Fresh Matter Production Research Articles

Characterization and production hydroponic fodder for corn (Zea mays) and sorgum (Sorghum bicolor) at different harvest times

The study aimed to determine the characterization and production of hydroponic fodder corn (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at different harvest ages. The study used a randomized complete factorial design. The first factor was plant type (corn and sorghum) and the second factor was harvest age (7 days, 10 days and 13 days). Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Variables observed included number of leaves, the growth rate of fodder plants, the fresh production of fodder plants, and the dry matter production of fodder plants. The research stages included seed preparation, planting, maintenance and harvesting. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and further test using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results of the research show that corn is better used as fodder compared to sorghum, because corn fodder has a greater number of leaves, the growth speed is faster, the production of fresh and dry matter is also higher compared to sorghum fodder. A harvest time of 10 days relatively produces higher production and a shorter time compared to a harvest time of 13 days. The conclusion of this research is that the best growth and biomass production results is corn fodder crops with a harvest time of 10 days.

GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF MINI ELEPHANT GRASS IN POST-MINING LAND THAT IS FERTILIZED WITH MANURE


 
 
 Mini elephant grass is a forage for livestock that has high production and nutritional quality. Post-coal mining land is land that has a very low fertility rate. This study aims to determine the optimum dose of cow manure for the growth and production of mini elephant grass in post-coal mining land. This research was carried out in the post-mining area of PT Arutmin Indonesia Site Satui. This study used a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications. The experimental treatment was a cow manure dose of 0 tons/ha (control) (P0), 5 tons/ha (P1), 10 tons/ha (P2), and 15 tons/ha (P3). The variables observed were plant height, number of tillers, leaf length, and production of fresh and dry matter. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS Ver.21 program. The application of cow manure significantly (P<0,05) increased the growth and production of mini elephant grass in post-coal mining land. The optimum dose of cow manure to increase the growth and production of mini elephant grass in post-mining land is 10 tonnes/ha which will produce 16.46 tillers per clump, plant height 52.33 cm, leaf length 49.33 cm, fresh forage production 2.4 tons/ha and dry matter production 0.53 tons/ha.
 
 

Heterozigosidade, adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica de genótipos de sorgo sacarino

ABSTRACT Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a promising energy crop for bioethanol production. This study aimed to investigate the influence of genetic structure on the adaptability and phenotypic stability of sweet sorghum lines and hybrids regarding the main agro-industrial traits, as well as selecting hybrids that associate high ethanol yield and yield stability in different growing environments. A total of 45 genotypes were evaluated in experiments conducted in a 5×9 triple alpha lattice design in three locations in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The following traits were measured: fresh matter production, juice extraction percentage, total soluble solids content, tons of Brix per hectare, and ethanol production. Adaptability and phenotypic stability were assessed by the Wricke and Annicchiarico methods. Sweet sorghum adaptability and phenotypic stability depend on genotype genetic structure, with hybrids being more stable than parental lines. Additionally, H2x9 and H3x8 were the most promising hybrids.

Características agronômicas, fisiológicas e bromatológicas do trigo forrageiro em diferentes manejos de adubação e densidades

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to evaluate the wheat crop as a forage potential subjected to different fertilization and sowing densities in the semi-arid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The design used was randomized blocks in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme with 3 replications, with 3 fertilization managements (without fertilization, organomineral fertilization and mineral fertilization) and 4 sowing densities (200, 350, 500 and 650 seeds m2). The chosen wheat cultivar was MGS Brilhante. For agronomic characteristics, a greater plant height was observed in the fertilized treatments, with an average of 111.28 cm, regardless of the type of fertilizer. For fresh matter and dry matter production, the mineral fertilization treatment showed a 19.76% and 18.99% higher production, respectively, compared to the others. Regarding the leaf percentage variable, there was an average reduction of 25.65% in the treatment without fertilization compared to those with fertilization. Concerning the bromatological composition, there was only a difference in neutral detergent fiber, with an average increase of 6.32% with organomineral fertilization compared to the other treatments. The use of broadcast mineral fertilizer promotes superior results in terms of dry matter yield (5.55 t ha-1 compared to organomineral fertilizer (4.63 t ha-1). Increasing sowing density does not affect crop yield.

Mitigating Salinity Stress in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) with Biochar and Superabsorber Polymer Amendments.

In agriculture, soil amendments are applied to improve soil quality by increasing the water retention capacity and regulating the pH and ion exchange. Our study was carried out to investigate the impact of a commercial biochar (Bc) and a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) on the physiological and biochemical processes and the growth performance of Chenopodium quinoa (variety ICBA-5) when exposed to high salinity. Plants were grown for 25 days under controlled greenhouse conditions in pots filled with a soil mixture with or without 3% Bc or 0.2% SAP by volume before the initiation of 27 days of growth in hypersaline conditions, following the addition of 300 mM NaCl. Without the Bc or soil amendments, multiple negative effects of hypersalinity were detected on photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (Anet minus 70%) and on the production of fresh matter from the whole plant, leaves, stems and roots (respectively, 55, 46, 64 and 66%). Moreover, increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was indicated by higher levels of MDA (plus 142%), antioxidant activities and high proline levels (plus 311%). In the pots treated with 300 mM NaCl, the amendments Bc or SAP improved the plant growth parameters, including fresh matter production (by 10 and 17%), an increased chlorophyll content by 9 and 13% and Anet in plants (by 98 and 115%). Both amendments (Bc and SAP) resulted in significant salinity mitigation effects, decreasing proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels whilst increasing both the activity of enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants that reduce the levels of ROS. This study confirms how soil amendments can help to improve plant performance and expand the productive range into saline areas.

Evaluation of the Growth and Yield of Organic Corn Fodder under Various Watering Times and Concentrations of Rabbit Urine Fertilizers

Organic Fodder System is a planting system without using soil as its main medium. The use of fertilizers can be regulated in quantities and concentrations that correspond to the needs of plants during the plant growth season to obtain optimal results with good quality. The study was conducted to determine corn fodder's growth productivity and nutrient content under the treatment of differences in watering time and rabbit urine fertilizer concentration. The treatment was carried out on the difference in the soaking solution of corn kernels and the difference in the watering time of corn seedlings. Soaking was carried out by 5 solutions namely L0: water, L1: AB mix (commercial fertilizer) 1%, L2: rabbit urine fertilizer 1%, L3: rabbit urine fertilizer 2.5%, L4: rabbit urine fertilizer 5%, as treatment, and 5 (five) replication groups. Watering was carried out at three different time intervals (W1: 6 hours/day, W2: 9 hours/day, W3: 12 hours/day) with five replication groups. The variables observed were germination percentage, normal sprout percentage, corn fodder height, fresh fodder production, fodder dry matter production, fodder protein content, fodder crude fiber content, fodder crude fat content, Non-Nitrogen Free Extract (NNFE), and corn fodder ash content. The experimental design used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design of factorial patterns. Differences in rabbit urine fertilizer concentration and watering time impact germination percentage, normal germination percentage, plant height, fresh matter production, dry matter production, protein content, and crude fiber.

Performance Evaluation of a Cascade Cropping System

Minimum environmental impact and improved resource efficiency is attainable for soilless cascade systems where the nutrient solution drained from a primary (donor) crop is reused to fertigate a secondary (receiver) crop. However, it is not clear whether the nutrient solution drained from the primary crop can completely satisfy the needs of a secondary crop and if the productivity of the secondary crop is compromised. To test this hypothesis, a prototype soilless cascade system was developed and evaluated. To assess the performance of the system in terms of yield, water and nutrient productivity, a tomato crop was used as the primary crop, while lettuce, spinach and parsley were tested as secondary crops under different drainage management strategies. Measurements of plant growth, crop fresh and dry matter production, leaf chlorophyll and nutrient content, and photosynthesis rate were performed in the secondary crops. In addition, the water productivity and nutrient use efficiency for the fertigation of the primary and secondary crops were recorded. The results showed that the yield of the cascade spinach crop increased by up to 14% compared to the control treatment (monoculture of secondary crop fertigated by standard nutrient solution). The yield of the lettuce and parsley crop was not affected by the reuse of the tomato crop drainage solution. The water productivities of the lettuce, spinach and parsley plants fertigated with pure drainage solution were 50%, 30% and 14% higher than in the control treatment, respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency was improved by more than 50% compared to the control treatments.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PUPUK BOKASHI FESES SAPI SUMBA ONGOLE TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS INDIGOFERA ZOLLINGERIANA

The aims of the experiment was to demine the effect of giving bokashi fertilizer Sumba Ongole cattle feces on the productivity of the Indigofera zollingeriana. This experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments with 4 replications consisting of: P0=without bokashi fertilizer/planting hole, P1=200 grams/planting hole, P2=500 grams/planting hole, P3=800 grams/planting hole, and P4=1000 grams/planting hole. Variables observed in this experiment consisted of plant height, total of leaves, stem diameter, fresh matter production, and dry matter production. The results showed that the application of bokashi fertilizer Sumba Ongole cattle had not significant effect (P<0.05), on plant height, number of leaves, fresh matter production, and dry matter production, but it has not significant effect on stem diameter. The application of bokashi fertilizer from Sumba Ongole cattle feces the level of 500 grams/planting hole could increased plant height, total of leaves, fresh matter production, and dry matter production of Indigofera zollingeriana.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PUPUK BOKASHI FESES KUDA SANDALWOOD TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS SESBANIA GLANDIFLORA

The experiment aims to determine the effect of giving bokashi fertilizer of sandalwood horse feces on the productivity of the Sesbania glandiflora. The experiment used experimental method by randomized block design (RBD), 5 treatments and 4 replications such us P0: without bokashi fertilizer of sandalwood horse feces, P1: bokashi fertilizer of sandalwood horse feces 200 gram/planting hole, P2: bokashi fertilizer of sandalwood horse feces 500 gram/planting hole, P3: sandalwood horse feces fertilizer 800 gram/planting hole, P4: bokashi fertilizer of sandalwood horse feces 1.000 gram/planting hole. The variables observed consisted of plant height, total leaves, stem diameter, fresh matter production, and dry matter production. The results showed that the application of bokashi fertilizer sandalwood horse had significant effect (p<0,05) on plant height, total leaves, fresh matter production and dry matter production. Conclusion, the application of bokashi fertilizer of sandalwood horse feces with a level of 800 grams/planting hole was able to provide good growth on Sesbania glandiflora.

Anaerobically Treated Leachate from a Composting Plant: Characterization and Evaluation as a Biofertilizer

Leachate from a composting plant was characterized and applied as a biofertilizer in lettuce crops. Characteristics of untreated (UE) and anaerobically treated (TE) leachate samples were compared. The pH of TE (8.2) increased in relation to the UE (5.2) due to an increase in ammonia nitrogen in TE (1197 mg L-1) compared to UE (859 mg L-1). Anaerobic treatment was efficient in the removal of organic matter from the leachate, evaluated by the decrease of dissolved organic carbon, biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total solids. K presented the highest concentration (1743 mg L-1) in TE, followed by Mg (135 mg L-1). Cd, Pb and Cr were present at low concentrations in the samples, 0.047, 0.206 and 0.081 mg L-1, respectively. Salmonella, thermotolerant coliforms and viable helminth eggs were not present in TE, which was applied as a biofertilizer in a lettuce crop and compared to mineral fertilization based on fresh matter and dry matter production. Lettuce production using TE was statistically equivalent to mineral fertilization. Toxic metals were not detected in the lettuce shoots. It was concluded that the anaerobically treated leachate from the composting company has the potential to be used as a biofertilizer.

PRODUKTIVITAS PASTURA ALAM PADA MUSIM HUJAN DI KECAMATAN NEKAMESE KABUPATEN KUPANG

The present study aims to evaluate fresh and dry matter production, botanical composition, and carrying capacity of natural pasture during the rainy season in Oemasi Village, Nekamese District, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The fresh and dry matter production was evaluated using the Halls method. The botanical composition was analyzed using the dry weight rank method, and the carrying capacity was calculated using the Voisin formula. The data obtained were descriptively analyzed. The results showed that the average production of fresh and dried materials was respectively 1.64 tons/ha and 0.90 tons/ha. The botanical composition comprises 61.70% grass, 9.68% legumes, and 28.62% weeds. The carrying capacity of natural pasture is 0.84 UT/ha. The findings of the present study suggest that the carrying could be increased by introducing the creeping of legume vines and minimizing non-palatable weed species. Keywords: Botanical composition, Carrying Capacity, Fresh and dry production.

PENGARUH PUPUK CAIR MIKROORGANISME LOKAL (MOL) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI RUMPUT Pennisetum purpureum cv Mott (The effect of local microorganism liquid fertilizer on the growth and production of Pennisetum purpureum cv Mott)

This study aims to determine the effect of local microorganism liquid fertilizer on the growth and production of mini elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv Mott). The study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications, the number of experimental units was 12. Treatment MO = No liquid fertilizer (control), M1: 100 ml MOL liquid fertilizer/polybag, M2: 200 ml MOL liquid fertilizer/polybag, M3: 300 ml MOL liquid fertilizer/polybag. The variables studied were the growth and production of mini elephant grass. The results of variance (ANOVA) showed that the treatment had a significant effect (P<0.05) on plant height and fresh matter production, but had no significant effect (P>0.05) on plant height, leaf area, stem circumference, dry matter. production. and production of mini elephant grass organic matter. Conclude that the application of local microorganism liquid fertilizer (MOL) with a concentration of 200 ml/polybag gave good results on the growth and production of Pennisetum purpureum cv Mott grass.

Analysis and evaluation of a dynamic model for greenhouse lettuce growth

Aim of study: We analyzed and evaluated a nonlinear dynamic crop growth model called NICOLET B3, which can predict the dry and fresh matter content of lettuce in greenhouses. Area of study: Calibration was performed using experimental data obtained from the literature. The experiment was carried out in Saltillo, Mexico, and in a greenhouse in Beijing, China. Material and methods: We identified and discussed the feasibility of the studied model with multi-dimensional evaluation criteria. Meanwhile, a sensitivity analysis of input variables was conducted. After that, the least square identification method was used to calibrate the most sensitive parameter values to improve the robustness of the model. Main results: Results demonstrate that: i) the NICOLET B3 model is able to predict the fresh and dry matter production of lettuce with satisfactory accuracy verified (R2 = 0.9939 for fresh matter and R2 = 0.9858 for dry matter); ii) temperature has the most obvious impact on the model performance, compared with photosynthetically active radiation and CO2 concentration; iii) the model could perform well with only two inputs. Research highlights: Simulation results of evaluated NICOLET B3 model have a perfect goodness-of-fit. A method of calibrating parameters of the model and sensitivity analysis of three input variables of the model can facilitate its application.

The association between morphological characteristics and yield in forage cactus clones varies according to water regimes: a principal component analysis

Forage cactus species exhibit distinct morphological characteristics, which have a relationship to yield and can be affected by different water conditions. The objective was to analyze, with the principal components analysis (PCA), the association between morphological and productivity variables in forage cactus clones in different water regimes. We cultivated, in Serra Talhada, Brazilian semiarid, the Miúda (MIU), Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (OEM) and IPA Sertânia (IPA) clones under four water regimes based on crop evapotranspiration – ETc (0%, 40%, 80% and 120% ETc). Between the years 2016 and 2018, morphological and crop productivity data were obtained. Two main components explained >82% of the total variability of the data, and the relationship between morphological and production variables depended on the clone and the water regime. The production of fresh and dry matter was more influenced by the morphological characteristics in the MIU and OEM clones. The IPA clone showed no correlation between the variables analyzed, regardless of the water regime. PCA can be used to understand the growth dynamics of plants and to identify the water conditions that act in the production of cactus clones, favoring better management in the cultivation of culture.

Relationship between chlorophyll and nitrogen content, and fresh matter production in basil ‘Nufar’ (Ocimum basilicum) with three handheld chlorophyll meter readings: SPAD, atLEAF and MC-100

Determinations of nitrogen (N) and chlorophyll (Chl) by destructive methods are precise but time-consuming and frequently expensive. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between SPAD, atLEAF, and MC-100 readings with the concentrations of Chl, N, and fresh matter (FM) in basil 'Nufar'. In addition, we determined the relationship of the N concentration with fresh matter (FM). The plants were irrigated with five levels of N (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 mEq·L-1 of NO3) based on a modified Steiner solution for 42 days after transplant. Plants were evaluated weekly with SPAD, atLEAF and MC-100 portable chlorophyll meters in the greenhouse, while fresh matter and the concentration of chlorophyll and N were determined in the laboratory using conventional techniques. The relationship between SPAD readings, Chl, N, and FM was strong, positive, linear, and significant, with correlation coefficients (R2) between 0.94 and 0.98. For atLEAF and MC-100 readings, R2 values were 0.96 to 0.99 and 0.96 to 0.99, respectively. The relationships between SPAD, atLEAF and MC-100 readings were strong, positive, and significant, with R2 values of 0.98. Similar behavior was shown by the relationship of N concentration and FM with R2 of 0.88. With these results, we conclude that SPAD, atLEAF, and MC-100 can be used to estimate the nutrient status of N in a non-destructive, rapid and reliable manner during basil production.

Production of BRS Ponta Negra Sorghum Irrigated with Different Depths of Brackish Water Combined with Organic Fertilization

ABSTRACT The objective was to determine growth, biomass production, water use efficiency, and the chemical characteristics of sorghum (BRS Ponta Negra), irrigated with different depths of brackish water and fertilized with levels of organic matter, in two cultivation cycles. The experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial randomized block design, consisting of four levels of irrigation with brackish water (25, 50, 75, and 100% evapotranspiration), 4 levels of organic matter (0, 15, 30, and 45 t/ha), with three repetitions. The brackish water levels promoted an isolated effect for stem diameter, number and percentage of leaves and number and percentage of dead leaves (P < .05) in the first cut. For the second cut, there was effect of brackish water on the number of leaves, number of dead leaves, percentage of dead material, water use efficiency, dry matter content, and hemicellulose content (P < .05). Regarding the applied organic matter levels, there was an isolated effect of treatments on plant height, stem diameter and fresh matter production (P < .05) in the first cut of sorghum. The application of organic matter influences the growth and production variables. The greater amount of brackish water can negatively affect growth variables, water use efficiency, and chemical composition of sorghum plants.

Effect of Types and Dosages of Foliar Fertilizers on Morphology and Production of Clitoria ternatea

&lt;p class="16"&gt;The aim of this study was to determine effect of types and dose levels of foliar fertilizers on morphology and production of &lt;em&gt;Clitoria ternatea&lt;/em&gt;. This study was conducted from September to November 2020 at Forage Research Garden for Animal Feed and Pasture, Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Materials used were &lt;em&gt;Clitoria ternatea&lt;/em&gt;, liquid organic fertilizer of rabbit and gandasil D fertilizer. This study was designed in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with factorial pattern of 2x4. The fertilizer dosages were: 0,1.5,3.0 and 4.5 g/l/plot. The parameters measured were plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, number of branches, fresh and dry matter productions. Data were analyzed by the analysis of variance at 5%, with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results showed that types of foliar fertilizers did not affect morphological characteristics and production of&lt;em&gt; Clitoria ternatea&lt;/em&gt; (P&amp;gt;0.05), but the fertilizer dosages had significant effect (P&amp;lt;0.05) on morphological characteristics except for leaf area and production of &lt;em&gt;Clitoria ternatea&lt;/em&gt;. The higher the dose level of foliar fertilizer the greater the plant height, stem diameter and number of branches. Dosage of 4.5 g/l/plot resulted in the highest plant height, stem diameter and number of branches each 160.02, 1.14 cm and 18.96 branches, respectively. Dosage of4.5 g/l/plot gave the highest fresh and dry matter production of 19.22 and 16.75 tons/ha. It is concluded that increasing the dosage level of foliar fertilizer up to 4.5 g/l/plot resulted in an increased quantity measures of several morphological characteristics and production.&lt;/p&gt;

Nitrogen fertilization strategies in the cultivation of Cactus pear in Brazilian Savannah localities

This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic parameters and the chemical composition of the cactus pear variety Doce (Nopalea cochenillifera) in different Brazilian savannah localities, subjected to different nitrogen fertilization strategies. A randomized block design was used in this experiment, with a 2× 4 × 2 factorial arrangement with five replications. The factors corresponded to two application frequencies of nitrogen fertilization (30 days and 30/60 days), four nitrogen doses (0, 100, 200, 400 kg ha-1 year-1), and two cactus pear cultivation localities, with Locality 1 corresponding to the municipality of Curimatá and Locality 2 corresponding to the municipality of Riacho Frio. After one year of cultivation, there was no interaction (P&gt;0.05) for frequency × doses × locality, doses × locality, and frequency × doses. The means observed for fresh and dry matter production varied from 57.0 to 68.0±2.9 t ha-1 and from 2.4 to 3.7±0.2 t ha-1, respectively. There was an interaction (P&lt;0.05) between frequency × locality for fresh matter production, dry matter production, water-use efficiency, water accumulation, and carrying capacity. For the chemical composition, there was an interaction (P&lt;0.01) between frequency × dose for the mineral content matter. Fertilization splitting associated with the highest nitrogen application dose resulted in better performance for the cactus pear variety of Doce grown in the Brazilian savannah region.

Agronomic features and evaluation of forage sorghum silage as a function of nitrogen fertilisation in humid and mesothermal climate

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the nitrogen application need to optimise the Forage Sorghum yield and the quality silage in regions of humid and mesothermal climate. For the agronomic evaluations of the hybrids, a completely randomised block design was adopted, while for silages evaluation, the design used was completely randomised. The treatments were: 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg of N.ha−1, with four replications each. The results showed that there was an increasing quadratic effect (P < 0.05) for dry matter percentage (% DM) of the plant stem, plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), and crude protein (CP) of the silage. The decreasing quadratic effect (P < 0.05) was observed for panicle size (PAS). Also, there was an increasing linear effect (P < 0.05) for the fresh matter production (FMP) and dry matter production (DMP), and linear decreasing (P < 0.05) for the levels of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and gas losses (GL). Based on the nitrogen use efficiency of the plant and the silage quality, an application of 50 kg of N.ha−1 is recommended for forage sorghum grown in regions of humid and mesothermal climate.

Artificial top-light is more efficient for tomato production than inter-light

Studies of whole-plant responses of tomato to light environments are limited and cannot be extrapolated from observations of seedlings or short-term crops in growth chambers. Effects of artificial light sources like high pressure sodium (HPS) and light emitting diodes (LED) are mainly studied as supplement to sunlight in greenhouses. Since natural sunlight is almost neglectable in Norway during wintertime, we could study effects of different types of artificial light on crop growth and production in tomato. The goal of this experiment was to quantify the effects of artificial HPS top-light, installed at the top of the canopy, and LED inter-light, installed between plant rows, on fresh and dry matter production and fruit quality of greenhouse tomatoes under controlled and documented conditions. Our aim was to optimize yield under different light conditions, while avoiding an unfavourable source-sink balance. Tomato plants were grown under HPS top light with an installed capacity of 161, 242 and 272 W m−2 combined with LED inter-light with an installed capacity of 0, 60 or 120 W m−2. We used stem diameter as a trait to regulate air temperature in different light treatments in order to retain plant vigour. Results show that both HPS top light and LED inter-light increased tomato yield. However, the positive effect of supplemental LED inter-light decreased at higher amounts of HPS top light. Under the conditions in this experiment, with neglectable incoming solar radiation, an installed amount of 242 Watt m-2 HPS top light and a daily light integral (DLI) of 30 mol m-2 day-1 resulted in best light use efficiency (in gram fresh tomato per mol). Addition of LED inter-light to HPS top light reduced light use efficiency. Results show that winter production using artificial light in Norway is more energy efficient compared to production under sunlight in southern countries. Results can be used for modelling purposes.