Frequency-sensitive Network Research Articles

Design and Analysis of a Network Traffic Analysis Tool: NetFlow Analyzer

A network analyzer can often comprehend many protocols, which enables it to display talks taking place between hosts over a network. A network analyzer analyzes the device or network response and measures for the operator to keep an eye on the network’s or object’s performance in an RF circuit. The purpose of the following research includes analyzing the capabilities of NetFlow analyzer to measure various parts, including filters, mixers, frequency sensitive networks, transistors, and other RF-based instruments. NetFlow Analyzer is a network traffic analyzer that measures the network parameters of electrical networks. Although there are other types of network parameter sets including Y, Z, & H-parameters, these instruments are typically employed to measure S-parameters since transmission & reflection of electrical networks are simple to calculate at high frequencies. These analyzers are widely employed to distinguish between two-port networks, including filters and amplifiers. By allowing the user to view the actual data that is sent over a network, packet by packet, a network analyzer informs you of what is happening there. Also, this research will contain the design model of NetFlow Analyzer that Measurements involving transmission and reflection use. Gain, insertion loss, and transmission coefficient are measured in transmission measurements, whereas return loss, reflection coefficient, impedance, and other variables are measured in reflection measurements. These analyzers’ operational frequencies vary from 1 Hz to 1.5 THz. These analyzers can also be used to examine stability in measurements of open loops, audio components, and ultrasonics.

Radar Speed Meter

A radar speed meter operating on doppler principle has been designed and fabricated to measure the speed of vehicles plying on the roads. It comprises of a 2K 25 klystron as a transmitter, a waveguide type leaky wave antenna radiating energy in a beam of 8° in azimuth at 20° to the length of the waveguide which is aligned parallel to the road. The received echo from the moving vehicle crossing the beam is separated by a hybrid T and fed to a detector which is already receiving the reference signal. The doppler output is amplified, limited and is used to drive a multivibrator. The resultant train of pulses is counted by a frequency sensitive network, and the output voltage calibrated in speed is displayed on a meter. The whole unit is mobile and works on car battery. It can measure speeds from 10 to 100 km/hr ± 2 km/hr. Error in speed measurement is not appreciable with ±2° misalignment of the antenna.

Frequency indicator using back-to-back rectifiers

The characteristics of parallel-tee networks are examined for sensitivity and linearity over a limited ‘test range’ of frequency and are compared with those from CR and from LCR networks. Parallel-tee networks have some advantages for frequency indicators. Two such networks are used; one tuned to have its zero current at a low frequency and the other at a high frequency. The output currents are compared after rectification, their difference activating a sensitive moving-coil meter. For a 45–55 Hz frequency range, the networks have zero-current frequencies at around 40 and 60Hz; at midrange (50Hz), the indicator is practically independent of voltage changes. It meets the specification of BS 89 for permissible errors arising from voltage and temperature effects. Its scale is practically linear. However, like most rectifier instruments, it is prone to errors on supplies with nonsinusoidal waveforms; these errors fall outside specification limits when the harmonic content is greater than 3%. For such supplies, special calibration or filters are needed. The use of the back-to-back rectifiers requires the frequency-sensitive networks to be decoupled; also, the movement must be designed to avoid mechanical resonances arising from circulating even harmonics. The performance of the instrument has been considered in the light of the recently revised standard IEC Publication 51.

Some uses of piezo-electric lead titanate zirconate

The use of a piezo-electric ceramic, lead titanate zirconate, in frequency-sensitive networks is examined. The design procedure for ladder filters is outlined; band-pass filters with pass bands between 2 and 20% with a pole of attenuation on either or both sides of the pass band are possible, using materials at present available, within the frequency range 50–500 kc/s. Within this range, 3-terminal devices (transformers) can be designed which are suitable for interstage coupling in transistor circuits. The elimination of spurious pass bands in these transformers is discussed.