Fresh Cases Research Articles

Comparative motility assessment of sperm retrieved from micro-testicular sperm extraction: A single-centre study comparing fresh and frozen-thawed sperm.

Microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (microTESE) is crucial for treating non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), offering both 'fresh' and 'frozen' options. This study evaluates the impact of fresh versus frozen microTESE on the progression to intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles, focusing on sperm motility. We conducted a retrospective analysis of microTESE procedures at a major medical centre from 2007 to 2021, excluding cases of obstructive azoospermia and cryptozoospermia. Patients were divided into two groups: fresh microTESE (Group FR) and frozen microTESE (Group FZ). Sperm motility was assessed, and ICSI outcomes were compared between groups. Out of 128 microTESE procedures on 113 NOA patients, 31 were fresh and 97 were frozen. Sperm was found in 67.7% of fresh cases and 45.3% of frozen cases. In fresh cases, 85.7% had motile sperm for ICSI, whereas in frozen cases, 81.8% had motile sperm initially, but only 52.7% retained motility post-thaw. Our findings indicate a significant drop in motile sperm availability for ICSI in frozen microTESE cases compared to fresh ones. This suggests a potential advantage of fresh microTESE for certain couples, despite the logistical challenges, highlighting the need for careful patient selection and counselling.

Near-Inertial Response of a Salinity-Stratified Ocean

Abstract We study the near-inertial response of the salinity-stratified north Bay of Bengal to monsoonal wind forcing using 6 years of hourly observations from four moorings. The mean annual energy input from surface winds to near-inertial mixed layer currents is 10–20 kJ m−2, occurring mainly in distinct synoptic “events” from April–September. A total of fifteen events are analyzed: Seven when the ocean is capped by a thin layer of low-salinity river water (fresh) and eight when it is not (salty). The average near-inertial energy input from winds is 40% higher in the fresh cases than in the salty cases. During the fresh events, 1) mixed layer near-inertial motions decay about two times faster and 2) near-inertial kinetic energy below the mixed layer is reduced by at least a factor of three relative to the salty cases. The near-inertial horizontal wavelength was measured for one fresh and one salty event; the fresh was about three times shorter initially. A linear model of near-inertial wave propagation tuned to these data reproduces 2); the thin (10 m) mixed layers during the fresh events excite high modes, which propagate more slowly than the low modes excited by the thicker (40 m) mixed layers in the salty events. The model does not reproduce 1); the rapid decay of the mixed layer inertial motions in the fresh events is not explained by the linear wave propagation at the resolved scales; a different and currently unknown set of processes is likely responsible.

2D QSAR Modelling, Docking, Synthesis and Evaluation of 2-substituted Benzimidazole Derivatives as Anti-breast Cancer Agents

Background: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and is anticipated to reach 28,4 million fresh cases globally by 2040. Despite all the progress made in cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, mortality by cancer is in second place. Objectives: The design of novel 2-substituted benzimidazole modelled by QSAR study. Molecular docking studies on the novel derivatives and synthesis characterization and evaluation of the anticancer activity of the novel derivatives against breast cancer cell line MCF 7. Methods: We designed 10 novel benzimidazole derivatives modeled by 2D QSAR. From the ten compounds by applying insilico tools of ADME properties and toxicity and through molecular docking on Tyrosine Kinase (PDB ID: 2SRC). Compound 2AD showed the highest dock score of -9.5 kcal/mol followed by 2 BD and 2GD (-9.3kcal/mol) Molecular dynamic simulation studies were conducted using CABSflex an online molecular dynamic simulation tool. Six compounds were selected for synthesis. The synthesized compounds were characterized and the invitro pharmacological activity was tested on MCF-7 cell line by MTT assay. Results: The compounds 2AD and 2GD showed good percentage inhibition on MCF-7 cell line withIC50 values of 2.757 µg/ml and 2.875 µg/ml respectively. Conclusion: The novel 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives are good lead compounds for cancer therapy. Optimization of these compounds will be providing more target-specific anticancer agents.

Drug-Resistant Bone, Joint and Spine Tuberculosis: Evolution of Diagnosis and Treatment.

Drug resistant (DR) osteoarticular TB (OATB) is a challenge in view of it being deep seated lesion and paucibacillary disease. Case definition, investigation protocol, treatment of proven DR and those cases where DR could not be demonstrated lacks clarity and evidence. Hence, a series of studies were conducted to develop an algorithm to investigate and treat therapeutically refractory disease (TRD) or presumptive drug resistance (PDR) cases of OATB. 6 studies were conducted. Study one and two evaluated criteria to label TRD/PDR. Three subsequent studies were conducted where TDR/PDR or fresh cases of OATB cases were investigated by AFB smear, Bactec/liquid culture, histology and genotypic DST by CBNAAT & LPA. Sixth study was a retrospective evaluation of all DR cases treated for proven or clinical drug resistance (CDR). Patient of bone/spine TB on ATT for 5 months or more show poor clinico-radiological treatment response as worsening of lesion, increased spinal deformity, persistent discharging sinus/ulcer, appearance of fresh lesion, recurrence of previous lesion, wound dehiscence of post-operative surgical scar cab labelled as PDR cases. These cases on histology ascertained TB and were proven DR on genotypic and phenotypic DST and are treated successfully. The patients of histologically ascertained TB and no/indeterminate phenotypic and genotypic DST were successfully treated as clinical drug resistance on MDR protocol. We described an algorithm. We must suspect PDR(TRD) based on criteria described. The tissue must be procured and submitted for AFB smear, histology and phenotypic and genotypic DST for diagnosis of TB. Genotypic and phenotypic DST will be useful to prove (90% instances) type of drug resistance. Remaining on strong clinical suspicion of DR and yet inconclusive on phenotypic/genotypic DST (<10%), may be treated as CDR as MDR. The adverse drug reactions and hepatic side-effects should be monitored diligently and these cases to be treated till healed status is demonstrated.

Financial viability of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) control programme (PPR-CP) implemented in Madhya Pradesh, India

Madhya Pradesh (MP) state in India had practiced focussed vaccination against Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) from 2006-07 to 2015-16 and adopted PPR-Control Programme (PPR-CP) with 100% coverage during first year followed by 30% bi-annual vaccination for two years since 2016-17. This study evaluated the impact of PPR-CP using secondary data and cross-sectional survey data collected from 410 and 340 flocks before (during 2015-16, survey-I) and after PPR-CP implementation (during 2018-19, survey-II), respectively. Besides the incidence and disease cost, Incremental Benefit Cost Ratio (IBCR) was calculated to assess the financial viability of PPR- CP implementation in MP state under actual vaccination coverage after PPR-CP (scenario-I) and as per defined PPR-CP strategy (scenario-II). The number of PPR affected flocks declined significantly from 14.9% to 4.6% and the disease incidence declined from 27.5% to 10.2% in sheep and 18.8% to 0.64% in goats, in survey-I and II, respectively. The projected loss before and after PPR-CP was ` 3260 million (` 326 crore) and ` 476 million (` 47.6 crore), respectively. Financial viability of PPR-CP revealed an IBCR of 69.8:1 and 39.4:1 under scenario-I and II, respectively. Estimated incremental benefits outweighed the incremental cost in both vaccination scenarios, however, as per current vaccination plan (scenario-I), no fresh cases were reported for two years following PPR-CP, but reoccurred during 2019-20, as the state did not comply with PPR-CP Strategy. Therefore, selecting the right vaccination strategy and its diligent implementation may aid in eradicating PPR by 2030 in India in line with PPR global strategy.

Lung cancer classification based on enhanced deep learning using gene expression data

Lung cancer is one among the life threatening of cancer globally. The estimation of the World Cancer Research Fund International that in 2022, this disease has recorded the diagnosis of 1.8 million fresh cases of this disease. Medical professionals may safely and effectively treat the patient when they make a proactive diagnosis and classification of their condition. The availability of microarray technology has paved the way for investigations of genes and their relationships to many illnesses, including lung cancers. Prior studies have suggested gene selections using IWOA (Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm). After that, an MLSTM (Modified Long Short-Term Memory) Network is taken into account for the categorization of lung cancer. Nevertheless, because the input data is represented in different scales, LSTMs are prone to overfitting and the salient trait (with a decreased scale) may become useless as a result of other features having values on a higher scale. To get over those problems in this research, introduce an enhanced model for lung cancer classification. In this work, initially, data pre-processing is performed to normalization the data scale using min max normalization. Gene selection is done by using IWOA. Finally, ECNN (Enhanced convolution neural networks) is considered for classifying lung cancer. The experimental results are executed on Matlab 2013b using the Kent Ridge Bio-Medical Dataset, the proposed ICNN framework in this study was contrasted with the pre-existing MIMOGA, SMO, and MLSTM techniques. The results of this work's proposed model demonstrate its effectiveness when evaluated using performance measures such as values for recall, precision, accuracy, and f-measure.

Venous Screening Activities at the Site of Hokkaido East Iburi Earthquake: Report from the Result of Venous Screening in Preventive Awareness Activities.

After previous earthquakes, high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases including venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been reported. We performed venous screening at the site of Hokkaido East Iburi Earthquake which happened at 6th September 2018. VTE screening using ultrasound sonography was performed for total 7 days at Atsuma town, Mukawa town and Abira town (total 9 shelters). Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was found in 19 of 195 evacuees (9.7%), including 8 fresh thrombus cases (4.1%). On multivariable analysis of evacuees and shelter environment factors, systolic blood pressure, use of cardboard bed and toilet environment were significant predictor of DVT. Introduction and setting-up of cardboard beds were found as an important shelter environment factor. (This is secondary publication from Jpn J Phlebol 2021; 32(1): 5-10.).

Impact of IL-12B Genetic Variants on Antiviral Treatment Response among Hepatitis B Patients in Pakistan

HBV is a continuous major global health concern. Genetic factors of hosts are known to play a role in HBV infection outcomes. This study aimed to reveal the association of IL-12b 3′ UTR variant rs3212227 in HBV patients. Genotyping was performed using ARMS-PCR to detect IL-12b rs3212227 polymorphism. The patients were categorized into groups based on their response to the antiviral therapy. Group I: non-sustained virological response (NSR); Group II: sustained virological responders (SVR); and Group III: HBV-positive fresh cases. ALT levels were measured to evaluate liver function, and viral load was determined to evaluate viral infectivity among the study groups. The variant genotype CC was found to be significantly associated with the non-sustained virological response to the antiviral therapy (with a p-value of 0.0117; OR = 2.914; RR = 1.556). It was also determined that the genotype CC was the most prevalent genotype among both genders in the NSR group. Viral load was found to be 6-fold higher in Group III compared to Group I and Group II. The results suggest that genotype CC is the most prevalent genotype in the NSR groups, and it is associated with a poor response to antiviral therapy in Pakistani patients with HBV infection.

Leprosy Classification, Clinical Features, Epidemiology, and Host Immunological Responses: Failure of Eradication in 2023.

Leprosy is of big concern in the medical fraternity. Leprosy is also known as Hansen's disease. It is a curable communicable disease that remains prevalent in most countries all over the globe. It is a chronic granulomatous infection commonly caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis, which mainly show an effect on the skin and peripheral nerves. To control the disease and minimize the impact of the disease, much effort has been put into it for decades. Nearly 0.2 million fresh cases were documented in 2017 worldwide in spite of being declared "eradicated" by the WHO in the year 2000. However, impressive achievements have been made in several countries, including India; still, we are lagging behind the ultimate goal of the final disappearance of leprosy. Extensive migration is a crucial element that may transmit leprosy to unaffected areas. Additionally, there are several areas in the USA where person-to-person leprosy transmission has been reported without a prior history of exposure. Recently, WHO instigated a new Global Leprosy Strategy 2021-2030, termed "Towards Zero Leprosy." In this article, we review the clinical features, leprosy epidemiology, transmission, classification, host immunological response, and diagnostic challenges.

Role of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in uveal melanoma and its association with clinicopathological parameters.

153 Background: High melanin content could lead to high metastatic potential in Uveal Melanoma (UM). In the Asian population, Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor (MITF) regulates the melanogenesis pathway and activates Silver Protein (SILV) for eumelanin synthesis. MITF also stimulates the hypoxia–inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) gene that regulates hypoxia around the tumor microenvironment. Although their oncogenic potential has been observed in a variety of malignancies, MITF and SILV have not been investigated in UM in the Asian population. Therefore, our study aimed to detect the prognostic significance of MITF, SILV, and HIF1-α gene/protein expression levels in UM patients. Methods: Immunohistochemistry of MITF, SILV &amp; HIF-1 α was performed on 82 UM tissue samples. Western blot of all three markers was carried out on representative cases. The mRNA expression level was done by qRT-PCR in 70 fresh UM cases. Cox proportional hazard model and log-rank test were used to determine the prognostic outcome of these markers. Results: MITF and SILV proteins were expressed in 56% and 70% of cases, respectively. High pigmentation, BAP1 loss, and HIF-1α expression were statistically correlated with MITF and SILV protein expression. Upregulation of both genes was found in more than 50% of cases at the mRNA level. This was also statistically significant with high pigmentation and HIF-1α mRNA expression. High expression of MITF protein showed reduced disease-free survival. Conclusions: Our study highlighted the fact that MITF and SILV could be potential biomarkers in UM development. Hence, it might play a key role in future therapeutic target.

Surgical Technique of Glans Wings Creation with Preservation of Glanular Vascular Arcade and Creating Flaps for Tension-Free Glansplasty in Hypospadias Repair.

The objective of this study is to report the technical nuances of glans wings creation in anatomical plane facilitating liberal glans wings mobilization with preservation of glanular vessels for tension-free glansplasty in surgery of hypospadias in primary and redo cases. Eighty-six primary hyposapdias and 7 cases of distal hypospadias, operated elsewhere and presented with glans and urethroplasty dehiscence, undergoing tubularized-incised-plate (TIP) repair were included after ethical approval. Technical points of glans wings creation in the subfascial plane included (i) creation of Buck's fascia window, just proximal and lateral to the point of bifurcation of corpus spongiosum, (ii) creation of subfascial-pret unical plane on the tunica albuginea of corpora cavernosa up to ventral limit of laid open glanular meatus, (iii) release of pillars of corpus spongiosum off the glans base keeping the basal lamina propria covering the vascular arcade intact, (iv) release of glans base off the tip of corpora cavernosa and composite flap of corpus spongiosum pillars with Buck's fascia off the corpora cavernosa, (v) approximation of glans wings over the tubularized-incised-plate covered with dartos, and (vi) approximation of fasciospongioplasty flaps at hypospadiac meatus. Outcome measurement included (i) intra and postoperative problems and (ii) elimination of glans dehiscence. There occurred 1 injury to the tunica albuginea of ventral corpora cavernosa and 1 button-hole injury to subcoronal mucosal collars. Flaps for fasciospongioplasty were short in 11. One glans dehiscence occurred in flat glans. This technique is effective in creating glans wings in the anatomical plane with the preservation of glanular vessels and flaps for fasciospongioplasty eliminating the possibility of glans dehiscence in both fresh and redo cases.

Recent outbreak of zika virus in India amid ongoing COVID-19 and monkeypox outbreak: A call for action.

Recent outbreak of zika virus in India amid ongoing COVID-19 and monkeypox outbreak: A call for action.

Relationship between Isokinetic Trunk Muscle Strength and Return to Sports Competition after Conservative Therapy in Fresh Cases of Lumbar Spondylolysis: A Retrospective Observational Study.

This study aimed to clarify the relationship between isokinetic trunk muscle strength and return to sporting activities in fresh cases of lumbar spondylolysis treated with conservative therapy. Patients included a total of ten men (age: 13.5 ± 1.7) who were instructed by their attending physicians to stop exercising and who met the eligibility criteria. Isokinetic trunk muscle strength was measured immediately after exercising for the first time (First) and one month (1M). Flexion and extension and maximum torque/body weight ratio were significantly lower First compared to 1M at all angular velocities (p < 0.05). Maximum torque generation time was significantly lower for First at 120°/s and 180°/s than at 1M (p < 0.05). Correlations with the number of days to return to sports competition were detected at 60°/s for maximum torque generation time (p < 0.05, r = 0.65). Following conservative treatment for lumbar spondylolysis, it was considered necessary to focus on trunk flexion and extension muscle strength and contraction speed of trunk flexors at the beginning of the exercise period. It was suggested that trunk extension muscle strength in the extension range might be one of the critical factors for returning to sports.

Perineural Invasion Predicts Local Recurrence and Poor Survival in Laryngeal Cancer.

(1) Background: Perineural invasion (PNI) in head and neck cancer is associated with a poor prognosis; however, the effect of PNI on the prognosis of laryngeal cancer remains under debate. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the effect of PNI in fresh or salvaged larynges on survival in patients who had undergone laryngectomy for squamous cell carcinoma. (2) Methods: This study enrolled 240 patients diagnosed with laryngeal cancer who had undergone open surgery at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Korea. The effects of PNI, other histopathologic factors, and treatment history on survival and recurrence patterns were assessed. (3) Results: PNI was observed in 30 of 240 patients (12.5%). PNI (HR: 3.05; 95% CI: 1.90-4.88; p = 0.01) was a significant predictor of poor 5-year disease-free survival. In fresh cases, preepiglottic invasion (HR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.45-3.88; p = 0.01) and PNI (HR: 2.96; 95% CI: 1.62-2.96; p = 0.01) were negative prognostic factors for 5-year disease-free survival. In the salvage group, however, only PNI (HR: 2.74; 95% CI: 1.26-5.92; p = 0.01) was a significant predictor of disease-free survival. Further, PNI significantly influenced high local recurrence (HR: 5.02, 95% CI: 1.28-9.66; p = 0.02). (4) Conclusions: Independent of treatment history, PNI is a prognostic factor for poor survival and local recurrence in laryngeal cancer.

Tackling Adverse COVID-19 Situation in India: A Perspective on Frontline Health-Care Workers

Background: As of December 17, 2021, India has been reporting a daily increase of over 7447 in fresh COVID-19 cases, total over 3.4 crore cases. Lack of knowledge and perceptions among health-care workers (HCWs) can pose challenges to disease control. HCWs are high-risk group for COVID-19; Adequate knowledge and COVID appropriate behavior can help prevent and contain the disease. Only early diagnosis and quarantine with proper management help to limit the COVID-19 transmission. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried for 30 days, from the September 16, 2020–October 15, 2020, in a block of Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, with varying cumulative incidence of COVID-19 cases. A 36-item survey instrument on various domains was adapted for assessment of COVID-19 awareness. Results: The survey was conducted among 115 frontline HCWs engaged in screening and treating COVID-19 patients. Survey results indicated that majority have good knowledge about the disease, its symptom, testing, management guidelines but lack of knowledge found on mode of organ damage and home isolation advices. Addressing their perceptions and placing additional focus on practices across all health facilities is recommended as a preparedness measure. Conclusions: As the global threat of COVID-19 still continues to emerge, targeted interventions are required for HCWs, and further studies are warranted on field level HCWs.

A Comparison of Implant Failure Incidence in Simple Fracture of the Femoral Shaft which Operated by Nailing and Plate and Screw at Hasan Sadikin General Hospital period 2019-2021

Introduction: The number of fracture incidence in Indonesia has been reported by 5,5%, which was the biggest incidence in Southeast Asia. Femur fracture was the most often case of fracture in lower extremity (39%). The treatment that often used for femur fracture was with nailing and plate and screw. The purpose of this study was to compare the implant failure incidence in simple fracture of the femoral shaft which operated by nailing and plate and screw at Hasan Sadikin General hospital Bandung period 2019 – 2021. Methods: This study used a descriptive retrospective design, obtained from medical records at Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung period 2019 – 2021, the study used a total sampling. The data was chosen by inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data was processed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS then represented as research results. Results: The overall 24 patients were chosen in this study, 5 (21%) patients with implant failure in simple fracture of the femoral shaft were treated by nailing and 19 (79%) patients were treated by plate and screw. In 5 patients that operated by nailing, 4 patients were malunion fracture cases with open reduction procedure and 1 patient was fresh fracture with closed reduction procedure. All of 19 patients that operated by plate and screw were fresh fracture cases with open reduction procedure. The p-value result in comparison of incidence in implant failure with nailing and plate and screw was 0.007 which smaller than alpha (0.05). Conclusions: The incidence of implant failure in simple fracture of the femoral shaft which operated by plate and screw has higher number than nailing. P-value result was statistically indicated significant difference of incidence in implant failure between nailing and plate and screw.

Graftless Maxillary Sinus Lifting with Simultaneous Dental Implant placement in Extraction Socket and Edentulous Ridge: A prospective Clinical Study

Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the amount of bone formed after graftless maxillary sinus lifting procedure in edentulous ridges compared to newly extracted teeth sites when a simultaneous dental implant planned to be inserted.Subjects and methods: Twenty patients who needed dental implant in the posterior maxilla having a reduced vertical bone height were divided into two groups, fresh extraction socket group (10 cases) and patients with edentulous ridges at the site of indicated implant. All implants were from the same company with the same diameter and length. Dental Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) examination was performed to assess the bone gain height radiographically at 6 months after surgery.Results: The mean height of sinus elevation in extraction socket group was statistically significant higher than edentulous ridge group (4.02±0.84 and 2.63±1.56; respectively, P=0.023). Percentage change in the edentulous ridge group was (56.79±40.33), which is higher than that of extraction socket group (29.79±23.68) yet the difference was not significant (P=0.085).Conclusion: Dental implants at the site of pneumatized bone with simultaneous sinus lifting without bone graft showed a good and successful outcome in regard to bone gain and increased bone height with the fresh extraction socket cases.

A review on antitumor action of amygdalin on various types of cancers

Cancer can be described as the abnormal cell division which is uncontrolled and involves the destruction of neighbour cells and tissues. This condition is significantly holds up a fact that 18 million fresh cases were detected during 2018 and the prevalence rate of cancer within 0 to 74 years is 20.2%. WHO stated that 9.6 million deaths worldwide occur by this disease. A complete cure for cancer has not been found yet but in recent years researches are made in the development of site-specific drugs with low cytotoxic effect with high specificity. However, amygdalin which belongs to the nitroside group has a standout feature for the presence of cyanide in it, this cyanide involves in the decomposition of carcinogenic substances and ultimately leads to the blocking of the nutrient source to the tumor cells which inhibits further growth of cancer cells leading to the cancer cell apoptosis. Amygdalin is extensively used in various diseases such as bronchitis, nausea, leprosy, asthma, etc but recently the antitumor property was evident in a large number of in-vitro studies in various types of cancer such as breast, renal, bladder, cervical, prostate by inhibiting the growth of tumor cells, apoptosis, and reducing metastasis of tumor cells. During this review, we look upon the role of amygdalin in a range of diseases and mainly focused on the treatment of various types of cancers.

A comparative clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of Darvyadi Kashaya and Vidangadi Kashaya in Prameha vis-a-vis Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Prameha is a Mutratipravrutta Vyadhi which is characterized by Prabhuta Mutra and Avila Mutra. Prameha is considered as a Daruna Vyadhi as it involves Tridosha, affects Basti which is a Mahamarma, is Anushangi with many Upadrava. Kapha, Meda and Shareera Kleda play an important role in its manifestation. This disease has closer resemblance with Type II Diabetes mellitus. In Ayurveda classical texts, various formulations in the form of Kashaya, Ghritha, Asava and Arishta have been explained in the context of treatment of Prameha. Darvyadi Kashaya and Vidangadi Kashaya mentioned as Sarvaprameha Hara Yoga in Charaka Samhita and Yogaratnakara respectively are taken up for study in the management of Prameha vis-a-vis Type II Diabetes mellitus. Objective: To compare the efficacy of Darvyadi Kashaya and Vidangadi Kashaya in Prameha vis-`a-vis Type II Diabetes mellitus. Method: It was a comparative clinical study involving two groups, Group A and Group B, each consisting of 25 patients. For Group A, Darvyadi Kashaya was administered and for Group B, Vidangadi Kashaya was administered for 90 consecutive days. Result: After completion of treatment, it was observed that glycemic control was considerable in both the groups. Darvyadi Kashaya showed slightly better results in Karapada Daha and Prabhuta Mutra at night. In fresh cases, significant glycemic control was observed compared to treated cases in both the groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the results that both Darvyadi Kashaya and Vidangadi Kashaya are equally effective in management of Prameha vis-a-vis Type II Diabetes mellitus.

Sociodemographic profile of patients with snakebite in Jharkhand

Background: Snakebites are a very serious issue that affects people all around the world. The world health organization (WHO) has recently classified snake bites as one of the neglected tropical diseases.Methods: It was an observational, prospective and cross-sectional study conducted at the department of general medicine, (Rajendra institute of medical sciences, Ranchi). A total of 60 patients suffering with first time snakebite were selected for this study by using a purposive sampling technique. Demographic data of the 60 selected cases were recorded in pre-designed standard study forms by means of structured personal interview of patients and attendants after taking informed consent.Results: The mean age ± standard deviation of participants’ age was 37.35±13.123. There were 61.7% tribal people and 38.3% non-tribal people. Out of 60 cases included in this study, 93 % were from rural area and only 7% belonged to urban areas. The sociodemographic analysis showed that 93% patients were belonging to lower socioeconomic status and 7% were belonging to middle socioeconomic statusConclusions: The present study concluded that majority of the snakebite fresh cases in Jharkhand belonged to male gender. Majority of cases fell in the age range of 16-48 years, majority of cases belonged to tribal community and rural areas.