Fresh Bread Quality Research Articles

Kajian Mutu Kimia Dan Organoleptik Roti Tawar Dengan Penambahan Tepung Tempe

One of the ways to improve the nutritional value of fresh bread is to fortify the flour, including the use of legume flours such as soya beans, mung beans and also tempe flour. Tempe flour is a nutrient-rich flour that can be used as a blend with wheat flour to make bread. The aim of this research is to evaluate the chemical and organoleptic quality of fresh bread with the addition of tempe flour. This research uses an experimental method by carrying out experiments in the laboratory. The design used was a completely randomised design (CRD) with a single experiment, namely the addition of tempe flour in the preparation of fresh bread, consisting of 8 treatments, and each treatment was repeated three times, so that 24 experimental units were obtained. The observational data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% real level and further tested using HSD (High Significant Difference) test at 5% real level. The results showed that the percentage of tempe flour added had a significant effect on all the parameters observed. The higher the addition of tempe flour in the production of this bread, the higher the water content, protein content and fat content, while the starch content and ash content are lower. The addition of tempeh flour in the production of fresh bread up to 6% is still preferred by the panelists in terms of taste, aroma and colour with a good texture.

Quality and staling characteristics of wheat bread improved by adding Eucommia ulmoides oliver leaf micropowder

The wheat flour partially replaced by Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaf micropowder (EUOLMP) was used to make bread, and the textural properties, moisture distribution, staling characteristics and internal structure of the resulting bread were analyzed to explore the effect of EUOLMP on the quality of wheat bread. The substitution level of EUOLMP had significant effects on the quality and staling characteristics of fresh bread. When 0.5%–1% of wheat flour was replaced by EUOLMP, the fresh bread gained higher specific volume, softer texture, improved porosity, and increased proportion of tightly bound water. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the retrogradation enthalpy and relative crystallinity of bread decreased with the EUOLMP addition, which indicated that EUOLMP inhibited starch coagulation and recrystallization in bread and delayed the staling of bread. The EUOLMP substitution for wheat flour (at a 1% substitution level) could also obtain favorable sensory evaluation.

Pretreated Green Pea Flour as Wheat Flour Substitutes in Composite Bread Making.

The present study aimed to assess the impact of substituting wheat flour with three different pretreated green pea flour at different addition levels (10-50%) on fresh bread quality during a 7-day storage period. Dough and bread enriched with conventionally milled (C), pre-cooked (P), and soaked under-pressure-steamed (N) green pea flour were evaluated for their rheological, nutritional, and technological features. Compared to wheat flour, legumes had lower viscosity but higher water absorption, development time, and lower retrogradation. Bread made with C10 and P10 showed similar specific volume, cohesiveness, and firmness to the control, whereas addition levels beyond 10% decreased specific volume and increased firmness. During storage, incorporating legume flour (10%) delayed staling. Composite bread increased proteins and fiber. C30 had the lowest rate of starch digestibility, while pre-heated flour increased starch digestibility. In conclusion, P and N can be considered valuable ingredients for making soft and stable bread.

Glycosyltransferases improve breadmaking quality by altering multiscale structure in gluten-free bread

In gluten-free bread (GFB), starch and its interplay with structural agents were vital for product quality due to the absence of gluten. During breadmaking, amylolytic enzymes modified starch in situ , and their reaction modes determined starch structure and hence how interactions occurred. Herein, based on the matrices of rice protein and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), α-amylase and multifunctional enzymes of glucan branching enzyme (GBE) and cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases (CGTase) were adopted, aiming to understand the mechanism of these enzymes on breadmaking quality of fresh bread from the multiscale structure of GFB. Results demonstrated that all enzymes, especially CGTase and GBE, markedly increased GFB specific volume to 107%–134% of Control. Compared with α-amylase, CGTase and GBE more depended on the structural changes rather than fermentation to improve GFB volume. Considering the texture, CGTase and GBE reduced crumb stickiness and still maintained a relatively softness and springiness crumb, while α-amylase induced a stick and less elastic crumb. Starch molecular changes enhanced the entanglement of starch and HPMC to form extended and bold fibril bundles and finally improved strength and pore size of gel network structure. Moreover, the starch structure modifications and specific enzymatic products of CGTase and GBE altered the microstructure and thus facilitated the even distribution of rice protein, which further improved GFB texture properties. Amylolytic enzymes, that acted both hydrolysis and glycosyl transfer, moderately hydrolyzed starch and generated specific enzymatic products, were more suitable to enhance GFB structure and eliminate the weak crumb texture. • α-amylase (α-Amy) and glycosyltransferases (GTases) were included. • Breadmaking quality of gluten-free bread (GFB) with α-Amy and GTases was compared. • GFB with GTases performed better in crumb structure and texture. • GTases depended more on structure rather than gas to improve volume. • Interactions of enzymatic starch and structural agents was crucial for GFB quality.

Grain Composition and Quality in Portuguese Triticum aestivum Germplasm Subjected to Heat Stress after Anthesis.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a major crop worldwide, and it is highly susceptible to heat. In this work, grain production and composition were evaluated in Portuguese T. aestivum germplasm (landraces and commercial varieties), which was subjected to heat after anthesis (grain filling stage). Heat increased the test weight (TW) in Nabão, Grécia and Restauração, indicating an improved flour-yield potential. Mocho de Espiga Branca (MEB) and Transmontano (T94) showed higher thousand-kernel weight (TKW). Gentil Rosso presented increased soluble sugars, which are yeast substrates in the bread-making process. Ardila stood out for its protein increase under heat. Overall SDS was unaffected by higher temperature, but increased in T94, indicating a better dough elasticity for bread-making purposes. Under heat, lipid content was maintained in most genotypes, being endogenous fatty acids (FAs) key players in fresh bread quality. Lipid unsaturation, evaluated through the double bond index (DBI), also remained unaffected in most genotypes, suggesting a lower flour susceptibility to lipoperoxidation. In Grécia, heat promoted a higher abundance of monounsaturated oleic (C18:1) and polyunsaturated linoleic (C18:2) acids, which are essential fatty acids in the human diet. This work highlighted a great variability in most parameters both under control conditions or in response to heat during grain filling. Cluster analysis of traits revealed a lower susceptibility to heat during grain filling in Ardila, Restauração, and Ruivo, in contrast to MEQ, which seems to be more differentially affected at this stage. Characterization and identification of more favorable features under adverse environments may be relevant for agronomic, industrial, or breeding purposes, in view of a better crop adaptation to changing climate and an improved crop sustainability in agricultural systems more prone to heat stress.

Combined Effect of Chia, Quinoa and Amaranth Incorporation on the Physico-Chemical, Nutritional and Functional Quality of Fresh Bread

With regard to constant technological innovations in the bakery sector in order to increase bread nutritional value without affecting its technological and sensory characteristics, we applied pseudocereals/oilseeds to obtain an optimal formulation. A factorial design 33 was used and the independent factors were chia flour (levels: 0, 10, 20% flour basis), quinoa flour (levels: 0, 20, 40% flour basis), and amaranth flour (levels: 0, 20, 40% flour basis). Their effects and interactions were studied through the response surface methodology to optimise the bread formulation from a holistic viewpoint, which included the nutritional, technological and sensory characteristics. The optimum formulation with the highest quality was the blend made with 10, 4, and 20% of chia, quinoa, and amaranth, respectively. The results showed a significant increase in protein amount, ash, lipids, and crumb firmness compared to wheat bread. The calorie value of the control sample and the optimised formula were significantly similar, bearing in mind the high lipid amounts present in raw materials. Loaf-specific volume slightly decreased in comparison to control bread, as expected in formulations with gluten-free raw materials and a large amount of fibre. The optimised formula presented nutritionally/functionally higher indexes and similar overall acceptability to the control bread (p < 0.05).

Impact of wheat endogenous lipids on the quality of fresh bread: Key terms, concepts, and underlying mechanisms.

While wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour contains only low levels of lipids (2.0% to 3.0%), they tremendously affect fresh bread quality. They are either starch (30% to 40%) or nonstarch (60% to 70%) lipids. While the former are important in bread staling, they affect neither bread loaf volume nor crumb structure as they are only set free at the very end of the baking process and prior to that they are not available because of their location inside starch granules. This review mainly focuses on wheat nonstarch lipids and how they impact on bread quality. Traditional approaches for investigating their role in bread making have been to use flours varying in bread making quality, to defat and reconstitute flour with (fractions of) the extracted lipids and/or to supplement flour with lipids from wheat or other sources. More recently, lipases have been successfully applied to investigate how wheat lipids affect bread making. It is generally accepted that their impact on bread loaf volume and crumb structure largely if not entirely relates to that on bread dough gas cells stability. However, today there are still different views and hypotheses on the mechanism(s) whereby they impact fresh bread quality. This review first defines and introduces the key terms, concepts, and theories related to lipids, lipases, and bread making. Next, the effects that wheat endogenous lipids and their enzymatically released hydrolysis products have on fresh bread properties and the mechanisms whereby they exert these effects are reviewed.

Combined Effect of Chia Flour and Soy Lecithin Incorporation on Nutritional and Technological Quality of Fresh Bread and during Staling.

The objectives of the present investigation are to study the interaction and optimize the blend composition of flour of grinded Chia seeds, combined to Soy lecithin, a bread making improver, in a way to enhance the nutritional/functional value of bread without impairing its technological quality and to delay its staling rate. Nine formulations were prepared following a Central Composite Design. Technological attributes were evaluated both for fresh and stored bread. In the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) a desirability function identified the optimum doses of chia and lecithin incorporation to obtain the highest specific volume and the lowest crumb firmness. Compared to the control, samples with chia and lecithin significantly increased the nutritional value of bread. An innovative and interesting synergy was found in lecithin/chia combination to enhance the specific volume, to reduce the initial crumb firmness and to delay bread staling by retarding crumb firmness and reducing its water loss during storage. Using the RSM, the optimum blend containing (4.04%-Chia/1%-Lecithin) showed fresh bread with maximum specific volume and minimum crumb firmness. Whereas, bread combining the optimum blend (3.43%-Chia/1%-Lecithin) and stored for two days at room temperature showed the minimum crumb firmness.

Pengaruh Subtitusi Tepung Beras Hitam Tehadap Kualitas Roti Tawar

Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of substitution of black rice flour (10%, 15%, and 20%) on the quality of fresh bread in terms of external (volume, color and shape) and internal (texture, aroma and taste). This type of research is a pure experiment (true experiment) using a completely randomized method namely substitution black rice flour (10%, 15%, and 20%) for 3 repetittions. The type of data used is primary data sourced from 4 expert panelist. The result showed that there was an effect of substitution of black rice flour (10%, 15%, and 20%) on the quality of fresh bread , namely on the quality volume (expand), color quality (skin color and the inside of the bread is brown), texture quality (soft and smooth porous and uniform), quality of taste (tasteful), while the quality of the shape (neat and rectangular), aroma quality (yeast scented), there is no significant effect. Keywords : Black Rice Flour, Quality of white bread.

Oxidative crosslinking of water-extractable wheat arabinoxylans by recombinant lipoxygenase and its effect on bread properties

Water-extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) is a pivotal component of wheat flour, which plays a positive role in bread making. In present study, the effect of recombinated Anabaena sp. Lipoxygenase (ana-rLOX) on the WEAX characteristics was evaluated. The results showed that ana-rLOX could effectively promote the oxidative crosslinking of the WEAX by acting as a free radical-generating agent and further elevated the particle size and viscosity of WEAX. The diferulic bridges induced by ana-rLOX could be formed through β-5'/α-O-4′, 5-5′ and 4-O-5′ bonds. The crosslinked WEAX by ana-rLOX were superior in improving fresh bread quality and delaying the staling behavior as compared with the addition of ana-rLOX or WEAX alone. These results showed that ana-rLOX could improve the fresh and aged bread quality by modifying the WEAX fractions.

Wasting of Fresh-Packed Bread by Consumers—Influence of Shopping Behavior, Storing, Handling, and Consumer Preferences

There are few scientific papers dealing with the packaging of fresh bread and consumer preferences as to the packaging. There are also few scientific papers on consumer behavior regarding shopping routines, storing, and the use of fresh bread in connection with food waste from households. The primary scope of this study has been to gain new understanding and expertise when comparing the characteristics of consumers who report no wasting of fresh bread with those who report wasting a significant quantity of fresh bread every week. In addition, the authors have identified and analyzed the main reasons for wasting fresh-packed bread in Norway, and the way in which those reasons relate to varying aspects of consumer behavior. This expertise is important for those working in the development, production, and sale of food. It will enable them to take effective measures relating to the various consumer groups so as to prevent the waste of bread by consumers. A web-based questionnaire has been employed, with 1000 respondents, in order to collect data for the analyses. There were significant differences between the groups who reported wasting a significant amount of bread (seven slices or more a week) and groups who wasted no fresh bread at all. This was especially noticeable when focusing on age and household size. Other factors were shopping behavior, and the freezing and toasting of bread at home, which can minimize the wasting of bread. Low wasters employ clear strategies to avoid food waste (freezing, re-packing, and shopping) and these strategies are not seen in the group of high-wasters. The findings from this study may provide useful insight for those working with the development of packaging and products in the food industry, as well as those in the retail sector, as it identifies consumer preferences, viewpoints on packaging and attitudes towards the freshness of bread. As a sizeable group of consumers in this study stated that they use an additional plastic bag in addition to the original packaging, it is clear that consumers do not perceive the original packaging as being good enough to preserve the quality of fresh bread.

Konjac Polysaccharides Affect the Quality, Cell Structure, and Moisture Balance of Baked Bread

ABSTRACTThe effect of addition of konjac glucomannan (KGM) and its derivative konjac superabsorbent polymer (KSAP) on fresh bread quality and its influence on bread staling were investigated. Both KGM and KSAP decreased the hardening rate of the bread crumb and retarded amylopectin retrogradation. Loaf quality of the KGM bread and KSAP bread were therefore improved, because collapse of gas cells during bread processing was prevented. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the presence of KGM and KSAP increased compartmentalized water and slowed release of the compartmentalized water. Deconvolution of TGA showed an alteration of the distribution of free and bound water and its interaction with starch and gluten. Additionally, by monitoring water‐binding strength and changes during storage by aw measurements, it was found that water release from konjac polysaccharide‐enriched bread was extended over time compared with the release from control bread. The presence of KGM and KSAP significantly reduced the staling rate of bread.

Influence of the addition of lupine protein isolate on the protein and technological characteristics of dough and fresh bread with added Brea Gum

The effect of protein lupine isolate (LI) and addition of brea gum (BG) on a basic bread formulation is described. The major objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of the addition of LI on the quality and quantity of the proteins of fresh bread with BG. Protein quality was determinate by the Chemical Score method corrected for protein digestibility (CSCD%). The bread dough characteristics were determined by farinograph and alveograph. Fresh bread characterization was performed by measuring the physical parameters and evaluating the crumb structure. The effect of LI and BG on available lysine, the loss of available lysine ratio, and the chemical composition of the breads were also determined. The addition of LI on the bread formulation improved the protein content and the CSCD% of lysine. The dough with LI was less resistant to prolonged kneading and less manageable. With BG addition, the dough became stickier. The quality of fresh bread was affected by the addition of LI: the fresh bread had lower specific volume and more heterogeneous crumbs than that of the control group. The addition of BG did not influence the quality of the bread made with the mixed flour, but it had a positive effect on the loss of available lysine.

Effect of different hydrocolloids on barbari bread texture and microstructure

Applying several hydrocolloids in ascending concentrations (0.1, 0.5 and 1% w/w flour basis) to bread making procedure was considered. Effect of hydrocolloids [guar, xanthan gum, carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC), and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)] as bread improver on Barbari (Iranian bread) was analysed in terms of microstructure. Image analysis parameters, hardness, and microstructure of fresh bread were analysed. The results confirmed the ability of hydrocolloids for improving fresh bread quality. Among all used hydrocolloids, HPMC and CMC produced the softest texture, smoothest and continuous structure, and improved overall the bread quality.

Effect of sourdough at different concentrations on quality and shelf life of bread

The objective of this work was to study the effect of sourdough obtained with selected exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains on the quality of bread and its shelf life. Two sourdough concentrations were used in order to ascertain the best bread composition. Fresh bread quality was studied by means of microbiological, physical, chemical and mechanical analysis, whereas physical, thermal and mechanical properties were investigated to study the product shelf life. The results showed that dough prepared with 30 g/100 g of sourdough had a negative impact on bread quality properties in the absence of EPS-producing LAB strains, whereas the opposite was observed in the presence of EPS-producing strains: bread samples at 30 g/100 g of sourdough showed higher volume, higher moisture content and better mechanical properties during storage than samples at 20 g/100 g of sourdough. Moreover, 30 g/100 g of sourdough showed a protective effect on bread staling, thus confirming the effect of sourdough concentration and the positive role of EPS on functional properties.

The effect of seaweed composite flour on the textural properties of dough and bread

Seaweeds as food and seaweed-derived food flavors, colors, and nutrients are attracting considerable commercial attention. In the baking industries, hydrocolloids are of increasing importance as bread making improvers, where their use aims to improve dough handling properties, increase the quality of fresh bread, and extend the shelf life of stored bread. Seaweeds contain a significant amount of soluble polysaccharides and have the potential function as a source of dietary fiber. In this study, red seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) powder was incorporated (2–8 %) with wheat flour and used to produce bread. The effect of seaweed composite flour on dough rheological properties and the quality of bread was investigated using various techniques. Farinograph tests were applied to determine the effect of seaweed powder on the rheological properties of wheat flour dough, while texture profile analysis (TPA) was used to measure the textural properties of dough as well as the final product. The results showed that the additions of seaweed powder (2–8 %) increased the water absorption of the dough. TPA results showed that the addition of seaweed powder decreased stickiness properties. Bread produced with seaweed composite flour showed higher values of firmness.

Effect of Qodume Shirazi (Alyssum homolocarpum) Seed and Xanthan Gum on Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour Dough and Quality of Bread

در این مطالعه تاثیر غلظت های مختلف (3/0، 6/0 و 1 درصد) صمغ دانه قدومه شیرازی و صمغ گزانتان بر خصوصیات رئولوژیکی (شاخص مقاومت به مخلوط شدن (MTI)، زمان توسعه (DDT)، دمای ژلاتیناسیون (GT)، ویسکوزیته و ثبات) خمیر و (سفتی و صمغیت) نان حاصل از آرد گندم مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. افزایش غلظت این صمغ ها باعث افزایش ویسکوزیته، ثبات خمیر و جذب آب آرد گردید، در حالی که شاخص مقاومت به مخلوط شدن و دمای ژلاتیناسیون نشاسته کاهش یافت. افزودن صمغ های گزانتان و قدومه شیرازی ازنظر آماری اثری بر زمان توسعه خمیر نداشت. افزایش غلظت صمغ ها باعث کاهش سفتی و صمغیت نان شد که بیانگر افزایش کیفیت نان حاصل می باشد. اثر صمغ گزانتان بر سفتی مغز نان بیشتر از صمغ دانه قدومه شیرازی بود و نان حاصله سفتی کمتری داشت. بنابراین صمغ دانه قدومه شیرازی را می توان به عنوان یک افزودنی مناسب جهت بهبود کیفیت نان مورد استفاده قرار داد. واژه‌های کلیدی: نان، صمغ، دانه قدومه شیرازی (Alyssum homolocarpum)، رئولوژی، سفتی

EFFECT OF TEA POLYSACCHARIDE ADDITION ON THE PROPERTIES OF BREAD MADE FROM TWO FLOURS

ABSTRACT Two wheat flours, Type I and Type II, were used to clarify the effect of tea polysaccharide (TPS) on dough-mixing behavior, fresh bread quality and bread staling. TPS level affected fresh bread quality favorably, with 2% for Type I bread and 3% for Type II bread, providing the optimal results. During storage, temperature had a major influence on bread properties. A decrease in moisture content and water activity and an increase in firmness and endothermic enthalpy were more pronounced at 4C than at 20C. The addition of TPS reduced the loss of moisture content, firmness and endothermic enthalpy of the breadcrumbs. The change in quality parameters of Type II breadcrumbs was larger than those of Type I over a 7-day storage. In addition, X-ray diffraction results confirmed that the suppressing effect of TPS on staling depended not only on TPS level and storage time, but also on the nature of wheat flour. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The work provided more groundwork for further application of tea polysaccharide in bake and nutrition fields. The results indicated that the magnitude of effects on the physical and sensory properties of bread was dependent on the amount of added tea polysaccharide, storage temperatures, storage time and the nature of wheat flour.

Breadmaking Use of Andean Crops Quinoa, Kañiwa, Kiwicha, and Tarwi

ABSTRACTThe effect of addition of flours from the highly nutritious Andean crops quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule), kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus), and tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis) has been investigated in wheat doughs and fresh bread quality. The thermomechanical profile of wheat doughs and bread quality has been explored by increasing substitution of wheat flour at 0–100% by Andean crop flours. Dough blends were evaluated using the Chopin Mixolab device, whereas bread quality assessment comprised sensory (overall acceptability) and physicochemical (moisture, specific volume, texture, color) determinations in composite breads. In general, no breads with aerated crumb structure could be obtained from 100% Andean crop flours, with the exception of quinoa breads that had overall sensory values about half a completely perfect score, and which were not significantly different from the breads made from a 50:50 blend of wheat and quinoa. Replacement of wheat flour by ≤12.5% (tarwi), 25% (kañiwa), and 50% (kiwicha), respectively, still produced breads with good sensory acceptability but variable color and doughs with acceptable thermomechanical patterns. Partial substitution of wheat flour by Andean crop flours constitutes a viable option to improve the nutritional value of the breads, with acceptable technological performance of dough blends and composite breads.

Effect of Waxy Wheat Flour Blends on the Quality of Fresh and Stale Bread

Starch is the major component in the wheat kernel, which is mainly composed of amylose and amylopectin. The wheat without amylose in its endosperm was called “waxy wheat”. Waxy wheat can be used to adjust the amylose content and improve the wheat-based food quality by adding to non-waxy wheat flour. In order to investigate the effect of waxy wheat flour on the quality of fresh and stale bread, waxy wheat flour was added into the flour of Canadian Spring Wheat 2 at 0.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, and 35.0% to make breads. The physicochemical properties were adjusted to suitability by adding Yangmai 158 flour, and breads were evaluated for sensory quality, crumb firmness, loaf volume and weight loss over a period of 0, 2, 4, and 6 days. The result showed that the best total score of fresh bread was 82.9 by adding waxy flour at 7.0%, though no significant difference was found among blends with 0.0-15.0% of waxy flour. Breads with the addition of 22.0% waxy flour had lower firmness, and decreasing loss of weight. Waxy wheat flour blend at 15.0% was optimal in retarding staling without significant decreasing fresh bread quality in comparison to the control.