeO 2 (2.2 ppm) was used for short term investigation at 96 h. The results demonstrate an increase in physiological levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) compared to control groups. Studies revealed variations in oxidative stress markers with a significant reduction in the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA). The study reported the increase in brain glutamate concentrations indicating possible brain tissue damage. The above analysis highlights the potential toxicological impact of CeO 2 on freshwater fish and their ecosystem.

Magnesium chloride impairs physio-biochemical and neurochemical responses in Cirrhinusmrigala (Hamilton, 1822) upon short term exposure

The present investigation was performed to establish the biochemical and physiological impact of Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) on fresh water fish Cirrhinusmrigala. In this direction we have evaluated the biochemical and neurochemical impact of MgCl2 on C. mrigala, a fresh water fish extensively consumed. Biochemical, neurochemical and physiological alterations were analyzed in the present study and LC50 of MgCl2 was found to be 192 ppm, observed for 24h. Further 1/10th of the LC50 concentration of MgCl2 (19.2 ppm) was chosen for short term examination at 96 h. The results demonstrate elevation in levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels compared to control groups. Studies revealed variations in oxidative stress markers with significant reduction in the serum super oxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels, and increase in malondialdehyde (MDA). The study showed an increase in brain glutamate levels reflecting possible brain tissue damage. The above study highlights the potential biochemical impact of MgCl2 on fresh water fish.

Genotoxic Effects of Chlorpyrifos in Freshwater Fish Cirrhinus mrigala Using Micronucleus Assay

The genotoxicity of pesticides is an issue of worldwide concern and chlorpyrifos is one of the largest selling organophosphate agrochemicals that has been widely detected in surface waters of India. The studies on long term genotoxic biomarkers are limited; therefore, present study was carried out to analyze the incidence of nuclear anomalies in the blood cells of fresh water fish Cirrhinus mrigala using micronucleus (MN) assay as a potential tool for assessment of genotoxicity. Acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos was evaluated by exposing fingerlings to different doses of chlorpyrifos (1/20, 1/10, and 1/5 of LC50) and LC50 was calculated as 0.44 mg L−1 using probit analysis. Blood samples were taken on days 2, 4, 8, 12, 21, 28, and 35. In general, significant effects for both concentration and duration of exposure were observed in treated fish. It was found that MN induction was highest on day 14 at 0.08 mg L−1 concentration of chlorpyrifos. It was concluded that chlorpyrifos is genotoxic pesticide causing nuclear anomalies in Cirrhinus mrigala.

Effect of oven drying and freeze drying on the antioxidant and functional properties of protein hydrolysates derived from freshwater fish (Cirrhinus mrigala) using papain enzyme.

Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) was prepared from fresh water fish Cirrhinus mrigala using papain and dried in oven (OD-FPH) and freeze dryer (FD-FPH). The electron micrographs of FD-FPH samples showed porous structure. The browning intensity of OD-FPH samples was higher than the FD-FPH samples. The DPPH (2, 2 Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity and linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition activity of FPH were not affected by oven drying process. The sequential digestion of FPH with pepsin and pancreatin reduced the antioxidant properties in both OD-FPH and FD-FPH samples. The solubility of proteins in OD-FPH was lower at pH5 while for that of FD-FPH it was at pH7 with water as solvent. The surface active properties of FD-FPH samples were higher than OD-FPH samples. The oven drying of fish protein hydrolysates may be advocated considering the properties and cost of production.

Vitamin-C work as an antidote against bisphenol-A toxicity in freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.)

Bisphenol-A (BPA) or 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane is a compound widely used in the production of polycarbonate and other plastic industries. In this study, 45 fishes (Cirrhinus mrigala) weighing 90  5 g were used and divided into 3 groups of fifteen each. 1 st Group received fish diet only and served as control, 2 nd group were exposed with Bisphenol-A (2mg/l) and 3 rd group were exposed with vitamin-C (50 mg/l) along with Bisphenol-A (2mg/l), respectively for 15, 30 and 60 days and the protein contents were estimated in brain and testis. The significantly increased in protein levels were noticed in brain and testis after 15, 30 and 60 days of Bisphenol-A exposed as compared to control group. While, the animals supplemented with vitamin-C along with Bisphenol-A were showed insignificantly decreased in protein level in brain and testis after 15 and 30 days as compared to Bisphenol-A group. However, this levels were significantly lowered in brain and testis after 60 days as compared to Bisphenol-A. These results indicate that vitamin-C work as an antidote against Bisphenol-A toxicity in freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala.

Effect of Nitrite Toxicity in Carbohydrate Metabolism to Fresh Water Fish Cirrhinus Mrigala

The aim of the present study was to evaluate about the glucose, glycogen content in liver and muscle in fresh water fish Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to nitrite toxicity. Plasma glucose level of Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to sublethal toxicity (28.31) of nitrite exhibited a significant increase throughout the study period (Table 20 and Fig. 19). The significant increase in plasma glucose level was directly proportional to the exposure period showing a minimum percent increase of 3.69, 5.55, 13.34, 20.53 at the end of 7 th, 14 th , 21 st , 28 th , day and a maximum percent increase of 23.86 at the end of 35 th day. The changes in the liver glycogen content of fish Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to sublethal concentration of nitrite were presented in Table 21 and Fig. 20. The liver glycogen content was gradually increased as the exposure extended showing a percent increase of 1.24, 1.34, 2.04, 3.64 and 3.95 at the end of 7 th , 14 th , 21 st , 28 th , and 35 th days respectively. Table 22 and Fig.21 present the data on changes in the muscle glycogen content of fish Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to sublethal concentration of nitrite for 35 days. During the above treatment period the muscle glycogen content was decreased throughout the study period showing a percent decrease of -7.44, -3.79, -10.37, -16.27, -31.03 at the end of 7 th , 14 th , 21 st , 28 th and 35 th days, respectively.

Heavy metal, cadmium chloride induced biochemical changes in the Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala (hamilton)

The fresh water fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) was exposed to the heavy metal Cadmium chloride for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, and the consequential LC 50 values were calculated using Finney’s probit analysis. The LC 50 values obtained for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 317.5, 316.5, 316.0 and 315.5 respectively. Later the fish were exposed to 96 h acute lethal and sub-lethal concentrations and the biochemical changes of glycogen, proteins, and nucleic acids of DNA, and RNA in the vital organs viz, Gill, Brain, Liver, Muscle and Kidney of the test fish were estimated and compared with the control fish. The present study revealed that Cadmium chloride is highly toxic to the test fish and the extent of toxicity increased with the increase in the exposure period. During the test period it was also observed that the fish showed erratic movement, restless, and surfacing phenomena engulfing air. A thin film of mucus was formed on the surface of gills and body. In the results of the biochemical changes it was observed that the total glycogen content and proteins decreased in all the tissue of the organs, whereas in the nucleic acid content heterogynous changes were observed. The increase in DNA content of gill may be due to hypertrophic nature of chloride cells. The results obtained in all were discussed at length with the available literature.

Effect of exposure to sublethal concentrations of zinc cyanide on tissue ATPase activity in the fresh water fish, Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of zinc cyanide (Zn(CN)2) on the ATPase (Na+-K+-, Mg2+, Ca2+) activity of the freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham). Fish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (0.114 and 0.068 mg/L) and the effects were studied in the liver, muscle and gill tissues at the end of 5, 10 and 15 days of exposure. Cyanide intoxication resulted in marked changes in ATPases, represented by a significant decrease in the activities. Maximum inhibition was observed at higher concentration. The order of inhibition in the activity was Na+-K+-&gt; Ca2+ &gt; Mg2+ ATPase. These results imply an immediate adaptive response to the stress, demonstrating alterations in ATPase activities in the tissues of cyanide-treated fish. The present study clearly proposes that ATPases can be used as biomarkers of exposure of aquatic organisms to cyanide intoxication.

Chelating efficacy of CaNa 2 EDTA on nickel-induced toxicity in Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) through its effects on glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation

In this age of modern biology, aquatic toxicological research has provided potential tools for ecotoxicologic investigations. Heavy metals primarily affect protein structures and induce a stress in the organisms. The present investigation was carried out to assess the effect of nickel chloride on the selected organs of the freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala and how CaNa 2 EDTA counters its effects as an antidote. Toxicity experiments were conducted for different exposure periods and also in certain tissues namely gill, liver, kidney and muscle. The total protein content, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation were found to be decreased in the nickel chloride treated tissues and the treatment with CaNa 2 EDTA + nickel chloride returned to near normal levels. Histopathological observations also revealed that after the administration of nickel chloride + CaNa 2 EDTA the chelator induced reduction in nickel toxicity. It has also contributed towards reduction in the pathological damage, thus enabling the organs to attain their near normal histological appearance. The present study shown that CaNa 2 EDTA is an effective chelating agent for the removal of nickel and it has proved efficient in restoring both the biochemical variables and pathological features immediately after a sub lethal exposure of nickel chloride in fish. To cite this article: R. Gopal et al., C. R. Biologies 332 (2009).

Bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs and whole body tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala individually and in binary solutions with nickel

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals has been receiving increased worldwide attention due to their harmful effects on human health and other organisms in the environment. Most of the studies dealing with toxic effects of metals deal with single metal species, while the aquatic organisms are typically exposed to mixtures of metals. Hence, in order to provide data supporting the usefulness of freshwater fish as indicators of heavy metal pollution, it has been proposed in the present study to investigate the bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs of freshwater fingerlings Cirrhinus mrigala, individually and in binary solutions with nickel. The results show that the kidney is a target organ for chromium accumulation, which implies that it is also the "critical" organ for toxic symptoms. The results further show that accumulation of nickel in all the tissues of C. mrigala is higher than that of chromium. In addition, the metal accumulations of the binary mixtures of chromium and nickel are substantially higher than those of the individual metals, indicating synergistic interactions between the two metals. Theoretically the simplest explanation for an additive joint action of toxicants in a mixture is that they act in a qualitatively similar way. The observed data suggest that C. mrigala could be suitable monitoring organisms to study the bioavailability of water-bound metals in freshwater habitats.