Fresh Meadows Research Articles

Effect of Rudbeckia laciniata invasion on soil seed banks of different types of meadow communities

In the last decades, biological invasions become the main driver of biodiversity loss. The changes can be noticed not only in the above-ground diversity but also in the underground, including seed banks of native vegetation. In this study, we focus on Rudbeckia laciniata, a species introduced to many European and Asian countries, to characterize its soil seed bank as well as to answer the question, how the species influenced soil seed banks of meadow plant communities in two types of habitats (fresh and wet), where traditional mowing was abandoned. Within the habitats, we conducted our study on a three-step scale of invasion, from full invasion, through the transition zone to the control zone, where no invasion of the species has been observed so far. The majority of the R. laciniata seeds were located in the surface layer of soil. We detected, that 47% (in fresh meadow) and 56% (wet meadow) of recorded species occurred only in a soil seed bank, and were absent in aboveground vegetation. Emergence of native plants from the soil seed bank is low due to rapid shading of the soil surface by R. laciniata seedlings. However, a short-term seed bank of the species gives hope that returning to regular mowing brings the desired results in its the elimination from vegetation, in a fairly short time.

Coastal Meadow Vegetation Following a Century of Shielding Behind a Dike

It is still common practice in Europe to dike salt marshes for agricultural use. This impacts both the vegetation and physical environment of the marsh. We studied the plant community, environmental conditions, and determined correlations between vegetation cover and diversity with environmental factors on an enclosed marsh, which has been behind a dike since 1890. Vegetation data from both salt marshes without dikes and fresh meadows are routinely sampled by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency and were here used to assess whether the plant community of the shielded marsh resembled that of either salt marshes or fresh meadows. The century-long elimination of tidal and storm flooding has resulted in low salinity levels (0.4–5.13 ppt), low available P (0.36–4.90 mg/100 g soil), and high total N (0.68–28.82 g/kg). The plant community of the shielded marsh demonstrated a mean species richness (11.4) similar to that of other salt marshes but was no longer characterized by the same composition of halophytes (ANOSIM, p < 0.001). However, despite the century-long shielding the vegetation does not resemble that of the nearby fresh meadow community (ANOSIM, p < 0.001). Therefore, prohibiting tidal floodings by dikes does not protect the salt marsh habitat but instead results in a habitat that contains both halophytes and glycophytes.

Wild bee (Apiformes) communities in contrasting habitats within agricultural and wooded landscapes: implications for conservation management

Abstract Semi‐natural habitats are characterized by a high diversity of wildlife. However, other areas, e.g. old fields, can also play an important role in biodiversity conservation. We assessed the species richness, abundance, and diversity of wild bees (Apiformes), including species of various functional groups in two contrasting and differently managed landscape types. For this study, we selected 15 xerothermic or sandy grasslands or extensively managed fresh meadows located in agricultural landscapes as well as 15 old fields located in wooded landscapes. The study sites differed in area, stage of succession, and management regime. We did not detect any significant differences in total species richness, abundance, and diversity of Apiformes between the two landscape types, which suggests that both semi‐natural habitats and old fields are highly attractive to bees. The two habitat types, however, differed in species composition and proportions of functional groups. We found that in wooded landscapes, eusocial, hive‐nesting, and large‐sized species increased in abundance. The collected information on the preferences of Apiformes in respect of various habitats and landscapes makes it possible to protect and restore valuable habitats through the implementation of suitable methods of management, both locally and on the scale of landscapes.

Meadow-ploughing timing as an integrated pest management tactic to prevent soil-pest damage to maize

Abstract The management of soil-pests still largely relies on conventional chemical insecticides despite the provisions of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Long-term research was carried out in north-eastern Italy to assess the potential of meadow ploughing just before maize sowing to prevent wireworm damage. The research was based on the observation that no serious wireworm damage occurred in 20 years when meadows were ploughed just before maize sowing. The research hypothesis was that soil-incorporated fresh meadow turf would be a more attractive wireworm food source than seeds, emerging seedlings and young plants. Meadow plots with a sufficiently homogeneous wireworm density were alternately ploughed the previous autumn and a few days before maize sowing. The same conditions were simulated in pots into which known numbers of cage-reared wireworms had been introduced. Results showed very consistently that plant damage in plots ploughed just before maize sowing was much lower than the damage in plots ploughed in autumn-winter, and always below the economic risk threshold (15% of damaged plants). In controlled conditions, plant damage in pots with soil-incorporated fresh meadow turf was significantly lower than that observed in pots without. In both field and controlled conditions, this major effect on plant protection is likely to be caused by the incorporation of meadow turf living plant parts into the soil. Therefore, the ploughing timing of meadows in rotation may be a viable alternative to chemical insecticides when rotation includes meadow.

Impact of the alien plant Impatiens glandulifera on species diversity of invaded vegetation in the northern foothills of the Tatra Mountains, Central Europe

The impact of exotic annual Impatiens glandulifera on invaded European vegetation is ambiguous; there are studies reporting considerable negative as well as weak or even no impact of this invader on species richness and diversity of the invaded communities. The effect of invasion by I. glandulifera on species richness, diversity and the composition of resident vegetation was studied in the northern foothills of the Tatra Mountains in southern Poland. Two approaches were used: comparing diversity measures of the invaded and uninvaded plots and analysing changes in species richness and diversity in plots grouped according to increasing cover percentage of I. glandulifera. Invaded plots harboured 0.27 fewer species per 4 m2 and had significantly reduced values of the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices and Pielou’s measure of evenness. Analysis of changes in diversity measures with the increase in I. glandulifera cover revealed that an increase in I. glandulifera cover was from the onset related to a decrease in the diversity of the invaded plant communities, but after exceeding a 80% cover, this species dramatically reduced the diversity of the invaded vegetation. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis indicated a significant shift in the composition of invaded plots in relation to uninvaded plots, which resulted from the proportional increase in the more shade tolerant and nutrients demanding species. Our results suggest that in species-rich vegetation, such as fresh meadows and related communities, I. glandulifera may suppress weak competitors and, thus, negatively impact plant diversity.

Soil physicochemical properties and floristic composition of two ecosystems differing in plant diversity: fallows and meadows

European farmland has been abandoned at an unprecedented rate over the last few decades, resulting in an increase of the area of fallows and a decrease in plant diversity in meadows. This work was aimed at determining whether differences in the persistence and plant diversity of the two ecosystem types, similar in plant biomass and geographical location, resulted in changes in soil physicochemical properties. Soil physicochemical properties and floristic composition were studied in six fallows at the initial stage of secondary succession and six fresh meadows with high plant diversity. Fallow soils had several-fold higher content of available phosphorus, potassium and nitrates. Meadow soils had a slightly higher C:N ratio and water-holding capacity (WHC), what suggest more humus in meadow soil. The main differences in soil properties between meadows and fallows were after-effects of agricultural management, most probably previous fertilization. The difference in the C:N ratio and WHC can be attributed to ecosystem ages. Abandoned farmlands had relatively good nutrient supply but low species diversity. Meadows, though depleted in available nutrients, showed high floristic richness. The legumes, which were more abundant in meadows, might have supplemented this ecosystem with the limiting N.

Importance of molehill disturbances for invasion by Bunias orientalis in meadows and pastures

Small-scale soil disturbances by fossorial animals can change physical and biotic conditions in disturbed patches and influence spatial and temporal dynamics, and the composition of plant communities. They create regeneration niches and colonization openings for native plants and, according to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, they are expected to increase plant community diversity. However, it also has been reported that increased disturbance resource availability and decreased competition with native species may result in the invasion of communities by alien plant species, as predicted by the fluctuating resources theory of invasibility. In this study, we investigated the importance of European mole disturbances for the invasion of semi-natural fresh meadows and pastures by the alien plant, Bunias orientalis, which has mainly spread throughout Central Europe on anthropogenically disturbed sites. We hypothesized that the invader, being particularly well adapted to anthropogenic disturbances, enters into dense vegetation of meadows and pastures mainly on mole mounds. To assess the seedling recruitment of B. orientalis in relation to disturbance, we counted the number of seedlings that emerged on molehills and control plots in meadows and pastures. The establishment of juvenile (0–1 year) rosette plants on and off molehills was surveyed on 5 × 5 m plots. In accordance with our hypothesis, mole disturbances were found to serve as a gateway for B. orientalis by which the invader may colonize semi-natural grasslands. The seedlings of the species emerged almost solely on molehills and the young rosettes were established predominantly on mole mounds. Although the seedling density did not differ significantly between the meadows and pastures, the number of established plants in the pastures was considerably higher. We suggest that the invasion by B. orientalis in pastures may be facilitated by vegetative regeneration following root fragmentation by sheep pasturing.

Floristic diversity of extensively used fresh meadows (6510) in the Wielki Łęg Obrzański complex

&lt;p&gt;One of the habitat types protected within the framework of the NATURA 2000 network due to the presence of species of European importance are fresh meadows from the &lt;em&gt;Arrhenatherion&lt;/em&gt; alliance. The maintenance of their characteristic floristic composition depends on habitat conditions and extensive use, while any changes in this respect trigger succession transformations potentially threatening their nature value. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The aim of the study was to conduct nature and habitat valuation of one of the largest meadow complexes in the Wielkopolska region, i.e. Wielki Łęg Obrzański, which will make it possible to describe the preservation status of fresh meadows and their habitats. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Based on multifaceted analyses of 535 relevés made using the Braun-Blanquet method in the years 2006–2012 and representing the &lt;em&gt;Arrhenatherion&lt;/em&gt; alliance, the phytosociological and botanical structure as well as constancy of species in individual variants (floristic types) were determined. Moreover, their habitat conditions were defined, i.e. soil moisture and nitrogen content using the index method according to Ellenberg, while laboratory methods were used to determine the content of organic matter, soil moisture as well as the contents of potassium, magnesium and phosphorus in soil. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Floristic composition of fresh meadows from the &lt;em&gt;Arrhenatherion&lt;/em&gt; alliance differs due to high heterogeneity of habitat. The presence of fresh meadow phytocenoses both on dried organic soils (the driest forms of flood meadows) and on mineral soils (oak-hornbeam forests) contributes to differences in the floristic composition both in ryegrass meadows and grass–fescue meadows, mainly due to soil moisture and fertility as well as sward use type. This constituted the basis for the identification of lower syntaxonomic units in the internal structure of the plant associations. Five variants were distinguished in &lt;em&gt;Arrhenatheretum elatioris&lt;/em&gt;, while the community of &lt;em&gt;Poa pratensis&lt;/em&gt;–&lt;em&gt;Festuca rubra&lt;/em&gt; was developed in as many as 8 variants.&lt;/p&gt;

Andrena Florivaga Eversmann , 1852 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Andrenidae) - A New Bee Species of the Genus Andrena in Poland

Summary The first record of Andrena florivaga Eversmann, 1852 is reported from Poland on the basis of specimens collected in the Kampinos National Park (Mazovian Lowland). Diagnosis, data on localities, biology, and general distribution of the species are provided. One female and five males were caught on a mowed fresh meadow and fallow fields with the use of water pan-traps (Moericke traps), during the 2003 - 2004 time period. The main morphological characteristics distinguishing Andrena florivaga from the very similar Andrena dorsalis Brullé, 1832 species and from the other species of the subgenus Lepidandrena are: in the case of females - the width of facial foveae and colouration of legs, and in the case of males - the length of the first flagellar segment, colouration of clypeus, and pubescence of gonostyles. Andrena florivaga can be found from France in the west, to Central Siberia (Baikal lake region) in the east, and Turkey in the south. Poland is the northernmost locality of the species.

Effect of the kind of habitat on flowering of Hierochloë repens (Host) Simonkai

Studies on flowering of &lt;i&gt;Hierochloë repens&lt;/i&gt; were performed over the years 2005-2007 in five habitats located in Bydgoszcz. The first habitat is a degenerated fresh ryegrass meadow (&lt;i&gt;Arrhenatheretum elatioris&lt;/i&gt;). Another one is a degenerated form of initial xerothermic swards (&lt;i&gt;Tunico&lt;/i&gt;-&lt;i&gt;Poetum compressae&lt;/i&gt;). The third habitat in which the occurrence of &lt;i&gt;Hierochloë repens&lt;/i&gt; was found and flowering was analyzed is sandy sward (&lt;i&gt;Koelerio&lt;/i&gt;-&lt;i&gt;Corynephoretea&lt;/i&gt;). Yet another habitat is ruderal in character and it was located on the side of the road (&lt;i&gt;Convolvulo&lt;/i&gt;-&lt;i&gt;Brometum inermis&lt;/i&gt;). The last one is a fertile and moist habitat of elm-ash marshy meadow being gramineous herb fringe communities in character. The evaluation was based on the following analyses: morphological characters of inflorescences (length of inflorescence, stem length, number of inflorescence branches and number of spikelets), stem and inflorescence weight and reproduction effort as well as the share of generative individuals in the population and the number of generative individuals per m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Differences were found in the structure of &lt;i&gt;Hierochloë repens&lt;/i&gt; inflorescence in the habitats analyzed. The biggest inflorescence, in terms of all the characters analyzed, was found in fertile elm-ash marshy meadow, and the smallest in poor xerothermic sward. The highest generative reproduction potential of &lt;i&gt;Hierochloë repens&lt;/i&gt; was found in the ruderal habitats. They are the basic potential source of generative diaspora production, which can affect the spreading of this species in Poland.

Vegetation Transformations of Kujawy-Pomerania Region in the Last Twenty Years Period

This paper contents dynamic tendencies analysis results of Kujawy-Pomerania region (N Poland) for a 20-year time period. Acreage changes as well as structure and species composition transformations of forest and shrub vegetation (associations) and non-forest vegetation (alliances) were evaluated. Main factors influencing on regressive and progressive changes were set out. Analysis was relied on results of geobotanical research and observations of selected objects. Regressive changes were noted for i.a. thermophilous oak forests, dry and fresh coniferous forests, aquatic, halophytic, pasture vegetation, vegetation of Molinion and Cnidion meadows, heaths and xerothermic grasslands. Whereas progressive were observed in case of mixed coniferous forests, mesophytic shrubs, rush and tall herbs vegetation, fresh meadows and some ruderal communities.

English Sijo: Winners of the Sijo Writing Competition of the Sejong Cultural Society of Chicago

English Sijo:Winners of the Sijo Writing Competition of the Sejong Cultural Society of Chicago Creasy Clauser, Taylor Edwards, Sarah Chen, Sean Alaniz, Jordan Levenstein, Kayee Gallup, and Mary Liza Hartong 2009 Winners First Place Creasy Clauser (Crawfordsville, IN) Southmont High School, 12th grade Untitled A single sole was lost today, deep in the river Yalu,Thrashing, twisting, torn to shreds with color quickly fading.On the bridge a small boy laughs, holding out his empty shoe. Second Place Taylor Edwards (Euless, TX) Trinity High School, 10th grade Secret Song You ask me what I'm humming; I tell you I'm humming about nothing. [End Page 219] This is untrue because I'm humming about you, all day long.Who am I to tell you you're "nothing" when you are my song? Third Place Sarah Chen (Fresh Meadows, NY) Townsend Harris High School, 10th grade Untitled #445 Remember? Mother and son, father, daughter, uncle and aunt,where are they? That horrid bomb, those Americans, they killed them all.What is left? Hiroshima, gone. In internment, my brothers weep. 2010 Winners First Place Sean Alaniz (Tucker, GA) Eaton Acadamy, 12th grade Shift Work Another day at the pet shopGrumpy cats, hyper puppiesAnother puddle, more screaming kidsOne loose bird, two missing ferretsNine o'clock! Not my problem tonightI'm heading home, straight to my bed [End Page 220] Second Place Jordan Levenstein (Jericho, NY) Jericho High School, 12th grade Untitled Oh my god, I love your necklace.Where did you get it? That skirt looks so great on you—you have the best clothing in the school! I hate her so much;I put on such an act when I see her. Third Place Kayee Gallup (Atlanta, GA) Marist School, 12th grade Toothbrush You pick me up, you use me.I am nothing to you but an object.I am tired of the scrubbing and cleaning.You know I have feelings too!Ew, that's gross! Those are anchovies!I never agreed to cleaning your dirty teeth. [End Page 221] Third Place Mary Liza Hartong (Nashville, TN) Harpeth Hall School, 10th grade Untitled Mexico, or rather a beach in the east, suits me quite well.I prefer climates that sing gently like warm mothers, like mine.For western thrills like roller coasters don't soothe like they promise. [End Page 222] Copyright © 2011 President and Fellows of Harvard College

Breakfast improves cognitive function in cirrhotic patients with cognitive impairment

Cognitive disturbances are relatively common in patients with liver disease. High protein load precipitates hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is a prevalent neurocognitive complication of cirrhosis. Because the influence of nutritional factors on the progression of cognitive impairment has not been explored in depth, this study aimed to investigate the effect on cognition of acute metabolic changes induced by breakfast consumption. Twenty-one subjects (10 women) with Child A cirrhosis and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Patients and controls were divided into 2 groups: those receiving a breakfast of 500 kcal and 21 g protein and those receiving no breakfast. Serum ammonia concentrations and cognitive functions were studied (Mindstreams; NeuroTrax, Fresh Meadows, NY) before and 2 h after breakfast. A mixed model was used to analyze the data. At baseline, cirrhotic patients had significantly lower total scores and significantly lower subscores (P < 0.015 global cognitive score) in 4 of 7 cognitive categories, which is indicative of MHE. Patients with hyperammonemia (>85 mug/dL) scored significantly lower for attention than did patients with normal serum ammonia concentrations (P < 0.003). After 2 h, MHE patients and controls responded differently to breakfast consumption with regard to attention and executive functions (P < 0.003 and P < 0.04, respectively). Although patients' scores improved after breakfast consumption, despite an increase in serum ammonia, healthy controls who continued to fast performed better. Chronic hyperammonemia may negatively affect attention. Eating breakfast improves attention and executive functions of patients with MHE. Prolonged periods of starvation may be partly responsible for these changes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01083446.

Tracking precancerous and cancerous skin lesions with a simple transparent sheet technique

aNew Age Skin Research Foundation bAdvanced Dermatology P.C, Fresh Meadows,New York, USA Correspondence to Joshua L. Fox, MD, FAAD, President, New Age Skin Research Foundation, PO Box 656798, Fresh Meadows, NY 11365, USA Tel: +1 718 357 4671; fax: +1 718 357 4721; e-mail: [email protected] Received 22 July 2008 Accepted 24 October 2008

Apophytes as invasive plants in the vegetation of Poland

Apophytes as invasive plants in the vegetation of Poland Apophytes are native synanthropic plants, i.e. those found in disturbed habitats. Some apophytes with a limited geographic range, which are native to one part of a country, migrate out of their natural communities as "invasive" plants. We selected from the group of apophytes in Poland (more than 220 species) examples of such plants, which after World War II colonized new areas and often new habitats. They include, for instance, coastal species of dunes and salt marshes, or plants used as ornamentals. Moreover, some species of fresh meadows in the south of Poland, are now found in the north in ruderal habitats. The speed of colonization is high, such that in the last 20 years, starting from a few locations, some have taken over almost the entire area of Poland. The expansion of apophytes can be much faster than that of anthropophytes because apophytes have a higher number of diaspores or a shorter period of adaptation in new localities.

Landowner Satisfaction with the Wetlands Reserve Program in Wisconsin

We evaluated ecological monitoring data and landowner perceptions to the federally funded Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) in a three-county region in Wisconsin. We surveyed landowner satisfaction, involvement, participation, and use of the WRP restoration sites. We found that landowners are satisfied with the overall program (mean, 3.6 +/- 0.2 [SE], on a scale of 1-5, with 5 being completely satisfied). WRP restorations significantly increased the area of wetland within the sites surveyed, the increase was primarily of fresh meadow (736.32 ha after restoration). Satisfaction is related to landowner participation during restoration and to the economic incentives provided by the WRP, Landowner satisfaction and the number of plant communities after restoration are unrelated to each other or to restoration and easement costs per hectare. Survey participants recommended some changes to the WRP, including a reduction in the tax rate of land enrolled in the WRP, approval for permanent deer stands, and increased communication with WRP officials during the restoration. Monitoring information collected for WRP restoration sites does not allow assessment of whether WRP sites are functionally equivalent to natural sites. We suggest that the WRP require a more rigorous monitoring program, including guidelines for invasive species control. Managers should also encourage collaborations with external researchers and consider restorations within an experimental framework.

Feed Intake of Young Double-Muscled Bulls Fed on Grass and Supplemented with Sugar-Beet Pulp

Daily dry matter intake in young growing double-muscled bulls, fed indoors on grass, was estimated based on forty-four intake data from 28 animals, ageing at least five months and weighing up to 400kg live weight. Intake was measured during five consecutive days using one of eighteen cuts of grass. Fresh meadow grass (mainly Lolium perenne ) was fed ad libitum and twokg dried sugar-beet pulp was offered per animal and per day. Animal live weight averaged 278 ± 82kg and mean total daily dry matter intake amounted to 5.05 ± 1.59kg or 73.6 ± 13.7g perkg metabolic weight, while pulp dry matter intake amounted to 1.49 ± 0.50kg per day. Regression analysis showed that animal as well as feed characteristics could explain up to approximately 90% of the variation in daily dry matter intake. The supplementation resulted in an extra daily dry matter intake of 0.68g perg pulp dry matter. Intake of double-muscled animals was considerably lower than previously reported for non-double-muscled cattle. An extra supplementation of young grazing double-muscled animals could be advised from these findings, while extra protein should also be considered.

“Dammed at Both Ends and Cursed in the Middle:” The “Flowage” of the Concord River Meadows, 1798 – 1862

The Great Meadows bordering the placid Sudbury and Concord Rivers of Eastern Massachusetts are a quiet wilderness today. The narrow channel winds along in a broad floodplain of sedges, buttonbush, black willow and purple loosestrife, a ribbon of wild marshland through the suburbs twenty miles west of Boston, troubled only by a few canoes. For the past century, the Concord River has been famous mainly for its birds and for the naturalists who have watched them, following one another in the ripples of Henry Thoreau's rowboat: William Brewster, Ludlow Griscom, Edwin Way Teale.1 Through alert conservation, the river has become a haven from the hubbub of rapid economic growth in the surrounding region. But the Concord River were not always a quiet backwater. Like the surrounding uplands now recovered by forest, these overgrown were once active farmnland. For centuries, farmers in the Concord valley turned out by the hundreds on the every August to mow their plots of native hay. From the settlement of Concord and Sudbury in the 1630s until well into the 19th century these fresh meadows were at the heart of the local agricultural economy. As a result of their agricultural importance, the river were at the center of a long struggle by farmers to protect themselves from the environmental impact of rapid economic growth during the first half of the 19th century. The Concord River flowage controversy began in 1798 with the construction of the Middlesex Canal dam in Billerica, and ended in 1862 when the Legislature voted to repeal its own Act of 1860 ordering the removal of the Billerica Dam. In between came a

Fall Control of Oriental Beetle Grubs with Granular Insecticides and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, 1987

Abstract Four insecticides and 1 species of entomogenous nematode were applied to a rough at Fresh Meadow Country Club, Great Neck. Long Island, N.Y., on 12 Aug for control of Oriental beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (35%), annual bluegrass (45%), and braoadleaf weeds (20%). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 × 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. At treatment time (12 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature, 68°F (1 inch), 67°F (3 inches); soil pH 5.1; water pH 6.65; soil moisture, 23.8%; soil texture, 11.1% coarse sand, 50.9% medium sand, 23.3% fine sand, 8.1% very fine sand, and 5.7% silt and clay; thatch, minimal. Following treatment, the plots received 0.5 inches of irrigation by sprinkler. The nematodes, Heterorhabditis sp. (strain HP 88), were applied on 20 Aug at a rate of 5 billion/acre in 5 liters of water through a sprinkling can to the center 4 sq ft of each plot. The nematode application site was immediately watered in by hand for a total of 11.4 liters. Posttreatment counts were taken on 21 Sep by cutting a 1- × 3-ft strip lengthwise through the middle of each plot by hand and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. A 3-sq-ft sample of sod was examined in each plot, and the surviving grubs were counted. Grub species identifications were made in the field. At this time Oriental beetle grubs were 80% third instars and 20% second instars.

Fall Control of Oriental Beetle Grubs with Experimental and Labeled Insecticides and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, 1987

Abstract Four insecticides and 1 species of entomogenous nematode were applied to a fairway at Fresh Meadow Country Club, Great Neck, Long Island, N.Y., on 12 Aug for control of Oriental beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (40%), annual bluegrass (40%), bentgrass (15%), and braoadleaf weeds (&amp;lt;5%). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 × 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Candy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were measured in the laboratory and applied in 2 directions within each plot with 11.4 liters (3 gal) of water through a watering can. At treatment time (12 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature, 66°F (1 inch), 64°F (3 inches); soil pH 6.2; water pH 6.65; soil moisture, 20.3%; soil texture, 6.9% coarse sand, 48.8% medium sand, 30.2% fine sand, 9.0% very fine sand, and 4.9% silt and clay; thatch, dense, &amp;gt;0.5 inches. Following treatment, the plots received 0.5 inches of irrigation by sprinkler system. The nematodes, Heterorhahditis sp. (strain HP 88), were applied on 20 Aug at a rate of 5 billion/ acre in 5 liters of water through a sprinkling can to the center 4 sq ft of each plot. The nematode application site was immediately watered in by hand with additional water for a total of 11.4 liters. At this time air temperature was 82°F and soil temperature (1 inch) was 79°F. Posttreatment counts were taken on 21 Sep by cutting a 1- × 3-ft strip lengthwise through the middle of each plot by hand and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. A 3-sq-ft sample of sod was examined in each plot, and the surviving grubs were counted. Grub species identifications were made in the field. At this time oriental beetle grubs were 80% third instars and 20% second instars. Only the high rate of Sevin SL significantly reduced Oriental beetle grubs at this site. No phytotoxicity was seen in any of the plots.