Frequent Offenders Research Articles

A SADMAN With No Plan; Medication Management and Adherence To SADMAN Guidelines In Ambulatory Geriatric Care

Abstract Background Medication side effects are common causes of ill health, with ‘SADMAN’ medications identified as frequent offenders- sulphonylureas, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), diuretics, metformin, angiotensin-receptor blockers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories and sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Recent consensus recommendation published in the American Journal of Kidney Diseases is that patients on these should omit them if unwell1. We examined SADMAN usage within our Day Hospital, knowledge of this guidance and patients’ confidence in managing their medications. Methods All patients presenting for review in one week in our Day Hospital were included. Data collected included age, gender and number of medications including SADMAN. Patients were asked had they been advised to stop SADMAN medications if unwell, whether medications were blister packed and if they would be confident identifying and stopping a particular medication. Results 27 patients were included. 56% male, mean age 80 years old and mean number of medications 9 (range 0-22). 67% had medications blister-packed. 48% were prescribed one or more SADMAN medications and 15% more than one. Most commonly prescribed were ACEi (30%) and diuretics (19%). No patients had been advised to stop taking a SADMAN medication if they became unwell. Only 19% of patients (31% on SADMAN medications) were confident they could identify/stop a particular medication. Conclusion Despite clear guidelines to stop SADMAN medications if unwell, we found that no patients attending our Day Hospital were aware of this. Even if patients were appropriately educated, there was a lack of confidence in medication management. Polypharmacy and blister packing of medications pose significant barriers, leading us to question the feasibility of SADMAN guideline implementation in an Ambulatory Geriatric Care setting. Reference 1. Watson KE et al. Consensus Recommendations for Sick Day Medication Guidance for People With Diabetes, Kidney, or Cardiovascular Disease: A Modified Delphi Process. Am J Kidney Dis. 2023 May;81(5): 564-574.doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.10.012.

Do road offenders constitute a unique clinical and sociodemographic profile? The relationship between crime and road safety

ABSTRACT Road crime is one of the most prevalent types of crime, which is why more and more frequent offenders and repeat offenders enter prison convicted of serious crimes. The present study aimed to determine the clinical and sociodemographic profile of road offenders, trying to establish differences and relationships with other types of crime and with community drivers. The study involved 513 drivers, classified into four groups: inmates with crimes against road safety (CTRO); inmates with crimes against road safety and with another type of criminal history (CTRO&OO); prisoners convicted of other criminal offences (COO); community drivers with no criminal record (DWCR). All were given a battery of instruments that assessed personality traits, sensation-seeking, psychiatric symptomatology, alcohol dependence, aspects related to driving and sociodemographic data. The results reveal similar profiles, between the CTRO&OO groups and the COO, in personality, search for emotions and psychopathological symptoms and important differences between the groups of road offenders (CTRO AND CTRO&OO) and of these with the DWCR. The classification and regression tree identified as relevant predictors, the number of fines and traffic accidents, alcohol dependence and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. These data can be useful for the prevention and rehabilitation of offenders against road safety.

An Overview: Antibiotic Sensitive Pattern in Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the inflammatory disorders of the urinary tract caused by the abnormal growth of pathogens. Urinary tract infections can be community acquired or nosocomial. Symptoms of UTIs such as fever, burning sensations while urinating, LAP, itching, formation of blisters and ulcers in the genital area, genital and supra pubic pain, and pyuria generally depend on the age of the person infected the location of the urinary tract infected. E.coli is the major etiologic agent in causing UTI, which accounts for up to 75%-90% of cases whereas Staphylococcus saprophyticus causes an estimated 5 - 1 5% of UTIs frequently in younger women. P. mirabilis, Klebsiella species, P. aeruginosa and Enterobacter species are less frequent offenders. Less commonly, Enterococci, G. vaginalis and U. urealyticum are also known agents in UTIs. Due to the rapidly evolving adaptive strategies of bacteria, the etiology of UTI and antibiotic resistance profile of bacterial uropathogens have changed considerably over the past years, both in community and nosocomial infections. Treatment of UTIs cases is often started empirically and therapy is based on information determined from the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the urinary pathogens.

Nutrition and urticaria

Urticaria is a distressing dermatologic condition for many. Although the wheals of urticaria are characteristically evanescent, lasting less than 24 hours, patients tend to have recurrent episodes. Hives that last less than 6 weeks are considered acute urticaria. Acute urticaria does not routinely require supplementary work-up because the history often identifies a convincing, inciting allergen. Chronic urticaria is defined as episodes that occur for longer than 6 weeks, and there is often not an easily identifiable trigger. For both acute and chronic urticaria, patients frequently report food as a precipitating cause. For acute urticaria, the foods that are associated with true allergies, such as nuts and shellfish, are the most frequent offenders. The relationship between diet and chronic urticaria is not as firmly defined. Many patients unnecessarily restrict their diets, so it becomes the role of dermatologists to help patients identify if there is a reproducible link between their symptoms and their dietary exposures. The literature suggests that diets free from pseudoallergens and histamine-releasing foods may attenuate urticaria. Supplements such as fats, vitamin D, iron, and flavonoids have also been studied and may diminish symptoms.

Examining the Coevolution of Drug Use Variety and Different Types of Offending Frequency Among Justice-Involved Adolescents

Past research demonstrates a strong link between drug use and crime among justice-involved adolescents, yet little is known about the joint development between drug use variety and various types of criminal offending frequencies from adolescence to young adulthood. Using a sample of male adolescent offenders ( N = 842), this article examines the coevolution of drug use variety and three separate types of offending frequencies. First, four group-based trajectory models identify unique group developmental patterns for drug use variety, drug sales offending, property offending, and violent offending. Next, three dual-trajectory models examine the coevolution between drug use variety and each type of criminal offending. Findings reveal a general pattern of desistance for both drug use and offending, while also illustrating notable variability in group trajectory patterns for drug use variety and criminal behavior. This article concludes that adolescents with elevated drug use variety make up a large proportion of frequent offenders.

Biofilm and penile prosthesis infections in the era of coated implants: 2021 update.

William Costerton, the pioneer of bacterial biofilm research and Wilson published a review of this subject in 2012. Recent events and false claims have prompted an update for urologists regarding the science of penile implant biofilm. The recent biofilm literature has been investigated and new conclusions regarding penile implant biofilm physiology are clarified in this review. The timeline of biofilm formation is as follows. The wound is contaminated upon incision, and the inoculum of bacteria ceases with incision closure. Almost immediately planktonic bacteria attach to the implant and secrete biofilm which alters the host's ability to eradicate the bacteria. Infection retardant coatings impair clinical infection by common skin organisms including coagulase negative staphylococci, the most frequent offenders. In the modern era of availability of infection retardant coated implants, the increasingly rare penile implant infections are now usually caused by more virulent bugs. Antibiotic elution from the surface of the implant is a tiny dose and only truly helpful in the first 24 h. AMS and Coloplast infection retardant coatings reduce infection equally and contemporary primary implant infections are far lower in experienced implant surgeons' practices.

Analysis of Aggressive Behavior Towards Healthcare Workers Before and During the Sars-Cov-2 Epidemic in Poland. Part 1

Aim: To analyze aggressive behavior towards healthcare workers before and during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Poland and confront the obtained results with reports on this phenomenon from the scientific world. Material and methods: The study included 999 respondents constituting healthcare workers from all over Poland. The proprietary questionnaire consisting of three parts was the research tool. Results: 86% of healthcare personnel encountered violence in the workplace before announcing the epidemic state, and 81% – during the epidemic state. Respondents indicated that the frequency of this phenomenon increased significantly after that date. Patients were the most frequent offenders. Conclusions: Aggression being a relatively constant and unchanging problem in healthcare, according to the authors, requires the development of new, more effective solutions to improve the situation of victims. Encouraging staff to report aggressive behaviors and actively supporting them in these actions could lead to more frequent legal consequences for aggressors, increasing the chance for more respectful treatment of medical staff and disrupting the false sense of impunity in perpetrators.

Are frequent offenders more difficult to find and less willing to participate? An analysis of unit non-response in an online survey among offenders

The interpretation of research findings based on self-reported delinquency requires knowledge of how response rates depend on the attributes of potential respondents, including their prior offending. The purpose of the present study was to quantify the extent to which, in a sample of offenders, the two main determinants of non-response – non-contact and refusal – depend on prior offending frequency. We used binomial and multinomial regression models to assess whether frequent offenders are more difficult to contact and less willing to participate in online surveys. These hypotheses are tested on a sample of offenders who were invited by regular mail to participate in the Online Activity Space Inventory Survey (OASIS), an online survey on mobility and safety. Controlling for gender and age as potential confounders, our findings do not confirm that frequent offenders are less likely to be successfully contacted, but they do confirm that, if contacted, they are less likely to participate. Response rates in offender-based research are selective and thus potentially biased towards infrequent offenders. They generally favour conservative estimates and conclusions, implying that any associations found between crime and its predictors are likely stronger in reality.

¿Trayectorias Delictivas Versátiles o Especializadas? Agresores de Violencia Intrafamiliar

The aim of this study was to describe the evolution of criminal trajectories, specialized or versatile, of a group of 10,505 Chilean men arrested for domestic violence crimes in 2007, starting from all new arrests carried out the following 9 years (2007 to 2016) in order to identify the best intervention strategies. A longitudinal pseudoprospective design was used, as if it corresponded to a prospective longitudinal study. The results indicate that 93.2p of men relapsed, accumulating 95,207 new arrests. Both frequency and prevalence prevailed in violent crimes. Criminal specialization is low (13.9p), as is recidivism for violence against women and other relatives. Versatile aggressors (86.1p) turned out to be the most frequent offenders, participating in more violent crimes and achieving more extensive criminal trajectories. Rehabilitation and intervention strategies suitable for particular characteristics of each criminal trajectory are required.

Toward a Classification of Juvenile Offenders: Subgroups of Serious Juvenile Offenders and Severity of Recidivism

The aim of this study was to identify subgroups of serious juvenile offenders on the basis of their risk profiles, using a data-driven approach. The sample consists of 1,147 of the top 5% most serious juvenile offenders in the Netherlands. A part of the sample, 728 juvenile offenders who had been released from the institution for at least 2 years, was included in analyses on recidivism and the prediction of recidivism. Six subgroups of serious juvenile offenders were identified with cluster analysis on the basis of their scores on 70 static and dynamic risk factors: Cluster 1, antisocial identity; Cluster 2, frequent offenders; Cluster 3, flat profile; Cluster 4, sexual problems and weak social identity; Cluster 5, sexual problems; and Cluster 6, problematic family background. Clusters 4 and 5 are the most serious offenders before treatment, committing mainly sex offences. However, they have significantly lower rates of recidivism than the other four groups. For each of the six clusters, a unique set of risk factors was found to predict severity of recidivism. The results suggest that intervention should aim at different risk factors for each subgroup.

A prospective study of offending patterns of youth homicide offenders into adulthood: An examination of offending trajectories and the crime-mix post-homicide

Although youth homicide offenders (YHOs) are portrayed as a group that warrants considerable attention from the justice system because of their high likelihood of future offending, little is known about this group’s offending trajectories and the nature of post-homicide offenses in adulthood. These questions were investigated using a sample of male and female YHOs (n = 26), violent youth non-homicide offenders (VYNHOs; n = 358), and non-violent youth non-homicide offenders (NVYNHOs; n =139), all of whom were followed prospectively into adulthood. First, the prevalence of adult recidivism did not vary across the three groups. Second, YHOs were more frequent offenders prior to their homicide offense than after their homicide offense, and when they did offend post-homicide, it was typically a non-serious crime. Third, YHOs did not differ from other offenders in their association to a specific offending trajectory. These findings are discussed in the context of assessment and treatment of serious and violent youth.

A Prospective Study of Offending Patterns of Youth Homicide Offenders Into Adulthood

Although youth homicide offenders (YHOs) are portrayed as a group that warrants considerable attention from the justice system because of their high likelihood of future offending, little is known about this group’s offending trajectories and the nature of posthomicide offenses in adulthood. These questions were investigated using a sample of male and female YHOs ( n = 26), violent YHOs ( n = 358), and nonviolent YHOs ( n =139), all of whom were followed prospectively into adulthood. First, the prevalence of adult recidivism did not vary across the three groups. Second, YHOs were more frequent offenders prior to their homicide offense than after their homicide offense, and when they did offend posthomicide, it was typically a nonserious crime. Third, YHOs did not differ from other offenders in their association to a specific offending trajectory. These findings are discussed in the context of assessment and treatment of serious and violent youth.

Crime and mortality in a population-based nationwide 1981 birth cohort: Results from the FinnCrime study.

Offending is known to be associated with various health problems and premature death, but previous studies on associations between offending and mortality have often been only with men, convicted offenders or highly selected samples. A more sensitive measure of offending may be preferable when trying to understand the extent of health disadvantages among people who offend. The aim of this paper was to study the associations between investigated offending, death and causes of death in a nationally representative birth cohort. A broad concept of offending was used such that people who had had any contact with the police because they had been suspected of crime were included. Offending data were obtained from the National Police Register for 5405 men and women born in Finland in 1981, spanning their ages 15-30 years; mortality data were received from Statistics Finland. Offending was classified into four categories by frequency: none, 1-4 different offence contacts, 5-27 and 28 or more. Causes of death were categorised into natural, accidents, suicide or homicide. Of the cohort, 2304 (43%) had offended and 57 (1.1%) had died. Associations between offending, mortality and causes of death were analysed, controlling for parental education level and family structure in childhood. The mortality rate was higher among offenders than non-offenders, increasing with rising frequency of offending. The most frequent offenders were nearly 30 times more likely to have died by age 30 than non-offenders (odds ratio 28.6, confidence interval 12.1-67.5); risk was higher for female than male offenders. Death among offenders was less likely to be from natural causes. A heightened risk of premature death is the ultimate form of adverse outcome for offenders. Offenders' health is likely to need more attention as part of their overall management, for recidivists in particular. In our study, offenders' only certain criminal justice contact was with the police, so it may be that the police should take a greater role in signposting them towards health services. Offender treatment is needed not only to protect potential victims but also offenders themselves. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

My brother's reaper: examining officially reported siblicide incidents in the United States, 2000-2007.

With higher rates than any other form of intrafamilial violence, Hoffman and Edwards (2004) note, sibling violence "constitutes a pandemic form of victimization of children, with the symptoms often going unrecognized and the effect ignored" (p. 187). Approximately 80% of children reside with at least one sibling (Kreider, 2008), and in its most extreme form sibling violence manifests as siblicide. Siblicide is poorly understood with fewer than 20 empirical studies identified in the extant literature since 1980 (see Eriksen & Jensen, 2006). The present work employs 8 years of Supplemental Homicide Report (SHR) data, 2000-2007, with siblicide victims and offenders age 21 years and younger, to construct contemporary victim and offender profiles examining incident characteristics. Findings highlight the sex-based nature of the offense with unique victimization patterns across victims and offenders. Older brothers using a firearm are the most frequent offenders against both male and female siblings. Strain as a theoretical foundation of siblicide is offered as an avenue for future inquiry.

Single-Institute Surveillance of Blood-Stream Infections by Stenotrophomas Maltophilia Among Patients with Hematological Diseases

Abstract 4694 Introduction:Patients with hematological disease are often immunocompromised due to intensive chemotherapy, including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and immunosuppressive therapy. Broad-spectrum anti-bacterial drugs were frequently given to those patients as an empiric therapy during a chemotherapy-induced myelosuppressive phase, which causes problematic emergence of drug-resistant strain and microbial substitution. Chemotherapy-induced disturbance of mucosa membrane barrier and skin barrier damage by central venous catheter (CVC) insertion gives pathogens an easy access to blood stream and a chance to develop blood-stream infections (BSIs).Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) has been reported to emerge as frequent offenders of immunocompromised patients, especially those with hematological diseases and prolonged neutropenia. S. maltophiliais known to possess a high-level intrinsic resistance to variety of anti-bacterial drugs, including higher-generation cephalosporins and carbapenemes. Objective:The aim of this study is to identify clinical characteristics of S. maltophilia BSIs such as drug sensitivity to properly treat immunocompromised patients with BSIs due to S. maltophilia. Materials and Methods:This retrospective cohort study included all patients who admitted at department of hematology in our institute and from whose blood culuture (BC) or CVC culture (CC) S. maltophilia was isolated during 8 years from September 2003. Samples with positivity within two weeks are counted as a single case. Results:Among 5478 samples of BC and 258 samples of CC submitted to the laboratory, pathogens were isolated from 645 samples (11.8%) of BC and 74 samples (29.8%) of CC. Among positive samples, S. maltophilia was isolated from 52 samples (8.1%) of BC and 9 samples (11.7%) of CC. S. maltophilia was the third most frequent pathogens, next to Staphylococcus epidermidis (23.6% in BC, 29.9% in CC) and Candida (23.6% in BC, 29.9% in CC). This samples occupied 75.8% of 69 BC samples and 52.9% of CC samples among all S. maltophilia positive samples within our institute during the same period. Among these 61 samples, 60 samples (40 cases) were during treatment for hematological malignancies (25 cases AML, 8 cases ALL, 5 cases malignant lymphoma, one case MDS and multiple myeloma). 21 cases were in CR and 6 cases were after allogenic HSCT. Treatment before fever onset was; 6 cases allogenic HSCT, 14 cases AML type, 8 cases ALL type, 3 cases CHOP-like and 3 cases oral agents.CVC was inserted to all patients except a MM patient. CVC culture was submitted in 18 cases of all BC cases and 7 cases (38.9%) were positive. Either BC or CC was positive in 31 cases and 3 cases, respectively. In 7 patients, repeated BC positivity was observed with interval from 22 days to one year 9 months (median 128 days).Most cases were given higher-generation cepharosporins and carbapenems before fever onset, 12 case and 6 cases respectively. Before obtaining samples, cephalosporins and carbapenems were given to 25 cases and 20 cases, respectively. Treatment against S. maltophilia was; 17 cases drawal of CVC, 17 cases minomycline (MINO), 16 cases ceftazidime (CAZ), 10 cases quinolones, 6 cases SMX/TMP (ST) and 6 cases borad-spectrum drugs. Senvitivities of isolated S. maltophilia were; ST 61/61, MINO 61/61, quinolone (levofloxacin:LVFX) 60/61, CAZ 44/61. Only 2 cases (2 patients) died due to S. maltophilia BSIs. Discussion:Our data also shows that patients with hematological malignancies, especially AML and ALL, or after allogenic HSCT, are highly immunocompromised and predisposed to S. maltophilia. Althought high mortality rates around 20% among cancer patients with S. maltophilia infection are reported recently, our series shows only 5% of mortality. Recent resistance to those antbiotics, including ST, was reported but sensitivity test showed our series held high sensitivity to MINO/CAZ/LVFX. Our lower mortality rate could be due to treatment with CAZ/ LVFX. It is reasonable that those patients were still in neutropenic phase and needed be treated aganist other bacterium simultaneously. Although ST was given in only limited cases, none of isolates were resistant to ST. It might be important to identify sensitivities of S. maltophilia isolated in own institutes and choose sensitive agents when S. maltophilia might be a presumable pathogen. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

제주 지역 병원 간호사의 직장 폭력 경험 실태

Purpose: This study was to investigate the prevalence & types of workplace violence toward nurses in hospitals, and to understand nurse's coping response, cause of violence and prevention strategy. Methods: The data were collected from 254 nurses working in 9 hospitals in Jeju Province by the self-report from June to August 2010. Results: The respondents experienced unpleasant or insulting words (89.8%), verbal threat (38.2%), physical threat (67.7%), physical injury (32.7%), severe physical injury (2.8%), and sexual harassment (26.4%) during the last one year. The frequent offenders were patients, patients' family and physicians in order. The causes of violence which nurses perceived were personality of offenders (76.4%), lack of assessment of aggressive patients or care givers (42.1%), and lack of explanation to patients or caregivers (33.5%). They reported that coping strategies for workplace violence were 'established reporting system (63.4%)', 'building a cooperative circumstances within team members (58.3%)', and 'formulation of hospital policies for violence prevention and coping (54.3%)'. Conclusion: These findings showed nurses are at considerable risk for workplace violence, and they experience various types of violence from patients, caregivers, and physicians. We suggest that hospitals formulate appropriate policies, guidelines and programs to prevent and cope with workplace violence in hospitals.

A violência física na infância de estudantes de Enfermagem

This research had as its object of study: “The experiences of physical violence in childhood of nursing undergraduate students.” The objectives were: a) to review the occurrence of physical violence in childhood students of nursing; b) to characterize the factors surrounding the experience of violence; and c) to identify the effects in adulthood of the violence suffered in childhood. The quantitative descriptive methods were used. The study subjects were 190 students in an undergraduate course in nursing. This research was approved by the Ethics in Research Committee (2102-CEP/HUPE Project). From the total, 61 (32%) of the study subjects experienced violence in childhood, predominantly at home, and the most frequent offenders are relatives. Most students believe spanking sometimes is necessary, and 9 (14%) of those were abused in childhood reported that the experience reflected in their adult life. Thus, family violence in childhood was important for students, and corporal punishment was a kind of ordinary education. We suggested approaching this problem more deeply in the undergraduate courses in nursing, promoting the prevention of violence and supporting those who experienced violence in childhood and those who experience it nowadays.

A violência física na infância de estudantes de Enfermagem

Esta pesquisa teve como objeto de estudo: “As vivências de violência física na infância do(a)s aluno(a)s de um curso de graduação em Enfermagem”. Os objetivos foram: a) analisar a ocorrência de violência física na infância de aluno(a)s de enfermagem; b) caracterizar os fatores circundantes à vivência dessa violência; e c) identificar as repercussões na vida adulta da violência sofrida na infância. O método utilizado foi quantitativo do tipo descritivo. Os sujeitos do estudo foram 190 estudantes de um curso de graduação em Enfermagem. Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (CEP/HUPE- Projeto nº 2102). Do total de sujeitos do estudo, 61 (32%) sofreram violência na infância, predominantemente no domicílio, e os familiares foram os agressores mais frequentes. A maioria dos alunos considera a palmada às vezes necessária e 9 (14%) dos que sofreram violência na infância relataram que essa experiência repercutiu em sua vida adulta. Assim, a ocorrência de violência familiar na infância dos alunos é relevante, e a punição corporal como forma de educação naturalizada. Sugere-se a abordagem desse problema de forma mais aprofundada nos cursos de graduação em Enfermagem, favorecendo a prevenção da violência e o apoio aos que a vivenciaram ou vivenciam.

Human–wildlife conflicts and management options in Bangladesh, with special reference to Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

In this study, we explored the interaction between humans and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). We analysed local mitigation techniques and propose possible measures to reduce human–elephant conflicts. For four protected areas in Bangladesh, we investigated how people interact with elephants and other crop-damaging species. Crop-damaging species differed from site to site, but elephants were generally the most frequent offenders. Although some people were able to control crop damage caused by other wildlife, damage caused by wild elephants was mostly uncontrollable. Forest villagers were somewhat tolerant of damage caused by other wildlife but they were not tolerant of damage caused by wild elephants. Tolerance of crop damage caused by wildlife other than wild elephants tended to increase with distance of respondents from protected areas. Non-tolerance of crop damage caused by wildlife was more common in southeast Bangladesh than in the north. Habitat destruction, caused by high population growth and poverty, appeared to be a major cause for increasing human–elephant conflict. There is an urgent need for adoption of an umbrella strategy (e.g. estimate the size of elephant populations, develop landscape-scale conservation plans and create forest buffer zones under community-based natural resource management schemes) in the use of conflict mitigation as a conservation tool for Asian elephants.

An Examination of the Relationship of Teacher Certification Area to Sexual Misconduct: Florida as a Case Study

The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship of teacher certification area to sexual misconduct. The study also examined teachers certified in music education to ascertain the frequency with which they are disciplined for sexual misconduct and to compare that information with teachers of other subject areas. Data were randomly selected from the Florida Department of Education’s Discipline Against Educator Licenses database. Within the sample ( N = 290), teachers holding multiple certifications were found to be the most frequent offenders (35.51%), and music teachers accounted for less than 5% of the total. The most frequent offense was sexual misconduct (25.77%), and more than 60% of the offending music teachers in the sample had been disciplined for this offense. Ramifications of this type of study for music teacher education are discussed as well as recommendations for dissemination of this information to preservice music educators.