Word Frequency Lists Research Articles

Developing EFL Academic Writing at Higher Secondary Level with Frequency Word-list: Pakistani English Corpus Perspective

Developing EFL Academic Writing at Higher Secondary Level with Frequency Word-list: Pakistani English Corpus Perspective

유학생 에세이에 나타난 대학 생활에 대한 인식 연구

This study aimed to compile a small corpus of essays written by international students studying at South Korean universities, extract high-frequency vocabulary from the corpus, and analyze the content of the essays to research the perceptions of international students about university life. To achieve this, the researchers compiled a small corpus of 68 essays written by foreign international students about their university experiences. The researcher manually typed and saved the materials written by the learners in Word files, preserving any errors made by the learners in the raw data. Subse quently, the raw data were refined by correcting the errors. The processed data were subjected to morphological analysis using the Kkma morphological analyzer, and a word frequency list was generated using the AntConc word module (version 4.2.0). The extracted words were then searched in the essays to understand the context before and after their usage and to analyze the learners’ perceptions. The learners' experiences revealed that the difficulty level of university life could be influenced by their friends and that they attempted to overcome the challenges of their studies with a positive attitude. They also faced challenges in various fields, especially when engaging in team projects or presentations in Korean. Furthermore, university life was evidently not just about academic learning; it also involved ac quiring knowledge related to life’s principles and various aspects of life in general.

Using early LLMs for corpus linguistics: Examining ChatGPT's potential and limitations

This study evaluates the extent to which information can be obtained from early Large Language Models (LLMs) for corpus linguistic research. Various tasks were conducted using ChatGPT 3.5, such as generating word frequency lists, collocations, words that fit certain grammatical patterns, and identifying genres. The generations were then compared with the search results from a large-scale general corpus (COCA). While favorable results were not achieved in identifying the genres of words or paragraphs, there was notable congruence in the frequency lists (75.0 %), collocations (42.8 %), and grammatical patterns (53.0 %) for the top 20 items. Even when the generated items did not perfectly match those from COCA, it was evident that high-frequency items were produced. Although LLMs may not be sufficient for rigorous academic research, the results are adequate for discerning overall trends or assisting learners. In addition, the results of this study show that the ability to search at the phrase level is an advantage of using LLMs for corpus research.

A Corpus-based Teaching Design of Junior High School English Reading from the Perspective of Schema Theory

This paper takes the reading text The Night The Earth Didn＇t Sleep in Unit 4 of English for senior high School published by People's Education Press as an example to probe into the concrete process of designing English reading teaching activities assisted by corpus in senior high school under the guidance of schema theory. Through the word frequency list extracted from corpus, students are guided to predict the main topic of the text, so as to realize the lead-in of reading text, and trained to predict and to grasp the main facts, further to explore the content of articles and paragraphs through keyword list and concordance line, so as to map the text structure, which may contribute to students' reading skills of skimming and grasping key information; Finally, the corpus-based approach can also be used in the teaching of vocabulary and grammar at the linguistic level after acquiring the structure and content of the text at a macro level.

Applying Optimisation Theory in English Language Teaching in Practice

Abstract This paper firstly researches the optimization of the teaching process and teaching language according to the English teaching objectives and teaching contents and summarizes the optimization strategy of university English teachers’ language so as to improve the efficiency of English teaching. Secondly, on the basis of applying the optimization theory, the formal description of English utterances and word splitting is carried out, followed by obtaining the features of English utterances through the selection function and further constructing the English utterance alignment model by using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Then, we study the application of English utterance alignment in English teaching, which is mainly embodied in the construction of the English teaching corpus, word frequency list, and core word lexicon, followed by the analysis of the practical application in English teaching. The results show that in terms of algorithm performance, the correct rate of utterance alignment based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm is 0.82, and the correct rate of utterance alignment is also improved to a great extent. On speaking teaching, self-efficacy showed a significant correlation with cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, affective strategies, communicative strategies, compensatory strategies, and memory strategies, and their corresponding coefficient values were 0.652, 0.716, 0.741, 0.732, 0.718, and 0.748, which indicated that the better self-efficacy was, the higher the scores of speaking memory strategies were.

Accounting for the Concreteness and Neighborhood Effects in a High Frequency Word List for Poor Readers

Some poor readers show little or no progress in literacy interventions as their susceptibility to the concreteness and neighborhood effect is not accounted for during intervention. This study aims to develop a resource for poor readers by revising the Dolch list to account for the concreteness and neighborhood (orthographic, phonological and semantic) effect. Psycholinguistic techniques were employed to recategorize 220 Dolch list words according to concreteness via function and content word categories, and include the associated orthographic, phonological and semantic neighbors of each word into a new High Frequency List with Neighbors (HFLN). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni post hoc test and Levene’s test of variance homogeneity were carried out as measures of statistical significance and variability. The HFLN contains a total of 220 words with 1057 neighbors across five function and content word categories. Both measures of statistical significance and variability show that grade categories in the Dolch list contain greater mean concreteness values with overlapping similarities and higher variability. Conversely, the HFLN effectively delineates concreteness value clusters between categories with lower variability. The HFLN aids in targeted intervention of poor readers by presenting the available orthographic, phonological and semantic neighbors according to the descending order of concreteness.

There as a discourse-pragmatic marker in Irish English

The upper ranks of corpus word frequency lists are primarily populated by functional items, as well as by other small words characterised by their polysemy that reward focussed attention and research. Exploring these items has resulted in rich and fruitful insights from a corpus pragmatic perspective. This paper focuses on the nature and value of there as a discourse-pragmatic marker in Irish English (IrE). We focus on intimate discourse (i.e., the language used between family and friends), and use corpora of IrE to trace and investigate the varietal nuances of there in this context. Our analysis acknowledges the expected existential and locative functions and illustrates that there has specific discourse–pragmatic properties in the intimate sphere in IrE. We argue that there has acquired additional pragmatic dimensions and is used in the language of family and friends as, for example, an involvement marker or mitigator. In the discussion of the development of there as a discourse-pragmatic marker, we consult historical data that matches our focal context, and discuss the processes by which there has come to fulfil a range of discourse-pragmatic functions in IrE.

Word Frequency List of Turkish Books on Wattpad

Basılı edebi eserlerin okuyucu sayısı giderek azalmaktadır. Bunun en önemli sebeplerinden birisi de genç kuşakların teknolojik cihazlarla sanal ortamda geçirdiği sürenin her geçen yıl artmasıdır. Yeni medyada gençlerin bu ilgisinden yola çıkarak onları bir araya getirecek, okuma yazma imkânları ile donatılmış dijital platformlar ilgi görmektedir. Bu çalışmada ülkemizde de önemli bir kullanıcı kitlesine sahip olan ve dijital platformda yayınlanan bazı eserlerin baskısının yapıldığı Wattpad dijital okur-yazarlık platformunda Türkçe eserlerde en sık kullanılan kelimeler ve bu kelimelerin sıklıkları üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmada incelenen eserler Wattpad platformunda dil seçeneklerinden Türkçe tercih edilerek 06.12.2021’de saat 12:00’de 13 yaş profili ile giriş yapılan ana sayfada “Göz At” sekmesinde gelen genç kurgu kategorisinden seçilmiştir. Bu kategorideki tüm eserler taranarak en çok okunma sayısına sahip ilk 10 eser tespit edilmiş ve tüm eserlere ait metinler belirli ön işlemlerden geçirilerek düzenlenmiştir. Seçilen bu eserlerin yazarlarının üyelik tarihi, cinsiyeti ile eserlerin okunma oranları ortaya konmuş ve bu eserlerde kullanılan ilk 100 kelime, bu 100 kelimenin sıklıkları ile bu kelimelerin 10 eserdeki toplam kelime oranı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada tespit edilen ilk 50 kelime ve sıklıkları; Yazılı Türkçenin Kelime Sıklığı Sözlüğü’nde ve Çağdaş Türkçenin Sıklık Sözlüğü’nde tespit edilen ilk 50 kelime ile karşılaştırılmış ve farklı dönemler ve derlemler olmasına rağmen yazılı dilde kullanılan ilk 50 kelime ve kullanım sıklıklarında büyük değişiklikler olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Developing the “Language Profile Test” for Greek Students aged 11-15 Years.

This paper discusses the development of the “Language Profile Test,” a tool for assessing the underlying component skills of reading fluency and comprehension for students aged 11–15 in the context of Greek as L1. The test consists of five subtests: three reading subtests (isolated words, pseudowords, and text), spelling (single-word spelling), comprehension, and vocabulary (cloze test). The paper aims to present the development of the test, which was based on previous research on lexical representations, specialized corpora, word-frequency lists, and cloze tests as a measure of vocabulary assessment and comprehension, reading fluency, and spelling. Special emphasis has been given to the asymmetry in the transparency of Greek orthography between the feedforward (reading) and feedback (spelling) directions that were considered for the test creation. The “Language Profile Test” was tested on a sample of 346 students. Our findings revealed that students fell into three performance categories for each subtest: high, average, and low. This classification can give teachers more insights into students’ challenges regarding the underlying components of reading fluency and comprehension.

Lexical Profile of the Moroccan National High-stakes Baccalaureate Reading Test Materials: A Corpus-based Approach

Lexical profiling studies are concerned with the lexical breadth required to achieve 95% and 98% coverage of various kinds of verbal or textual materials (Webb, 2021). While prior research has concentrated on the lexical load of EFL textbooks (Nguyen, 2020; Sun & Dang, 2020), scarce research has examined the lexical demands of local proficiency tests. This study investigated the lexical profile of Moroccan national reading exams in relation to coverage in Nation’s (2012) BNC/COCA frequency wordlists. To achieve these objectives, a corpus of 10,536 tokens, covering all the reading materials from 2008 to 2022, was compiled. Moreover, the Vocabulary Size Test (Nation & Belgar, 2007) was administered to 72 baccalaureate students to measure their vocabulary size. The findings of an examination utilising the Antwordprofiler and 11 BNC/COCA lists revealed that vocabulary sizes of 3,000 word families and 4,000 word families, including proper nouns, are needed to achieve 97% and 98% coverage rates in the corpus. Additionally, findings of the descriptive statistics showed that the receptive vocabulary size of the respondents (n=72) was 2,015 words. These results showed that Moroccan baccalaureate students’ lexical breadth is insufficient to attain 95% coverage. Implications for vocabulary instruction in Moroccan EFL classrooms are discussed.

Idoya Puig and Karl McLaughlin, eds. Spanish Golden Age Texts in the Twenty-First Century: Teaching the Old Through the New; Alba Carmona. Las reescrituras fílmicas de la comedia nueva: Un siglo en la gran pantalla

Idoya Puig and Karl McLaughlin, eds. <i>Spanish Golden Age Texts in the Twenty-First Century: Teaching the Old Through the New</i>; Alba Carmona. <i>Las reescrituras fílmicas de la comedia nueva: Un siglo en la gran pantalla</i>

Frequency or Keyness?

The possibility of compiling electronic corpora, as of the second half of the last cen­tury, has provided new opportunities for vocabulary research. This has also resulted in the devel­op­ment of a series of computer software solutions for the lexical analysis of texts and the building of vocabulary lists for language learners. In this article, the differences in building tech­nical vocabu­lary lists according to their frequency and keyness in corpora of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) are discussed. Both criteria have been discussed in terms of their benefits and limitations, and the possibilities of the most convenient combination of both. Finally, the word frequency list has been upgraded with keywords to provide a more comprehensive, but still very attainable, word list suitable for building a bilingual glossary or to be extended into a dictionary. Keywords: word list, frequency, keyness, keywords, corpus, marine engineering, English, lexis, vocabulary

Об исследовательском потенциале лексикографических комплексов фольклорных текстов

The article deals with the lexicographic complexes of folklore texts and their research potential. The structure of the complexes and the principles of their creation are described. Each component of the complex is briefly characterized: folklore megatext, alphabetical frequency glossary, word list and concordance. The folklore megatext is viewed as a unified text that combines specific passportized texts related by genre and spatiotemporal characteristics. The alphabetical frequency glossary includes all megatext lexemes, arranged in alphabetical order, indicating the frequency of each word. It is created by means of a special computer program NewSlov. The word list represents language units in a descending order of frequency, and the concordance is an alphabetical list of all the words of the folklore megatext with the contexts of their usage. The basis of the first complexes was the collection The Great Russian Folk Songs. The choice was due to the authority of the collection, in which the texts are systematized according to the topical principle and are accompanied by the indication of the territory and the time of their recording. With the complex “Voronezh” as an example, the author shows that each component of the complex has an independent research value for studying the language of folklore of a particular genre and region. She emphasizes that the availability of different complexes created by the same research team based on the same principles allows carrying out comparative studies to identify the genre and territorial specificity of the folklore language. Certain examples demonstrate the opportunities of a comparative analysis of word lists of different folklore genres (non-ritual lyrics, epics, fairy tales), individual word-formation families (with the root skor- and sovet-) and even specific lexemes (adjective khudoy). The author concludes that lexicographic complexes bear high research potential. They combine focus on each linguistic phenomenon with attention to all the material and turn out to be a reliable instrument for solving urgent issues of linguistic studies of folklore related to the specifics of the language of different genres of folklore, territorial differentiation and idiolectic nature of folk song language. In addition, lexicographic complexes become a certain platform for creating dictionaries of various types, among which the already tested experimental forms stand out: contrastive dictionaries and dictionaries of a single word. The prospects for further lexicographic work are outlined. They are connected with the expansion of the source base of complexes of folklore texts and the application of this idea in authorial lexicography. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

The Language of Returning Emigrant Children: Preliminary Insights

The article overviews the Lithuanian language of returning emigrant children. It is based on the project “Linguistic Integration of Returning Emigrant Children: Proficiency in Lithuanian and its Development” (RCL Agreement No. S-REP-21-1), implemented in 2021–2022. The data were selected from two Lithuanian language children’s corpora (returning emigrant children (KG) and permanently residing in Lithuania children (KL)) collected during the project at eight Lithuanian schools. The corpora consist of the Lithuanian language production by children aged 8–12 who returned to Lithuania from English-speaking countries 1–2 years ago and by their peers in Lithuania. The article aims to identify differences in the linguistic expression of KG and KL by comparing the word frequency lists and overviewing verb, noun, and adjective. The quantitative findings show no significant differences in the use of the selected parts of speech. The results suggest that according to the available language skills and competences, the returning emigrant children can communicate on everyday topics quite freely, and their linguistic expression is similar to the language of their peers in Lithuania.

Validating word lists that represent learner knowledge in EFL contexts: The impact of the definition of word and the choice of source corpora

While word-frequency lists have been commonly used as indexes of word usefulness, their role as a proxy for learner word knowledge is unclear. Word knowledge in a structured sample (N = 625) of Japanese university-level EFL learners, operationalized using dichotomous Rasch modeling of test-item data, was used as an external reference criterion to investigate two issues germane to the development of word lists representing learner knowledge in EFL contexts: 1) the definition of word and 2) the choice of reference corpus. On the former, corpus-derived, word-frequency lists based on either word orthographic forms, flemmas, or word families were generated from 18 different corpora. Word-frequency lists using flemma-based word groupings resulted in higher correlations with learner population word knowledge as compared with those using word-family-based groupings across all 18 sets of word lists tested. On the latter, lists derived from corpora of spontaneous speech, fictional TV/movies for younger viewers, and narrative written texts consistently showed higher correlations with word knowledge than those derived from non-conversational speech, or any non-fiction written text genre. These results suggest that mega-corpora compiled from conveniently available electronic written texts may not be ideal as scales for diagnostic vocabulary testing or as indexes used in readability formulae.

Exploring Obama's and Trump's political discourse through the lens of wordlists, keywords and clusters

Using corpus linguistics analysis techniques, this study compares salient lexical and phraseological features of the political discourse of Barrack Obama and Donald Trump to reveal the presidents' individual linguistic styles and preferred discursive themes. For this purpose, the WordSmith Tools software is used to extract frequency wordlists, keyword lists and clusters from two corpora of political speeches, and select the most frequent units for further identification of their patterns of use and function. The findings show that the speakers convey their intent to the listeners relying on their own idiolects. Differences are found in thematic concerns and in the use of those items that figure high in both corpora, building the image of Obama as a serious, objective and organized speaker, and that of Trump, as emotion-driven, subjective and fraternizing.

The Giver: A Corpus-Based Analysis of Word Frequencies

Choosing appropriate reading material for language learners is not an easy task. It is necessary to keep in mind the specific purpose of the exercise and that the material chosen must support that purpose. Often, these goals will include developing fluency, increasing vocabulary knowledge, and increasing the rate at which vocabulary grows. One of the texts and novels commonly used for extensive reading in high intermediate level English as a Second Language coursework in the United States is The Giver, a young adult novel written by American author Lois Lowry. Due to its importance, we chose to analyze the novel within the framework of word frequency counts through the lens of the percent of words a learner must know in order to understand the particular text. A corpus-based method is utilized in the study to determine the types and frequency of vocabulary that The Giver provides. Common groupings of related low frequency lexical items and collocations are explored. This application of a corpus-based analysis of the text draws a picture of the vocabulary that is presented in The Giver, and how it matches 1K, 2K and AWL. The analysis reveals that 89.07% of the vocabulary was found to fall within these high frequency word lists, which gives the novel a somewhat higher comprehensibility than average academic texts. Analysis of low-frequency words reveals key vocabulary that increase comprehensibility when explicitly taught, as well as use of compound words, prefixes, and suffixes, that—if paired with instruction in vocabulary analysis techniques—can also increase the comprehensibility of the text. A conclusion is drawn regarding the appropriateness of this novel for the target audience in the specified course types, with suggestions for modifications and supplements for the text’s use within ESL/EFL classrooms. Keywords: word frequency; reading comprehension; vocabulary knowledge and size; corpus-based method linguistics

텍스트 마이닝을 이용한 온라인 리뷰 데이터의 레스토랑 선택속성과 선호도에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study was to extract and analyze the extensive review data of tourists accumulated on the Tripadvisor travel community website to identify the restaurant selection attributes and preference factors of foreign tourists, and to derive meaningful results. In order to identify restaurant selection attributes and important preference factors in online reviews generated by restaurant customers, data was refined through text mining techniques and text network analysis was performed to reveal the structural with restaurant selection attributes. For the texts extracted by crawling, a frequency matrix was created by the word frequency list and key words using the TEXTOM program. Also, using Netdraw programs, visualized the results of the sementic network analysis and centreality of the extracted words and the structural equivalence of the words. As a result of the analysis, food, restaurant, good, place, korean, seoul, try, service and great words were found to be the main attributes in frequency and centrality. Additionally the attributes were categorized atmosphere, value, purpose and food by CONCOR analysis. Based on these findings, I would like to present theoretical and practical implications for market segmentation and marketing strategies to the restaurant industry.

High Frequency Words Produced by Typically Developing Mandarin-Speaking Children Between 3 and 6 Years of Age

The purpose of this study was to provide high frequency word lists for Mandarin-speaking children between 3 and 6 years of age and to explore the differences between each part of speech (POS) category among different age groups. Participants were 209 typically developing native Mandarin speakers aged between 3 and 6 years, born in Taiwan, and recruited from Mandarin-language preschools in Taipei, New Taipei City, and Miaoli. Language samples were collected through conversations, free play, and story retelling. The researchers then transcribed the samples, segment utterances, and words, tagging the POS corresponding to each word. The frequencies of word occurrences were then analyzed and ranked to generate a high frequency word list. The mean frequency of each POS category was calculated to identify significant differences between age groups. The results showed high frequency word lists, including the corresponding POS tagging. Significant differences were found in 10 of the 11 POS categories among age groups. The results of this study presented preliminary information concerning high frequency words produced by Mandarin-speaking children aged between 3 and 6 years and the development of their use of each POS category.

A CORPUS-BASED STUDY ON THE EDUCATION-RELATED TED TALKS BETWEEN NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS

This study aims to find out the frequency word lists in the TED talks in the education field as well as the comparison of the language used by native speakers (NS) and non-native speakers (NNS). The researcher collected four transcripts (two from NS and the others two from NNS) from the TED talks. AntConc is the main software that would be used to investigate the frequency word lists. Data collection includes two steps: (1) collecting the four transcripts of TED talks and (2) listing top 10, 20, and 100 frequency word lists of TED talks corpus of NS and NNS, separately. The findings found that both speakers usually use functional words more than content words. However, content words play a pivotal role in making a full meaning sentence. &#x0D; &#x0D; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0787/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;