Fresh Ground Research Articles

Combined Effects of Storage Temperature, Storage Time, Display Temperature, and Display Time on Ground Beef Color and Economic Losses

Although various studies have evaluated individual factors that influence meat discoloration, limited research has assessed the effects of multiple ground beef cold chain parameters on color. This study evaluated the combined effects of storage temperature, storage time, display temperature, and display time on ground beef color and economic losses due to poor cold chain management. Fresh ground beef chubs (81% lean) were randomly assigned to combinations of 3 storage temperatures (0, 4.5, and 8.9°C), 4 storage times (0, 4, 8, and 12 d), and 3 display temperatures (0, 4.5, and 8.9°C). Visual color was measured every 24 h and a* was measured every 6 h during the 48 h display period. Storage at 0°C minimized discoloration during display compared with storage at 4.5 and 8.9°C. Longer storage times at 0°C did not increase discoloration, whereas prolonged storage at 4.5 and 8.9°C decreased color stability during display. Economic analysis suggested that expected sales loss due to discoloration is positively correlated with storage days, storage temperature, and display temperature. Ground beef stored and displayed at 0°C is shown to minimize expected sales loss with an average loss of $0.29/kg or 2.8% of average retail value. Our results suggest that the total losses to U.S. retailers from cold chain mismanagement are expected to range from $630 million to $1.33 billion when compared with storage and display at 0°C. Simultaneous control of all cold chain parameters is essential for maximizing ground beef color and shelf life

A Voice of Liberty and Protest: Exploring Binodini’s Identity Crisis, Power and Self-discovery in Tagore’s Chokher Bali (A Grain of Sand)

The cultural icon and trail blazer of Bengali Renaissance Rabindranath Tagore has experimented successfully upon some great female protagonists in his fiction who have managed to curve a niche for themselves in world literature. A master artist, he has also depicted with his dexterously professional brushstrokes a host of highly progressive and brave female identities with a strong voice of protest against all prejudices of the contemporary backward and prejudiced Hindu communities as well as against all conservative forces of fate and society. Tagore has portrayed extremely meticulously some female voices, attributing them to the strength of motherhood, the beauty of the beloved, and the strong power of womanhood, allowing them to develop their own individual status and identity in a stereotypical, male dominated, and patriarchal Bengali society. This paper undertakes to explore Binodini, a finely crafted character in the Novel ‘Chokher Bali’ by Tagore, who battles over her identity breaks a fresh ground for her own, and emerges as an uncompromisingly assertive woman with a voice and brand of her own. It explores that she is not terrified by the severity of the male gaze or trodden down by the repression of the male centric society in her journey through liberty and blossoms an individual very sure of herself by breaking the image of the traditional Indian womanhood.

Drug-Drug Cocrystal Alloy and Nanoformulation of Cytarabine: Optimized Biopharmaceutical Property and Synergistic Antitumor Efficacy.

An integrated strategy by combining cocrystallization with nanotechnology is developed to optimize in vitro/vivo performances of marine antitumor drug cytarabine (ARA) and further obtain innovative insights into the exploitation of cocrystal alloy nanoformulation. Therein, the optimization of properties and synergistic effects of ARA mainly depends on assembling with uracil (U) and antitumor drug 5-fluorouracil (FU) into the same crystal by cocrystallization technology, while the long-term efficacy is primarily maintained by playing the superiority of nanotechnology. Along this line, the first cocrystal alloy of ARA, viz., ARA-FU-U (0.6:0.4), is successfully obtained and then transformed into a nanocrystal. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrates that this cocrystal alloy consists of two isomorphic cocrystals of ARA, namely, ARA-FU and ARA-U, in 0.6:0.4 ratio. An R22(8) hydrogen-bonding cyclic system formed by a cytosine fragment of ARA with U or FU can protect and stabilize the amine group on ARA, laying the foundation for regulating its properties. The in vitro/in vivo properties of the cocrystal alloy and its nanocrystals are investigated by theoretical and experimental means. It reveals that both the alloy and nanocrystal can improve physicochemical properties and promote drug absorption, thus bringing to optimized pharmacokinetic behaviors. The nanocrystal produces superior effects than the alloy that helps to extend therapeutic time and action. Particularly, relative to the corresponding binary cocrystal, the synergistic antitumor activity of ARA and FU in the cocrystal alloy is heightened obviously. It may be that U contributes to reducing the degradation of FU, specifically increasing its concentration in tumors to enhance the synergistic effects of FU and ARA. These findings provide new thoughts for the application of cocrystal alloys in the marine drug field and break fresh ground for cocrystal alloy formulations to optimize drug properties.

Encapsulation of linear carbon chains in single-walled carbon nanotubes: Towards 1D van der Waals heterostructures for high-efficiency excitonic solar cells

One-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures (1D vdW HTs) based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) encapsulating linear carbon chains (LCCs) with tunable optoelectronic properties provide a fresh ground for efficient excitonic solar cells (XSCs) alternative to those based on 2D monolayer materials. As an effort to identify for the first time 1D vdW HTs for efficient XSCs application, we perform here a systematic theoretical investigation on the energetic and structural stability, optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties of 1D vdW HTs based on SWCNTs encapsulating 50 symmetrical LCCs of different lengths, and capped with different conjugated endgroups through comprehensive first-principles calculations. We showed the fundamental role of the length and the endgroups effects in modulating the optoelectronic properties of LCCs. Through exploration of the energetic stability of the 1D vdW HTs of LCCs@SWCNTs from the universal force field (UFF) including vdW interactions, we determined the optimal SWCNTs diameters for which the resulting 1D vdW HTs are stable. Then, the band alignment in the 50 stable 1D vdW HTs of LCCs@SWCNTs is examined. Intriguingly, stable LCCs@SWCNTs are identified as type-II 1D vdW HTs complying the prerequisite of XSCs with strong optical absorption in the UV–visible-NIR spectral regions, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) reaching well over 21 %. These findings unravel the enormous potential of the 1D vdW HTs in designing next-generation XSCs devices competitive with state-of-the-art solar cells.

Genetic characterization of blaCTX-M-65 in Salmonella Infantis and blaCMY-2 in Salmonella Heidelberg isolated from fresh ground turkey meat sold in supermarkets in Los Andes and San Felipe, Chile

Annually, food poisoning caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) accounts for 40 million foodborne infections worldwide. Outbreaks due to multidrug-resistant NTS strains are associated with the consumption of poultry products. We aimed to determine the proportion of NTS in ground turkey meat available at supermarkets in two locations in Chile, characterizing their serovars, virulence traits, and antimicrobial resistance profiles. Between September and December 2018, we analyzed 47 samples of packed ground turkey meat purchased at 13 supermarkets. NTS were identified by MALDI-TOF, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk-diffusion agar method. Whole genome sequencing was performed with MiSeq (Illumina) followed by Nullarbor analysis. NTS was detected in 6 out of 47 samples (12.8 %, 95 %CI: 6.0–25.1 %), identifying S. enterica serovar Infantis (n=4 isolates), serovar Agona (n=1 isolate), and serovar Heidelberg (n=1 isolate), respectively. S. Infantis belonged to sequence type (ST)32, differentiating two clones, whereas the S. Agona was ST13 and S. Heidelberg was ST15. S. Infantis strains were multidrug antibiotic resistant, harboring blaCTX-M-65, tetA, and mutations that confer fosfomycin resistance. Serovars Agona and Heidelberg showed tetracycline (tetB) and fosfomycin resistance (fosA7). Additionally, serovar Heidelberg showed resistance to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, and carried the blaCMY-2 gene. This is the first report in Chile about NTS detected in raw ground turkey meat available in supermarkets. S. Infantis and S. Agona strains showed a phylogenetic relationship with strains of the same serovars isolated from the environment in our country. This situation would impact food poisoning and the dissemination of bacterial resistance between animals, humans, and the environment.

Chitosan based ethanolic Allium Sativum extract hydrogel film: a novel skin tissue regeneration platform for 2nd degree burn wound healing

This study investigated the potential of ethanolic garlic extract-loaded chitosan hydrogel film for burn wound healing in an animal model. The ethanolic garlic extract was prepared by macerating fresh ground garlic cloves in ethanol for 24 h, followed by filtration and concentration using a rotary evaporator. Hydrogels were then prepared by casting a chitosan solution with garlic extract added at varying concentrations for optimization and, following drying, subjected to various characterization tests, including moisture adsorption (MA), water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and water vapor permeability rate (WVPR), erosion, swelling, tensile strength, vibrational, and thermal analysis, and surface morphology. The optimized hydrogel (G2) was then analyzed in vivo for its potential for healing 2nd degree burn wounds in rats, and histological examination of skin samples on day 14 of the healing period. Results showed optimized hydrogel (G2; chitosan: 2 g, garlic extract: 1 g) had MA of 56.8% ± 2.7%, WVTR and WVPR of 0.00074 ± 0.0002, and 0.000 498 946 ± 0.0001, eroded up to 11.3% ± 0.05%, 80.7% ± 0.04% of swelling index, and tensile strength of 16.6 ± 0.9 MPa, which could be attributed to the formation of additional linkages between formulation ingredients and garlic extract constituents at OH/NH and C=O, translating into an increase in transition melting temperature and enthalpy (ΔT = 238.83 °C ± 1.2 °C, ΔH = 4.95 ± 0.8 J g−1) of the chitosan moieties compared with blank. Animal testing revealed G2 formulation significantly reduced the wound size within 14 d of the experiment (37.3 ± 6.8–187.5 ± 21.5 mm2) and had significantly higher reepithelization (86.3 ± 6.8–26.8 ± 21.5 and 38.2% ± 15.3%) compared to untreated and blank groups by hastening uniform and compact deposition of collagen fibers at the wound site, cementing developed formulation a promising platform for skin regeneration.

Evaluation of the Use of Vacuum-Dehydrated Minced Meat in Beef Patty Production

This study aimed to determine the usage potential of vacuum-dehydrated ground beef in beef patty production. First, the fresh ground beef was dehydrated in vacuum dryers at 25, 35, and 45 °C for dehydration kinetics and color change. Then, the vacuum-dehydrated ground beef was rehydrated, and three different beef patties were separately produced using fresh ground beef, the rehydrated ground beef, and a mixture of the two (1:1). According to the results, the dehydration significantly decreased the L*, a*, and b* values of ground beef; however, after rehydration, the L* and b* values were not significantly different from the control values. The cooking loss for beef patties produced with rehydrated ground beef was higher than the control. However, there was no significant difference in the sensory of the beef patties among the treatments. In conclusion, there is potential for using vacuum-dehydrated ground beef in beef patty production.

A New Peptide Nucleic Acid Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Probe for the Specific Detection of Salmonella Species in Food Matrices.

Salmonella spp. is among the most central etiological agents in foodborne bacterial disorders. To identify Salmonella spp., numerous new molecular techniques have been developed conversely to the traditional culture-based methods. In this work, a new peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) method was developed for the specific detection of Salmonella species, allowing a faster analysis compared with the traditional methods (ISO 6579-1: 2017). The method was optimized based on a novel PNA probe (SalPNA1692) combined with a blocker probe to detect Salmonella in food samples through an assessment of diverse-rich and selective enrichment broths. Our findings indicated that the best outcome was obtained using a 24-h pre-enrichment step in buffered peptone water, followed by RambaQuick broth selective enrichment for 16 h. For the enrichment step performance validation, fresh ground beef was artificially contaminated with two ranges of concentration of inoculum: a low level (0.2-2 colony-forming units [CFUs]/25 g) and a high level (2-10 CFUs/25 g). The new PNA-FISH method presented a specificity of 100% and a detection limit of 0.5 CFU/25 g of food sample, which confirms the great potential of applying PNA probes in food analysis.

Influence of sample preparation methods on FTIR spectra for taxonomic identification of tropical trees in the Atlantic forest

The Atlantic forest is one of the world's major tropical biomes due to its rich biodiversity. Its vast diversity of plant species poses challenges in floristic surveys. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) enables rapid and residue-free data collection, providing diverse applications in organic sample analysis. FTIR spectra quality depends on the sample preparation methodology. However, no research on FTIR spectroscopy methodology for taxonomy has been conducted with tropical tree species. Hence, this study addresses the sample preparation influence on FTIR spectra for the taxonomic classification of 12 tree species collected in the Serra do Mar State Park (PESM) - Cunha Nucleus – São Paulo State, Brazil. Spectra were obtained from intact fresh (FL), intact dried (DL), and heat-dried ground (GL) leaves. The spectra were evaluated through chemometrics using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) with validation by LDA-PCA. The results demonstrate that sample preparation directly influences tropical species FTIR spectra categorization capability. The best taxonomic classification result for all techniques, validated by LDA-PCA, was obtained from GL. FTIR spectra evaluation through PCA, HCA, and LDA allow for the observation of phylogenetic relationships among the species. FTIR spectroscopy proves to be a viable technique for taxonomic evaluation of tree species in floristic exploration of tropical biomes which can complement traditional tools used for taxonomic studies.

Evaluation of parameters indicative of the quality of fresh ground beef sold in different markets in the municipality of Jaru, Rondônia

Ground beef is a food rich in amino acids and other essential nutrients for human metabolism, with a high rate of acceptance and consumption in various types of food preparations. However, depending on the processing conditions and chemical composition, such food becomes a favorable environment for the proliferation of microorganisms, being a product that needs attention, mainly in relation to microbial growth and fraudulent actions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of fresh ground beef marketed in the municipality of Jaru/RO. The experiment was carried out from September to October 2022. The samples were acquired in six different commercial establishments and the physical-chemical evaluations were carried out on the same day. Through this study, it was possible to observe that all samples showed signs of poorly preserved meat with a high degree of oxidation. Therefore, complementary research must be carried out within the municipality of Jaru-RO in order to ascertain the microbiological conservation status of the meat sold in the municipality.

Where Scripture and Tradition First Meet: How the Field of the Early Reception of the New Testament May (Re)Shape the Academic Dialogue between Evangelicals and Orthodox—Romania as a Case Study

In recent years, Evangelical scholars in Romania have shown a growing interest in studying the early reception of the New Testament, particularly in the writings of the Pre-Nicene Fathers (c. 90–300 CE). In parallel, a new generation of Romanian Orthodox scholars has come to appreciate the importance of a critical approach to both Scripture and Christian Tradition. As a result, fresh common ground is currently taking shape in academia: a critical approach to the early reception of the New Testament. This presents an opportunity for both Evangelical and Orthodox scholars in Romania to come together and explore certain issues of faith that have not been previously explored in this way. Since there are already several hints that the early reception of the New Testament could lead to a more meaningful dialogue, an innovative project has been initiated to further the hypothesis. The ongoing project involves five Evangelical New Testament scholars and five Orthodox New Testament scholars independently researching the same five obscure passages in the New Testament (Matthew 27.51–53, Romans 9–11, 1 Corinthians 15.29, Hebrews 6.4–6 and 1 Peter 3.18–22). Each passage is analyzed independently by one scholar from each denomination using the same methodology, i.e., a critical dialogue between exegesis and reception history. The forthcoming volume aims to assess not only the value of this approach for academic dialogue between Evangelicals and Orthodox in Romania, but also to estimate other potential gains should this method be applied on a larger scale, such as in various international ecumenical projects. There is one overarching question behind this project that still awaits a response: if the early reception of the New Testament is where Christian Scripture and Christian Tradition first meet, could it also be where Evangelicals and Orthodox finally meet?

Climate Change, Heavy Rainfall, Drastic Flood and Soil Fertility of Crop Lands of Southern Western Ghats India

The southern western ghats receive around 360 cm annual rainfall, An increasing trend in heavy or extreme rainfall events can cause events like flood which will have a direct adverse effect on lives and properties on large scale, especially a densely populated state like Kerala. Francis and Gadgil, (2006) reported that there is an increase in the intensity and frequency of heavy rainfall events over the Indian Monsoon region, recently. The meteorological and climate communities have recently focused their attention primarily on the effects of climate change on extreme weather events. Significant repercussions result from an increase in heavy rainfall events on managing disasters like floods, food security, soil characteristics, the availability of fresh water and ground water, as well as India's agricultural planning. Soil nutrient loss is a universal phenomenon worldwide (Kenta, 2019), and how to control and prevent nutrient loss is also a focal point of international research (Jiang 2018) and Ros2020). The main factors affecting soil nutrient loss are rainfall intensity (Yang et al 2020). Nutrient loss is possible as While less soluble nutrients like phosphorus are more likely to be lost with sediments moving in eroding soil and run-off water, soluble nutrients like nitrate and potassium can be lost in run-off and drainage water. The study focused on to determine the rate of nutrient loss during frequent flooding.

The Changes of metabolites in Ground Chili Stored at a Fishpond and a Refrigerator

The use of fishponds as a storage container for fresh ground chilies has been carried out. Changes in metabolites in ground chili were observed during storage in fishponds and compared with refrigerator. This study was done to determine whether the preservation mechanism in fishponds and refrigerators is the same. Fresh chili samples were stored in plastic containers and then placed in fishponds and refrigerators. The temperature of fishpond storage was at ± 26ºC while that of refrigerator was at ± 8ºC. Total microbes, sugars, capsaicinoids, and amino acids in the stored ground chilies were analyzed. The analysis was performed periodically at 0, 1, 2, and 4 weeks. It was known that the quality of ground chili that was stored for one month in a fishpond and ground chili were the same. In addition, the profile of changes in total microbial growth, sugar, and capsaicinoids in ground chilies during storage had the same pattern between storage in fishponds and refrigerators. Meanwhile, the amino acid profile looks different between fishponds and refrigerators. From this research, it can be concluded that preserving ground chilies stored in fishponds also seem to inhibit enzymatic activity, but without decreasing the metabolic activity due to the temperature. This finding needs further clarification to develop conservation techniques using this environmentally friendly fishpond.

Current Situation and Development Trend of Fresh Ground Coffee Market in China

Freshly ground coffee is coffee that is ground into coffee powder on site and then made by different extraction methods. Nowadays, with the acceleration of global economization, China's coffee industry is also booming, there are many chain cafes. Through consumer analysis in this paper, it is found that new coffee products have little impact on the overall brand store sales, and coffee needs to meet functional needs, so basic coffee is the choice of the public. In the past two years, the trend of increasing is obvious. It is estimated that fresh ground coffee will be more and more popular in the future to better meet people's needs for daily health.

Portrait of a Woman Writer: Friendship and Collaboration Between Jane Barlow and Sarah Purser

ABSTRACT The article considers how women writers and artists in the patriarchal society of turn of the century Dublin connected with, and supported one another, through correspondence, salon culture and female portraiture. Women were prominent both in contemporary political campaigns and in the arts, in which the writer Jane Barlow and the artist Sarah Purser were well-known figures. This article considers their work and careers, focusing on a close correspondence between Barlow and Purser which demonstrates their personal and professional interdependence and traces the emergence of collaborative projects. Their friendship and collaboration are embodied in an oil portrait of Barlow painted by Purser in 1894, in which Barlow sits with an open book and another nearby. It is suggested that this portrait, which brought together two creative women, helped break fresh ground in Ireland, not by simply picturing a writer, but by depicting a new kind of female subject, a woman as intellectual.

Validation of the KangarooSci® Aerobic Count Plate for the Enumeration of Meosphilic Aerobic Bacteria in Selected Foods and on Stainless Steel Environmental Surfaces: AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM 062301.

The KangarooSci® Aerobic Count Plate is a sample-ready culture medium system, for direct counting of aerobic bacteria colonies after 48-72 h of incubation. The KangarooSci Aerobic Count Plate was evaluated for AOAC® Performance Tested Methods SM certification. The KangarooSci Aerobic Count Plate (ACP) was evaluated through matrix studies and product consistency/stability study and robustness testing. For the matrix study, nine food products (nonfat dry milk powder, fresh raw bovine milk, pasteurized liquid bovine milk, fresh raw ground beef, frozen uncooked chicken breast, cooked shredded pork, apple juice, ice cream, and fresh strawberries), and one environmental surface (stainless steel) were evaluated following the KangarooSci ACP product instructions and compared to the ISO 4833-1:2013-pat 1, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs-Horizontal methods for the enumeration of microorganisms-Part 1: Colony count at 30 °C by the pour plate technique reference standard. The product consistency and stability testing evaluated three separate production lots of the KangarooSci ACP. The robustness testing examined three test parameters, volume of sample plated, incubation time, and incubation temperature using a factorial study design. Results from the matrix study demonstrated equivalent performance between the KangarooSci ACP and the ISO 4833-1:2013 reference standard. The product consistency and stability testing showed that the performance of the assay was equivalent over time up to 12 months and between production lots. Minor changes to the operational test conditions showed no significant impact on performance during the robustness testing. The KangarooSci ACP is an effective method for aerobic plate count for all matrixes evaluated. The KangarooSci Aerobic Count Plate allows for fast, reliable enumeration of aerobic bacteria. Utilizing the alternative method takes up less space in incubators, requiring no sample spreader, and requires less consumables compared to the reference method.

Fresh Water availability and Its Global challenge

Water is prime natural resources fulfilling our needs in a precisious assets.we must acts to preserve and utilize every drop of water.water resources can be assessed on the basis of surface and subsurface water bodies.Climate change impact on ground Water the impact of climate change on ground water has been studied much less than the impact on surface waters. Ground water reacts to climate change mainly due to change in ground water recharge,but also change in river level in response to increase in mean Temperature,precipitation ,variability and sea level as mean precipitations.Changing land use pattern due to increasing ,urbanization, industrialization and agriculture activities are serious issues that causing increase ground water with drawal resulting in depletion of ground water resources and mining of ground water resources,along with deterioration of water quality.Rainfall is highly irregular and erratic and declining year to year due to change climatic conditions as result of serious deforestation global warming etc.Human health is affected by change in biodiversity and ecosystem.Climate change will affect the quality of drinking water and impact of fresh water availability and impact on public health. About 70% of Earth’s surface is water of which 97.5% is salty water and 2.5% is fresh water. Less than 1% of this 2.5% amount of freshwater is accessible. As sea water rise’s , salt water of ocean in filtrate as coastal fresh water due heavy rainfall and flooding waste more fertilizer and municipal sewage mixed with costal fresh water and change alter into more oxygen dead zone. Weather extreme and climate variability is main driver of food production in recent global challenge. Recent global challenge food security, fresh water availability, increase incidence of extreme high sea level. Loss of agriculture reproduction and increase in food prices and changes in weather patterns and alter availability and quality of water in many part of world. Climate change is an on-going phenomenon. This will inevitably bring about numerous environmental problems, including alterations to the hydrological cycle, which is already heavily influenced by anthropogenic activity.Chemical fertlizer’s has been adversely affecting the flora, fauna as well as soil quality . more ever every year plant pathogen are causing loss of 10 to 20% of agricultural production worldwide. Ground water will be vital to alleviate some of the worst drought situations. flooding and contaiminated water supplies, more intense weather events are likely to increase to risk of infectious disease epidemics and erosion of low-lying and costal land. Climate Chang will affect the quality of drinking Water and impact of fresh water availlablity and impact on public health it’s better to use UV Water purifiers.This paper will explore what climate change. Water is prime natural resources fulfilling our needs in a precisious assets.we must acts to preserve and utilize every drop of water.water resources can be assessed on the basis of surface and subsurface water bodies.Climate change imapact on ground Water the impact of climate change on ground water has been studied much less than the impact on surface waters. Ground water reacts to climate change mainly due to change in ground water recharge,but also change in river level in response to increase in mean Temperature,precipitation ,variability and sea level as mean precipitations.Changing land use pattern due to increasing ,urbanization, industrialization and agriculture activities are serious issues that causing increase ground water with drawal resulting in depletion of ground water resources and mining of ground water resources,along with deterioration of water quality.Rainfall is highly irregular and erratic and declining year to year due to change climatic conditions as result of serious global warming .Impacts of sea level rise on salinity intrusion global climate change has resulted in gradual sea level rise. sea level rise can cause saline water to migrate up stream in estuaries and rivers,thereby threating fresh water habitat and drinking- water supplies.Hydrology all the costal margin; fresh ground water flowing in land areas meets with saline ground water from the ocean. the fresh ground water flows from in land areas towards the coast where elevation and groundwater level are lower because salt water has higher content of dissolved salt and minerals. it denser the fresh water,causing it to have hydraulic head than freshwater. hydraulic head refers to the liquid pressure exerted by water column. the higher pressure density of salt water causes it to move into costal aquifiers in a a wedge shape under the freshwater. the salt water and fresh water meets in a transition zone where mixing occurs through dispersion and diffusion.

Oxidative preservative and sensory effects of Harpephyllum caffrum (wild plum) peel extracts in fresh ground beef patties

Indigenous, underutilized fruits-byproducts are potential sources of novel antioxidants for the food industry. The current study evaluated the effects of different levels of purified ethanolic extracts of Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh peel (HCP, 0, 250, 450 and 650 ppm) on shelf life and sensory attributes of fresh ground beef patties stored at 4 °C during 9 days in comparison with sodium metabisulfite (SMB, 450 ppm). Antioxidant type × day interactions influenced (P ≤ 0.05) shelf life parameters, including loss of colour, myoglobin and protein oxidation. The HCP extracts improved colour and protein (i.e., reduced thiol loss) stability during storage compared to the control. The HCP treatments had lower (P ≤ 0.05) TBARS on day 9 compared to the control. Also, HCP reduced (P ≤ 0.05) tenderness and juiciness, and increased undesirable flavours in beef patties compared to control and SMB. The study indicates that HCP is a potential alternative to SMB in improving oxidative shelf life of the beef patties, with additional studies recommended to reduce adverse effects on sensory quality.

Properties of cheese and ground beef in the presence of staghorn sumac

AbstractCost‐effective and under‐exploited plant species as functional food ingredients represent alternatives to chemicals with safety concerns and potent toxicity. Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina) is considered a good source of natural polyphenols, which can be introduced into food products to carry out some specific technological functions (e.g., antioxidation and preservation). However, sumac fruit as a spice is under‐explored for its diversified uses in various food products as a novel functional ingredient. This study explored the technological feasibility and sensory acceptability of two representative sumac‐fortified food systems, namely Cheddar cheese and ground beef. Extracts of sumac (0.5%−5%) dose‐dependently increased the total phenolic and anthocyanin contents, while reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (up to 46%), total plate counts of bacteria (up to 4.5 log colony‐forming units [CFU]/g) and pH of the cheese. In fresh ground beef, sumac extract at concentrations of 1%−5% was effective in reducing the total aerobic counts of Escherichia coli inoculated fresh ground beef by 0.16−1.14 log CFU/g, while improving meat color and oxidative stability during a storage period of 7 days at 4°C. Phytochemical profiling by high‐performance liquid chromatography showed the presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin and anthocyanins in the sumac extracts. These compounds were possibly responsible for the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities in the evaluated food systems. Sensory acceptability of Cheddar cheese or cooked beef meatballs with sumac extract addition (0.5%−3%) were similar to their respective controls. This study provides a feasible approach to satisfy health‐conscious consumers who favor a natural multifunctional ingredient to preserve food products.

Fresh Water availability and It’s Global challenge

Water is prime natural resources fulfilling our needs in a precisious assets. We must acts to preserve and utilize every drop of water. Water resources can be assessed on the basis of surface and subsurface water bodies. Climate change impact on ground Water the impact of climate change on ground water has been studied much less than the impact on surface waters. Ground water reacts to climate change mainly due to change in ground water recharge, but also change in river level in response to increase in mean Temperature, precipitation ,variability and sea level as mean precipitations. Changing land use pattern due to increasing, urbanization, industrialization and agriculture activities are serious issues that causing increase ground water with drawal resulting in depletion of ground water resources and mining of ground water resources, along with deterioration of water quality. Rainfall is highly irregular and erratic and declining year to year due to change climatic conditions as result of serious deforestation global warming etc. Human health is affected by change in biodiversity and ecosystem. Climate change will affect the quality of drinking water and impact of fresh water availability and impact on public health. About 70% of Earth’s surface is water of which 97.5% is salty water and 2.5% is fresh water. Less than 1% of this 2.5% amount of freshwater is accessible. As sea water rise’s, salt water of ocean in filtrate as coastal fresh water due heavy rainfall and flooding waste more fertilizer and municipal sewage mixed with coastal fresh water and change alter into more oxygen dead zone. Weather extreme and climate variability is main driver of food production in recent global challenge. Recent global challenge food security, fresh water availability, increase incidence of extreme high sea level. Loss of agriculture reproduction and increase in food prices and changes in weather patterns and alter availability and quality of water in many part of world. Climate change is an on-going phenomenon. This will inevitably bring about numerous environmental problems, including alterations to the hydrological cycle, which is already heavily influenced by anthropogenic activity. Chemical fertlizer’s has been adversely affecting the flora, fauna as well as soil quality . more ever every year plant pathogen are causing loss of 10 to 20% of agricultural production world wide. Ground water will be vital to alleviate some of the worst drought situations. flooding and contaiminated water supplies, more intense weather events are likely to increase to risk of infectious disease epidemics and erosion of low-lying and costal land. Climate Chang will affect the quality of drinking Water and impact of fresh water availlablity and impact on public health it’s better to use UV Water purifiers. This paper will explore what climate change. Water is prime natural resources fulfilling our needs in a precisious assets.we must acts to preserve and utilize every drop of water. water resources can be assessed on the basis of surface and subsurface water bodies. Climate change imapact on ground Water the impact of climate change on ground water has been studied much less than the impact on surface waters. Ground water reacts to climate change mainly due to change in ground water recharge, but also change in river level in response to increase in mean Temperature, precipitation, variability and sea level as mean precipitations. Changing land use pattern due to increasing, urbanization, industrialization and agriculture activities are serious issues that causing increase ground water with drawal resulting in depletion of ground water resources and mining of ground water resources, along with deterioration of water quality. Rainfall is highly irregular and erratic and declining year to year due to change climatic conditions as result of serious global warming .Impacts of sea level rise on salinity intrusion global climate change has resulted in gradual sea level rise. sea level rise can cause saline water to migrate up stream in estuaries and rivers, thereby threating fresh water habitat and drinking- water supplies. Hydrology all the costal margin; fresh ground water flowing in land areas meets with saline ground water from the ocean. the fresh ground water flows from in land areas towards the coast where elevation and groundwater level are lower because salt water has higher content of dissolved salt and minerals. it denser the fresh water, causing it to have hydraulic head than freshwater. hydraulic head refers to the liquid pressure exerted by water column. the higher pressure density of salt water cause it to move into costal aquifiers in a wedge shape under the freshwater. the salt water and fresh water meets in a transition zone where mixing occurs through dispersion and diffusion.