Fresh Looks Research Articles

Usulan Strategi Pemasaran Menggunakan Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS) pada Usaha Kecil Menengah Pempek Ogan Palembang

UKM Pempek Ogan is a small industry engaged in the food sector. This UKM was founded in 2007. The main problem of UKM Pempek Ogan Palembang is the slow and monotonic development and business innovation i.e. the promotion strategy implemented is not well designed to increase sales and compete with similar businesses. Consequently, the business experienced declined sales and therefore, reducing revenues if appropriate measures are not taken. The purpose of this research is to develop new strategies, marketing strategies, by creating new innovations for UKM Pempek Ogan Palembang using Blue Ocean Strategy. The Blue Ocean Strategy is a method to develop a new value innovation that is not yet owned by competitors to divert from intense competition among business actors. The BOS method has several steps in its application, namely the creation of a strategy canvas, the creation of a four-step framework i.e. eliminating, enhancing, reducing, and creating, of the creation of three characteristics of a good strategy, namely focus, divergence and motto. Our findings from the strategy canvas suggested that there are several indicators whose values ​​are below competitors. The new innovation applied to UKM Pempek Ogan Palembang as a diversion from competitors by the framework of four steps is to reduce a product price. Moreover, product variants, social media advertising, sales promotion, employee appearance, cleanliness and comfort of the place as well as poor-designed-banners should be improved. We suggested frozen pempek and pempek with unique shapes are created for new and fresh looks as a new innovation.

The Image of Guru Nanak in Dadu-Panthi Sources

This essay examines the issue of Guru Nanak’s inclusion in the mid-to-late seventeenth-century devotional text prepared by the Dadu-panthi savant, Raghavdas, the Bhakt-māl or Garland of Devotees. This text follows by some decades the similarly titled Bhakt-māl of Nabha Das. However, while Nabha Das excludes Guru Nanak, Raghavdas’ Bhakt-māl embraces him and includes a much more diverse seventeenth- and pre-seventeenth-century saintly clientele that was particular to both northern and southern India. The essay is one of the first to examine this text in Sikh studies and tease out the reasons which may have prompted Raghavdas to include Guru Nanak. In the process, it attempts to understand early non-Sikh bhakti views of the Sikh Gurus while also providing fresh looks at Sikh numbers in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries and at the diverse and multi-ideological environment of northern India from the early 1600s onward. It also suggests Raghavadas’ familiarity with the poetry of his near contemporary ideologue, the great Sikh scholar Bhai Gurdas Bhalla.

50 at 50: The Fifty Most Important Contributions to the Game ed. by Bill Nowlin

Reviewed by: 50 at 50: The Fifty Most Important Contributions to the Game ed. by Bill Nowlin David Pegram Bill Nowlin, editor. 50 at 50: The Fifty Most Important Contributions to the Game. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2020. 608 pp. Cloth, $49.95. In his foreword to SABR's new anthology, 50 at 50, John Thorn admits that to be a baseball researcher is to be a nerd, though only in disguise. In fact, Thorn suggests that, like Clark Kent, the baseball researcher's true identity is that of Superman, carrying out a "never-ending quest for fresh baseball data" [End Page 209] (ix). The comparison to Superman makes perfect sense, especially when taken a step further: like Superman, baseball research could also be considered a search for Truth, Justice, and the American Way. In some respects, this appears to be the underlining theme of the anthology: truth in what data reveals to us; justice in bringing players and events to light; and the American Way in celebrating the National Pastime. Edited by Bill Nowlin, 50 at 50 coincides with SABR's fiftieth anniversary. It is a wellconceived collection of "the fifty most important contributions" to baseball research. But the book is more than just SABR's greatest hits. Nowlin (with help from Thorn, Mark Armour, and Leslie Heaphy) has carefully selected material that presents the spirit of baseball research: diverse, sometimes nerdy, and ultimately informative for any baseball fan. Furthermore, the book functions as a chronology, as the reader is (re)introduced to the themes, stories, issues, and concerns of researchers over the past fifty years. Nowlin's selections focus on biographies that shed light on forgotten players, evaluate teams and performances, and provide deep statistical analysis. Suffice to say, the breadth of the anthology is staggering. Thorn, of course, kicks things off with his Foreword. As the Official Historian for Major League Baseball, a position he has held since 2011, perhaps nobody knows the full scope of baseball history as well as Thorn. But he is also somewhat of an anomaly in research circles: both a noted historian and an early promoter and advocate of sabermetrics (a term created in reference to SABR). His unique ability to navigate those two worlds, and do so effectively, is noteworthy. His Foreword highlights how sabermetrics reinvigorated the research of baseball—a shout out to quantitative data and large amounts of it; but he is clear that baseball research has a qualitative purpose, as well. In his own work featured in the collection, "Pots & Pans, Bats & Balls," based on a speech he gave at the 2007 SABR convention in Cleveland, Thorn is clear about the important role of history (and the historian) in baseball. He asserts that we should embrace the subjective nature of it. He states, "There may be no 'I' in 'team'—nor in 'research,' not in 'SABR,'—but there is one in 'history' … and there ought to be one in the writing of it" (376). Much of 50 at 50, therefore, vacillates between those two poles: history and statistical analysis. Some pieces, such as Mark Armour's "The Effects of Integration, 1947–86," do a little bit of both. But overall, those aware of the relationship between SABR and sabermetrics may be surprised at the amount of history that the book covers. We get fresh looks at historical figures John McGraw, Jackie Robinson, Roberto Clemente, Urban Shocker, and Honus Wagner. Bill Kirwin, founder of NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture, gives a nod to Cy Seymour, one of the few players to ever be both a successful [End Page 210] hitter and pitcher. Larry Lester zeroes in on one game in particular: an epic pitching duel in 1930 that, as Lester recounts, demonstrates the power of history and its narrative. And Robert K. Fitts's "Babe Ruth, Eiji Sawamura, and War" points out some bitter ironies stemming from the 1934 Goodwill Tour. Readers might also be drawn to "Zooming in on an Old Great Photo" and "The Georgie Peach: Stumped by the Storyteller." Both are beautifully told accounts (accompanied by artifacts) of the authors' investigations into the past. However, the quality of the writing is not...

Reading African American Autobiography: Twenty-First-Century Contexts and Criticism ed. by Eric D. Lamore

Reviewed by: Reading African American Autobiography: Twenty-First-Century Contexts and Criticism ed. by Eric D. Lamore Roland Leander Williams Jr. (bio) Eric D. Lamore, editor. Reading African American Autobiography: Twenty-First-Century Contexts and Criticism. U of Wisconsin P, 2017, 278 pp. ISBN 978-0299309800, $74.95. African Americans have had powerful life stories to tell since 1661 when they were sentenced to slavery in a land sold on liberty. They have produced a long line of narratives recording their fortunes. Academic publishers have printed reams of criticism on the genre, and the University of Wisconsin Press recently added Reading African American Autobiography to the list. Edited by Eric [End Page 435] D. Lamore, the new book contains a collection of scholarly studies that take fresh looks at the tradition of African American autobiographical expression from the vantage point of the twenty-first century. The practice of telling Black life stories took root in the colonial era of US national development, germinating works such as The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (1789), which recounts how the author freed himself from slavery through the use of learning. A host of life stories relating clever escapes from enslavement came out of the antebellum era; the number includes Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; Or, The Escape of William and Ellen Craft (1860) as well as Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845) and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) by Harriet Jacobs. In the wake of the slave system, through the time of Jim Crow, the line of Black life stories extended from Behind the Scenes: Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House (1868) by Elizabeth Keckley to Up from Slavery (1901) by Booker T. Washington and Black Boy (1945) by Richard Wright, telling how the writers beat long odds through deft exercises of ingenuity. Displays of resourcefulness that improve lots have distinguished the genre of Black life stories produced in every era of African American history. The motif marks The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965) and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969) by Maya Angelou, besides Dreams from My Father (2004) by Barack Obama. Reading African American Autobiography pays an implicit tribute to each of these oft-cited narratives, and a couple of the works receive special attention. First, in the essay "Olaudah Equiano in the United States," Lamore inspects the 1829 abridgement of Equiano's book by Abigail Mott. He resolves that the particular edition, allied with other versions, gives cause to treat it as an indicator of historical conditions. Then, "Richard Wright's Environments" by Susan Scott Parrish calls into question scholarship that ascribes the world-view behind Black Boy to theories of human development encountered by the author in Chicago. Instead, Parrish ties the origins of the perspective shared in Wright's life story to impressions made by his upbringing in rural Mississippi. Along with Lamore, Parrish presents a case that raises fresh issues for consideration in relation to the production and reception of African American autobiographical expression. The greater part of Reading African American Autobiography covers an array of forgotten or neglected Black life stories. Spreading knowledge of the ample iterations of this genre is a great service performed by this collection of essays. One explores The Life and Dying Speech of Arthur (1768), the confession of a Black man charged with rape and condemned to death for the offense, treating the eighteenth-century narrative as a recollection of a fatal [End Page 436] struggle to overcome oppression. Another study complicates the concept of autobiography with a review of Samuel Delany's graphic novel Bread & Wine (1999) based on his personal history. The essay "Born into This Body" leaves the future borders of Black life writing open with a study of stories akin to Faith Adiele's Meeting Faith: The Forest Journals of a Black Buddhist Nun (2004). Subsequently, "From Blog to Books" renders the prospective media of the practice provisional with references to Angela Nissel's Mixed: My Life in Black and White (2006). "Grafted Belongings" turns the identity of twenty-first-century Black life writers...

Response: Queering Time

Response:Queering Time Deanna K. Kreisel (bio) There was an extraordinarily strong throughline to the papers at the 2017 NAVSA Conference in Banff. Perhaps it was due partly to the conference theme, "Victorian Preserves," partly to the breathtaking natural setting, and partly to our political moment that many of the presentations clustered around environmental and ecocritical themes. This striking thematic coherence made the job of a "NAVSA scout" with ecocritical interests both easy and difficult: easy in the sense that one could almost choose three papers at random and make a strong case for their interconnection, and difficult in the sense that it was very hard to choose from among the many excellent presentations on offer.1 In the end I selected the three papers in this cluster particularly because of the ways they speak to each other about a topic that has become of central interest to environmentalist criticism: the problem of futurity. While Fredric Jameson may be right that "Time and Space are at war in a Homeric combat," for literary critics it's hardly a fair fight (698). Every few years literature scholars are exhorted to execute a dialectical do-si-do and supplement their predominant way of reading with the putatively missing term: to reinvigorate their work with fresh approaches drawn from, for example, the study of geography, architecture, urban landscapes, and domestic interiors, or from the study of factory time, geological history, evolutionary biology, or classic narratological theory. Yet as that theory—from the Russian formalists to the work of Gérard Genette and Paul Ricoeur—has long shown, narrative is [End Page 236] fundamentally structured by time, is inherently a chronological, not a spatial, phenomenon. For Ricoeur, for example, "time becomes human time to the extent that it is organized after the manner of a narrative; narrative, in turn, is meaningful to the extent that it portrays the features of temporal experience" (3). While Jameson may have announced the "end of temporality" back in 2003, he did so by way of lamenting the eclipsing of literature by other art forms: "the rise of the intellectual stock of architecture accompanied the decline of belles lettres like a lengthening shadow" (696). But in the realm of the literary, space doesn't stand a chance. It is with some ambivalence, then, that I ask the readers of this cluster of papers to attend to questions of temporality before the most recent spatial turn has even completed its circuit around the dance floor. But Time, for better or worse, has bullied its way back into the spotlight—thanks in part to the efflorescence of ecocriticism, whose political project is both urgent and time-bound (from the vast temporal scales of geological change to the focus on our collective dys/utopian future as a planet), and in part to the extraordinary richness of the recent "temporal turn" in queer theory (particularly the work of Lee Edelman, Valerie Rohy, Jose Muñoz, Claire Colebrook, and Elizabeth Freeman). Two strains of this latter turn are particularly salient to the papers gathered here: the well-established interrogation of reproductive futurity and the more recent critique, from a queer perspective, of the regimentation of time under modernity. Dana Luciano has termed "chronobiopolitics" (9) the orchestrations of time through which people come to feel part of a collective, and Elizabeth Freeman has coined the term "chrononormativity" to refer to "the use of time to organize individual human bodies toward maximum productivity" (3). While only two of the three papers in this cluster are explicitly about queerness, and only one is about ecocriticism in a narrow sense, all three papers take fresh, surprising, and generative looks at the phenomenal and phenomenological category of time in ways that I think ultimately bear on ecocritial concerns, and thus pull together a significant thematic sub-thread of an already beautifully coherent conference. In her paper, "Saving Time: Nineteenth-Century Time Travel and the Temporal Logic of Late Capitalism," Sarah C. Alexander examines late-Victorian time travel narratives that describe temporal paradoxes, wherein a character travels to the past and alters events in a way that then affects the past, present, and future. Alexander focuses on the 1891 novel...

‘Fresh seal blood looks like beauty and life’

In this paper, I analyse the various functions, meanings and affects associated with seal hunting, eating and sharing seal meat, wearing sealskin clothing and posting #sealfies. Drawing on several ...

At the Violet Hour: Modernism and Violence in England and Ireland by Sarah Cole

Reviewed by: At the Violet Hour: Modernism and Violence in England and Ireland by Sarah Cole Krista Kauffmann Sarah Cole. At the Violet Hour: Modernism and Violence in England and Ireland. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. xiv + 377 pp. Sarah Cole’s fascinating new study At the Violet Hour: Modernism and Violence in England and Ireland takes its title from The Waste Land. Optically and aurally close to “violent” yet also denoting spring flowers and the color purple, the word “violet,” Cole argues, “herald[s]” violence in Eliot’s iconic poem (74) while simultaneously “transform[ing]” and “beautify[ing]” it (75). Thus, “violetness” becomes an apt figure for what she names the “enchantment” of violence (75). However, because the words are so similar, the “violet hour” is always at risk of shading back into the “violent hour,” and thus violetness also serves as an evocative figure for the complex interplay explored throughout the book between enchantment and its opposite mode for imagining violence, disenchantment. Enchantment, as Cole has it, is the process through which violence comes to be sacralized and viewed as productive. Disenchantment, by contrast, treats violence as “unredeemable” (36). Lest we are tempted to substitute aestheticization for enchantment, Cole emphasizes that both modes are, in fact, aesthetic. Her masterful readings of a wide range of texts acknowledge the generative function of violence for modernist literary production as well as the excessive quality to it that often “haunt[s],” “stain[s]” and “deface[s]” even those texts that enchant it (19). At the Violet Hour chiefly sets out to reconsider the centrality of violence to modernist form, and Cole argues powerfully that in [End Page 178] “seek[ing] to understand literary violence, we will find ourselves looking at literature’s very nerve center, the place where its most proud accomplishments and greatest limitations are engendered and defined” (7). The book provides fresh looks at key modernist authors Eliot, Conrad, Yeats, and Woolf, while carefully situating their work in relation to other authors and modes of textual and visual production that similarly grapple with the violence of the modernist moment. Cole reaffirms the pivotal role of World War I in the development of modernism but cautions that not all modernist texts readily fit into the narrative of the war as the driving force behind experiments with form. Thus, she directs our attention as well to European anarchist violence—or, in her rather more colorful parlance, “dynamite violence”—and to the specific, historical convulsions of violence that rocked early twentieth-century Ireland (36). The book is comprised of an introduction, four substantial chapters, and a brief coda. Throughout, Cole combines original close readings of canonical texts with a cultural studies approach that sheds light on their broader cultural and historical milieus. The introduction opens by noting the extent to which the story of literature has always been enmeshed with the story of violence, from the writing of the Homeric epics to the present. Yet, she notes, the modernists were singularly situated to explore questions of the representation of violence, not only because of the cataclysmic violence of their era but also because of their well-known interests in “deconstructing great cultural institutions that are fundamentally sustained by violence” and “exploring the human psyche” (4). Chapter 1 continues the introduction’s work of setting up the argumentative framework, beginning with an elaboration of the theoretical model of enchantment and disenchantment. This chapter represents the book’s primary engagement with World War I’s impact on literature, and it ends with an incisive reading of the interweaving of the enchanted and disenchanted modes in The Waste Land. The next three chapters are designated “historical chapters” (35). Chapter 2 explores the representation of dynamite violence and the closely associated figure of the anarchist in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in popular novels, drama, sensationalist journalism, and Conrad’s The Secret Agent. It also considers the transmutation of the historically specific late-Victorian anarchist into the “transhistorical figure of the terrorist” (36). Chapter 3 turns to early twentieth-century Ireland, offering four new paradigms for understanding literary violence in that context. This time, the privileged terms are “keening,” “generative violence,” “reprisal violence,” and “architectural...

Effect of Exposure to Pulsed Magnetic Field on Microbiological Quality, Color and Oxidative Stability of Fresh Ground Beef

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the use of 1 Hz pulsed magnetic field (PMF) in the preservation of fresh ground beef during aerobic refrigerated storage. Supraspinatus muscle from Angus cattle was ground and aerobically packaged into 21 portions. These portions were divided into three treatment groups: not exposed to PMF (control); exposed to PMF for 2 h (PMF‐2h) and exposed to PMF for 12 days (PMF‐12d). Packages from all groups were stored for 12 days in the dark at 4°C. One package from each group was used for microbiological assays and analyses of pH, instrumental color, myoglobin and lipid oxidation. Results have shown that exposure to PMF for 12 days did not alter the preservation and quality of ground beef compared to the control. However, samples exposed to PMF for 2 h reduced the microorganism growth and metmyoglobin content in relation to the control group. However, pH, instrumental color and lipid oxidation of samples exposed to PMF for 2 h did not change during storage compared to the control. We concluded that PMF could be used for fresh meat preservation. However, more studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of action of the magnetic field.Practical ApplicationsIn the present study, the use of a moderate pulsed magnetic field for preservation of fresh beef looks promising for preventing microbial growth, without changing some parameters such as pH, color or lipid oxidation. However, this mild and nonthermal technology needs more studies to evaluate some factors such as the exposure time to the magnetic field. In general, the use of the magnetic field in food preservation may be a viable alternative to the traditional technologies, and can be used alone or in combination with traditional methods in order to increase their efficiency.

How bees distinguish colors.

Behind each facet of the compound eye, bees have photoreceptors for ultraviolet, green, and blue wavelengths that are excited by sunlight reflected from the surrounding panorama. In experiments that excluded ultraviolet, bees learned to distinguish between black, gray, white, and various colors. To distinguish two targets of differing color, bees detected, learned, and later recognized the strongest preferred inputs, irrespective of which target displayed them. First preference was the position and measure of blue reflected from white or colored areas. They also learned the positions and a measure of the green receptor modulation at vertical edges that displayed the strongest green contrast. Modulation is the receptor response to contrast and was summed over the length of a contrasting vertical edge. This also gave them a measure of angular width between outer vertical edges. Third preference was position and a measure of blue modulation. When they returned for more reward, bees recognized the familiar coincidence of these inputs at that place. They cared nothing for colors, layout of patterns, or direction of contrast, even at black/white edges. The mechanism is a new kind of color vision in which a large-field tonic blue input must coincide in time with small-field phasic modulations caused by scanning vertical edges displaying green or blue contrast. This is the kind of system to expect in medium-lowly vision, as found in insects; the next steps are fresh looks at old observations and quantitative models.

Top Stories of 2014

The past year has brought us new viral threats and fresh looks at how we have been treating acute and chronic disorders. Our editorial board continues

The Future Stewards of the Profession

The title of this editorial is inspired by the letter to the editor in the Winter issue of the Annals (Marlatt, 2014) and two recently published Annals articles, one in the Winter issue (Beal-Alvarez & Cannon, 2014) and the other in the current issue (Gardiner-Walsh, Kemmery, & Compton, 2014). Well, if truth be told, maybe it all started with my re-reading of an interesting piece by Schirmer (2008), followed by fresh looks at two relatively recent articles (Benedict, Johnson, & Antia, 2011; Johnson, 2013). I might as well include articles in a special section of theJanuary/February issue of Educational Researcher (Southerland, Gadsden, & Herrington, 2014) and various essays in a book I coedited (Hancock & Paul, 2005) that touched on a number of topics that were later addressed in those Educational Researcher articles.There are at least several approaches from which to choose to connect a few major points in the abovementioned publications. There are a number of topics ranging from the closing of special schools for d/Deaf and hard of hearing (d/Dhh) students to the termination of university/college P-12 teacher preparation programs to the need for additional university/college educators-specifically, teacher educators who are professor-researchers who publish and present their work-to the innovative future preparation of doctoral students specializing in the education of d/Dhh students to-oh, my head-evaluating the quality and impact of educational research for d/Dhh children and adolescents. I got out of breath (and incredibly stressed) re-reading the preceding Proustian-inspired sentence, so I have decided to select a simple all-encompassing connective construct, which, no doubt, has layers of interpretations and is not that simple: stewards of the profession.When thinking of stewards, typically one might think of university professors and doctoral students-especially if the focus is on doctoral programs in education (e.g., Hancock & Paul, 2005). In general, these stewards should be competent in raising and answering hard scholarly and researchable questions to advance theory and research and to facilitate the improvement of practice. Along with the knowledge-generation and knowledge-dissemination endeavors, these stewards should be cognizant of broader educational policies and practices and be familiar with the challenges of working with diverse children in P-12 educational settings. In short, stewards should be respectful, if not downright knowledgeable, of the broader educational paradigms and philosophies, not just those in their immediate areas of interest or research foci.If these stewards are successful-so to speak-they may demonstrate how the understandings in their areas or disciplines contribute to a better understanding of the larger questions associated with the acquisition of knowledge (see Hancock & Paul, 2005; Southerland et al., 2014). Of course, if the above condition is to materialize, it might be that current and future teacher-educators will need to be adept at conducting research; publishing, presenting, and disseminating their findings; and being aware of trends-perhaps impelled by evidence-based practices and needs-in their fields (see, e.g., Bennett et al., 2011; Gardiner-Walsh et al., 2014; Johnson, 2013; Schirmer, 2008).From another perspective, I like to paint with a broad brush. In my construct, stewards should include all preservice and in-service teachers, parents and other caregivers, educators, community and business members, ancillary support-service personnel (e.g., speech pathologists, educational audiologists, interpreters), academics (whether scholars, researchers, or professors), and other stakeholders involved in the education of d/Dhh children, adolescents, and adults. Did I leave anyone out? Setting aside the required legal meetings for a few of these stewards, I admit that encouraging all of the above personnel to work together productively in an ongoing progress-monitoring fashion is probably more difficult than herding cats. …

Anthropology in the Aleutians: Introductory Comments

Anthropology in the Aleutians: Introductory Comments Debra Corbett and Caroline Funk Anthropological research in the Aleutians tends to be patchy in time and space. An apparent wealth of information becomes, on closer inspection, snippets of datasets separated by gaps. Decades may separate the various ethnohistorical, ethnographic, linguistic, cultural, or physical anthropology studies, and archaeological projects. Hundreds of kilometers stretch between project areas on the islands. Sample sizes are small or localized. No clearly defined cultural continuum guides our history building or frames our understanding about archipelagowide Aleut relationships with land- and seascapes, each other, people from other cultures, and nonhumans. All of us who perform research in the region recognize these limitations, and rectifying them is the transcendent goal of the many research endeavors operating in the Aleutians. A near-continuous series of projects focusing on understanding past Aleut lives in the Near Islands, the Rat Islands, the Andreanofs, and the Amaknak Bridge site on Unalaska among other locations began over twenty years ago. Archaeological research forms the core of the projects, but like all anthropological work in the Arctic, ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and cooperative interdisciplinary research are critical elements. The mass of knowledge produced by these many projects results in a larger, comparable, and broader information base (cf., Corbett, West, and Lefèvre [ed.] 2010; Dumond [ed.] 2001; Funk this volume; Hanson 2010; Rogers this volume; West et al. [ed.] 2011; West, O’Rourke, and Crawford 2010). Interpretations about the Aleut past are moving away from the materialist, culture historical, and colonialist approaches common to past research approaches. Instead, the influence of historical documents drafted by Russian, American, French, and British explorers and religious personnel influence current interpretations of Aleut lives. Research approaches in the region now partner theories about human agency, landscapes, the socionatural aspect of human/environment intersections, and historical critique with strong, systematic field work and laboratory analyses. Notions of the dynamic nature of the long history of Aleut occupation of the Aleutians are growing clearer and more complex. There is no such thing as the Aleut past, but many Aleut pasts expressed dynamically, individually, and corporately by Aleuts living in different times and among different island groups. The Aleutians include island groups that are often defined as separate cultural regimes, but in reality, the prehistoric occupants of these locations were aware of each other and participated in a shared cultural system. Research efforts in the Aleutians must acknowledge that collective synergy and work together to develop comparable data sets and non-localized interpretations along with detailed site or island or island group scale analyses. To that end, Corbett organized a Western Aleutians symposium at the Alaska Anthropological Association meetings in Kodiak, AK in 2006. This issue of Arctic Anthropology grew out of the symposium, as the conference stimulated more research in the region and reprisals of in-progress research. The articles in this collection emerge from several completed and ongoing projects. The authors present a diversity of new data and interpretations, including new results from survey and excavation, lithic analyses, and faunal analyses. A previously unknown artistic representation is reported. Hypotheses about households and power structure, fresh looks at the history of research in the region, and a critical examination of the processes of land ownership and federal law are presented. The researchers apply interdisciplinary approaches to understanding the biological, geological, and climatological framework negotiated and manipulated by the Aleuts to create their unique cultures. [End Page 1] References Cited Corbett, Debra, Dixie West, and Christine Lefèvre (eds.) 2010 The People at the End of the World: The Western Aleutians Project and the Archaeology of Shemya Island. Aurora: Alaska Anthropological Association Monograph Series, 8. Anchorage, Alaska. Google Scholar Dumond, D. E. (ed.) 2001 Archaeology in the Aleut Zone of Alaska: Some Recent Research. Anthropological Papers of the University of Oregon, 58. Eugene, Oregon. Google Scholar Hanson, Diane K. and Debra G. Corbett 2010 Shifting Ground: Archaeological Surveys of Upland Adak Island, the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and Changing Assumptions of Unangan Land Use. Polar Geography 33(3–4):165–178. Google Scholar West, Dixie, Virginia Hatfield, Elizabeth Wilmerding, Lyn Gualtieri, and Christine Lefevre 2011 The People Before: The Geology, Paleoecology and Archaeology of Adak Island, Alaska...

The Black Experience in the Civil War South , and: The Confederacy: The Slaveholders’ Failed Venture , and: Politics and America in Crisis: The Coming of the Civil War , and: Weary of War: Life on the Confederate Home Front , and: True Sons of the Republic: European Immigrants in the Union Army , and: The Civil War at Sea

Reviewed by: The Black Experience in the Civil War South, and: The Confederacy: The Slaveholders’ Failed Venture, and: Politics and America in Crisis: The Coming of the Civil War, and: Weary of War: Life on the Confederate Home Front, and: True Sons of the Republic: European Immigrants in the Union Army, and: The Civil War at Sea, and: Decision in the Heartland: The Civil War in the West Carol Sheriff (bio) The Black Experience in the Civil War South. By Stephen V. Ash. (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger, 2010. Pp. 140. Cloth, $44.95.) The Confederacy: The Slaveholders’ Failed Venture. By Paul D. Escott. (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger, 2010. Pp. 185. Cloth, $34.95.) Politics and America in Crisis: The Coming of the Civil War. By Michael S. Green. (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger, 2010. Pp. 212. Cloth, $44.95.) Weary of War: Life on the Confederate Home Front. By Joe A. Mobley. (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2008. Pp. 187. Cloth, $49.95.) True Sons of the Republic: European Immigrants in the Union Army. By Martin W. Öfele. (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2008. Pp. 213. Cloth, $49.95.) The Civil War at Sea. By Craig L. Symonds. (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger, 2009. Pp. 211. Cloth, $39.95.) Decision in the Heartland: The Civil War in the West. By Steven E. Woodworth. (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2008. Pp. 178. Cloth, $39.95.) In his foreword to Praeger’s Reflections on the Civil War Era series, John David Smith promises “concise, informed, readable syntheses—fresh looks at familiar topics with new source material and original arguments.” Although its first seven volumes deliver better on compelling syntheses than on original arguments, they nonetheless make welcome additions to Civil War scholarship. In Politics and America in Crisis, Michael Green provides a sprightly narrative of political schism from the Wilmot Proviso to secession. Green adeptly explains both well-known and lesser-known events, such as the California duel between David Broderick and David Terry, and he carefully eschews reading events backward—that is, with the knowledge that they ultimately led to war. His book would have benefited, however, from a clearer historiographical stance and a more sustained interweaving of social with political history. Paul Escott’s The Confederacy: The Slaveholders’ Failed Venture displays such qualities in abundance. Escott positions himself within existing debates over how civilian factors contributed to the Confederacy’s [End Page 428] military defeat when he argues that even as the Confederacy’s internal cohesion foundered with wartime stresses and strains, white southerners’ antipathy toward the Union increased, reinforcing, at least temporarily, their resolve to fight. Thus even if Confederate nationalism was fleeting, the Confederacy could retain the will to fight well into the war. Escott chronicles the flows and ebbs of the Confederacy’s fortunes and morale while foreshadowing the postwar era. By 1865, Escott argues, “white Southerners were hostile to their government and weary of war. They allowed defeat to come, even as they continued to hate the victor” (114). Joe Mobley’s Weary of War likewise addresses why the Confederacy lost. Yet he gives less prominence to military developments, and whereas Escott organizes his book chronologically, Mobley’s chapters are topical. As a result, Weary of War offers a simpler explanation of the war’s outcome: by 1865, the Confederacy’s civilians had grown weary. En route to that conclusion, Mobley vividly describes the challenges facing the wartorn southern population—white and black, free and enslaved, male and female, native-born and immigrant. In his slender The Black Experience in the Civil War South, Stephen Ash provides an eloquent, wide-ranging discussion of African Americans’ wartime attitudes and experiences—frequently reminding readers that although the Civil War is often remembered as a bondage-to-freedom narrative, most African Americans remained enslaved throughout the war. Even as Ash emphasizes slaves’ role in securing their own freedom, he stresses that such freedom depended on Union victory, which was far from assured for much of the war. Drawing on fresh source material, Ash brings to life individual experiences, with all their complexities and uncertainties, without losing sight of broader developments. Despite the book’s unfortunate title, which belies the diversity of experiences within the South’s African...

Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World (review)

Reviewed by: Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World Michael Vorenberg Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World. Edited by Eric Foner. New York: Norton, 2009. ISBN: 978-0-393-33705-1, 336 pp., paper, $16.95. In 1958, on the eve of the Abraham Lincoln sesquicentennial, Richard Nelson Current published The Lincoln Nobody Knows. Now, more than fifty years later, with the Lincoln bicentennial at an end, is there anyone left on earth who does not know Lincoln? Is there anything about Lincoln left unknown? During the two years of the bicentennial celebration, the world welcomed more than one hundred new books on the sixteenth president. Scores of national and international Lincoln conferences have been held. Old Lincoln plays have been revived; new ones have been staged. Lincoln reenactors have never been so flush. There is even talk—still?—of a Steven Spielberg movie about the man. It may be too early to predict which of the bicentennial's creations will have staying power, but almost certainly one is Our Lincoln, the essay collection edited by Eric Foner. As Foner notes in his preface, a distinction of this collection is that it is deeply informed by the rich scholarship of the past thirty years or so on the subjects that connect to Lincoln and his world. The result is a set of essays that contains not only some fresh looks at Lincoln but also some snapshots of the state of scholarship on such subjects as abolitionism, evangelicalism, race and slavery, political ideology, the Victorian-era family, and American memory. [End Page 184] Another distinction of the book is the high stature of the contributors, a Who's Who of experts in nineteenth-century American history, including David W. Blight, Richard Carwardine, Catherine Clinton, Andrew Delbanco, Harold Holzer, Mark E. Neely Jr., James Oakes, Sean Wilentz, and Foner himself. Some of the essays are essentially digests or segments of the authors' recent books on Lincoln. For example, McPherson's essay on the way Lincoln grew into his role as commander in chief and fused that position into the office of the presidency is explored in even greater detail in the author's prize-winning monograph, Tried by War (2008). Similarly, Wilentz's argument about the Jacksonian roots of Lincoln's political ideology is a component of his substantial study, The Rise of American Democracy (2005); Clinton's reflections on the significance of family to Lincoln—especially female family members—in the earliest and latest years of his life grow out of her biography, Mrs. Lincoln: A Life (2009); and Foner's reconsideration of Lincoln's approach to colonizing African Americans offers a glance into his larger study, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (2010). Other essays in the collection offer information or analyses unavailable elsewhere. A few essays in this category stand out. One is by Andrew Delbanco, who argues convincingly that Lincoln's oratory, while drawing on the "sacramental language" of earlier times, deftly moved toward the modern era of the sound bite by adapting his speech to mass-circulated newspapers, a relatively new media form in the era. Like Delbanco, Harold Holzer is impressed with the way Lincoln adapted to new technologies, specifically photography, which he took advantage of to create and recreate his public image during his rise to national prominence. In Manisha Sinha's essay, Lincoln is far less the pioneer—at least when it comes to racial egalitarianism. Sinha reminds us of the crucial role white and black radical abolitionists played in pushing Lincoln toward "interracial democracy," although she neglects much recent, important scholarship in her odd claims that these reformers have been "largely forgotten in the history of emancipation" (196). More nuanced and better informed is James Oakes's treatment of Lincoln's attitudes toward African Americans. Previous Lincoln scholars have tended to clump civil rights into one category and debated among themselves which rights Lincoln did or did not envision African Americans possessing in the post-emancipation nation. Oakes instead asks readers to think of rights as nineteenth-century Americans tended to think of them—as "natural rights," "citizenship rights," or "states' rights" (rights regulated by a...

Legal Analysis of Rights Against the Protection of ‘Bio-Medical Waste’ and Judicial Reflections in India

This article attempted to cover the environmental jurisprudence and its correlation with the ‘right to health’ and ‘right to safe environment’. It gives specific emphasis upon the need of the mechanism for safe handling and management of bio-medical waste which have created the greatest to these rights enshrine in the Constitution of India u/Art 21. It further analyses the handling and managements of bio-medical waste from the point of view of International standards, lack of national policy and a pathetic situation in India. It further analyses the legal liabilities clauses developed and discussed in various judicial pronouncements, and emphasis upon the bio-medical waste management will also need to take on priority so that both environmental safeguard from bio-medical waste and public health due to the infectious and contagious effect may be safeguards. Ultimately it stresses the need of comprehensive national policy, renovation of existing machineries and a fresh looks towards the existing framework to making objectives into reality with respect to bio-medical waste management and give due regards to right to health and safe environment of the citizenries.

Book Review: Tampère, C.M.J., Viti, F. and Immers, L. H. (eds.): New Developments in Transport Planning: Advances in Dynamic Traffic Assignment

This book contains a selection of contributions from the second Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) Symposium held at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium, in June 2008. The nineteen individual chapters of the book are suitably classified in four distinct parts, providing a coherent state-of-the-art overview of fundamental DTA research and practice. The international experts that contribute to the book are leading researchers in the field, and provide both wide-spread reviews and fresh looks on the various issues related to DTA.

Modern Drama: Critical Concepts in Literary and Cultural Studies (review)

Reviewed by: Modern Drama: Critical Concepts in Literary and Cultural Studies Piet Defraeye Martin Puchner , ed. Modern Drama: Critical Concepts in Literary and Cultural Studies. London: Routledge, 2008. 4 vols. $1,250.00 (Hb). Martin Puchner's four-volume, 1600-page anthology of dramatic criticism is an ambitious project that documents the ideological and theoretical origins of, and practical and critical responses to, modern drama. The collection combines, in his words, [End Page 128] [the] ample and highly opinionated writings of the modern dramatists themselves, the choices made by contemporary directors, the perspectives offered by early theorists and philosophers interested in the emerging canon of modern drama, the various methodological trends and fashions governing scholarship from the 1950s to the present, the changing theater landscape influencing the study of drama, and finally the institutional history of theater studies as a discipline. (16) Starting with Richard Wagner's ardent "The Art-Work of the Future," in which the composer pleads for an "all-faculty" kind of art, and ending with Alan Ackerman's dispassionate reflection on the hermeneutic potential of the close-reading of theatre, Puchner covers 120 years of criticism with a wealth of original material, structured chronologically and thematically. Just about every single essay in the first two volumes is required reading for any serious graduate student of theatre, whether of theory or practice. These introductory volumes contain standard texts, including selections from August Strindberg, Adolphe Appia, Vsevolod Meyerhold, and Georg Lukács, but they also provide access to more uncommon sources like Kurt Schwitters's Merz manifesto and T.S. Eliot's thorough reflection on poetic drama. They also offer fresh looks at old themes, such as Toril Moi's fundamental reassessment and reframing of Ibsen's role as a modernist figure. Volume three brings together a divergent collection of recent critical approaches to historical modernist practice, be it through the lens of gender criticism (Judith Stephens, J. Ellen Gainor), gay studies (Laurence Senelick), postcolonial studies (Sandra Richards, David Krasner, Elin Diamond), cultural theory (Shannon Jackson, David Savran), or performance analysis (Christopher Balme, Julie Stone Peters). Critical responses to the practice of acting and design complement the volume nicely. The fourth volume is rather unique for any collection of theatre theory, as it juxtaposes philosophical approaches and theories of aesthetics with performance theory and criticism. Elinor Fuchs's essay on "theatricalist anti-theatricalism" (111) and Erika Fisher-Lichte's commentary on the avant-garde's antitextuality are certainly among the central essays in this volume, as they focus on the crucial question of the performance's textual dependency. Puchner has included two of his own contributions, which deal with the topic of textuality and antitheatricality. Essays by Francis Ferguson, Herbert Lindenberger, Jacques Derrida, Ackerman, Savran, and Julia Kristeva give further prominence to the focus on antitheatricality. Since Bernard Dukore's Dramatic Theory and Criticism (1974) and Avant Garde Drama (1969, with Daniel Gerould) have been out of print, sourcing [End Page 129] reading material for graduate courses on the subject has become challenging. Gerould's Theatre/Theory/Theatre (2000) filled a void, but Puchner's focus on modernism, as well as the scope of his sources, provides an unrivalled resource for reference, reading, and study. Quite a few of the primary articles from Dukore's two collections reappear here (Wagner, Émile Zola, George Bernard Shaw, Maurice Maeterlinck, Lukács, Stanislaw Witkiewicz) and are thus made again available. Some of these (like Maeterlinck's reflections on modern drama) could have done with an updated or new translation. At the same time, however, the inclusion of often difficult-to-access translated sources is precisely what makes the compilation so valuable. The forty-page extract from Peter Szondi's Theory of the Modern Drama is a case in point. An intelligent reflection on the emergence of epic theatre as a logical response to problems of realism and naturalism (essentialized in the paralysis of mimesis), the source is rarely included in critical anthologies. Puchner's introductions are lucid and to the point. While avoiding polemics and simplifications, he engages the reader in the critical process of understanding the stakes of theory while at the same time allowing us a hint of his...

The pathobiology of psoriatic synovium

Psoriatic arthritis pathogenesis is incompletely understood and the pathophysiologic role of the synovium is only beginning to be elucidated. Currently, approaches similar to those applied to rheumatoid arthritis are being applied to psoriatic arthritis synovia. Synovitis is being re-examined along with efforts to better characterize the clinical phenotype and improve patient stratification. The dermatological perspective brings an alternative view of autoimmunity and the role of innate immunity. A pathogenetic basis for the differing roles of skin and synovium is suggested by a landmark animal study that demonstrated a psoriasis-like skin disease coupled with a T cell and B cell dependent arthritis. The histopathology of the synovio-entheseal complex has been described. Systematic methods for evaluating synovitis have been developed and cross-sectional evaluations of psoriatic arthritis synovia in the context of other arthritides have been performed. Fresh looks at psoriatic arthritis synovia suggest similarity to rheumatoid arthritis synovia. Research into the pathophysiology of psoriatic arthritis is at an early, yet promising stage. Instruments are being developed to characterize and stratify psoriatic arthritis. The role of synovia remains unclear, but we now have a better understanding of the pathology of innate and adaptive immunity and are reminded that psoriatic arthritis is a systemic disease.

The Rhetorical Presidency of George H.W. Bush (review)

Reviewed by: The Rhetorical Presidency of George H.W. Bush Kenneth S. Zagacki The Rhetorical Presidency of George H.W. Bush. Edited by Martin J. Medhurst . College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006; pp. ix + 207. $40.00. As scholars busy themselves making sense of George W. Bush's rhetorical presidency, they could easily lose sight of the current president's father and his own rhetorical legacy. Fortunately, Martin J. Medhurst will not let this happen. His latest edited book, The Rhetorical Presidency of George H. W. Bush, represents a thorough, engaging rhetorical analysis of almost every aspect of the elder Bush's rhetorical activity as president of the United States. Each chapter combines standard rhetorical methods with careful archival research to provide fresh and insightful looks into the first Bush presidency. The thesis that runs throughout is that, rhetorically speaking, the Bush presidency failed largely because Bush himself not only showed "no appreciation of the role of rhetoric in the actual formulation of policy, he did not appreciate the inventional and judgmental aspects of the art" (4). When Bush entered office in January 1989, he believed that "he was no Ronald Reagan and could not hope to duplicate Reagan's role as the 'Great Communicator'" (3); and he separated politics from government, the former of which he associated with rhetoric and the latter with the more principled art of creating "broad, consensus-building activities undertaken for the common good" (10). These factors, combined with several other rhetorical "blunders" (98), made for a Bush White House incapable of effecting "prudential action in ways that were both recognized and appreciated by the public at large" (4). What were the blunders? Each succeeding chapter supplies answers to this question. Catherine L. Langford examines Bush's struggle with the "Vision Thing," at which he was rhetorically "inept" (20). The underlying difficulty was that Bush did not "create a public narrative that was simple, repetitive, familiar, and artistic" (21). Bush's narrative shortcomings revolved around his inability to identify clear enemies responsible for America's ills and an empowering "agency" that "commissioned presidential action" (32). The result was that Bush, unlike Reagan, failed "to fashion a narrative that captured the nation's attention or moved its people to action" (32). Roy Joseph investigates the "eloquent symbols and metaphors" (83) in Bush's "New World Order" speeches, arguing that although the president articulated the goals of his vision, he consistently failed to demonstrate how to achieve them or what, precisely, his "vision" was. This omission left others to define a vision for Bush, thus transposing "what could have been a unifying rhetorical idiom . . . into a free-for-all interpretative utterance" (96–97). Holly G. McIntush explores Bush's stance as "the education president" and finds his rhetoric on the subject wanting. Indeed, although the president [End Page 534] sent two major education initiatives to Congress, "his actions lacked focus and were not adequately linked to the goals set forth in 1990 or to the reasons the public was urging reform" (107). Using archival material well, McIntush examines these initiatives and the rhetorical failures associated with them—namely, that Bush did not connect his specific education proposals and their goals to improvements in the American economy. Bush's rather uneven relationship with the religious right is the subject of Amy Tilton Jones's chapter. She shows how Bush's speeches to religiously conservative audiences tried to firm up this relationship. Based on archival material of speech drafts, she analyzes problems associated with humor in religious addresses and closely examines how Bush supplied moral-religious justifications for the first Gulf War. The most informative part of this chapter deals with the 1992 Republican National Convention and the assortment of "harsh, embattled" (163) speeches delivered by the likes of Pat Buchanan, Pat Robertson, and Marilyn Quayle, which, juxtaposed with Mary Fisher's oration about treating HIV victims humanely, made for an overall rhetoric "that lauded family values, morals, and inclusions but in reality . . . combined contradictions and exclusion" (165). Wynton C. Hall performs an important service by challenging political scientists who downplay or overlook the important role of rhetoric, especially when chief executives frame issues like economics. Analyzing...

Birth of a National Icon: The Literary Avant-Garde and the Origins of the Intellectual in France (review)

The centennial commemoration, in 1998, of the publication of Zola's revolutionary "J'Accuse . . .!" occasioned much reflection in France on the significance of the Dreyfus Affair and the role of intellectuals as its privileged participants. In the wealth of new studies that accompanied this anniversary, some scholars took fresh looks at individual intellectuals (Brunetière, Jaurès, Mirbeau, and Zola himself) while others revisited the collective engagement of intellectuals as one of the defining themes of the Affair. While these studies offer much new information and at times new approaches, on the whole they do not diverge from two basic tenets of the traditional histor-iography of the Dreyfus Affair: that the Affair marked the birth of the modern intellectual and that these men (and on rare occasions, women) were imbued with a sense of mission largely of a moral or ideological nature, that they embodied, to use Péguy's term, une mystique.