Power System Frequency Regulation Research Articles

Frequency regulation in solar PV-powered thermal power system using FPA-PID controller through UPFC and RFB

Frequency regulation in solar PV-powered thermal power system using FPA-PID controller through UPFC and RFB

Decentralized control strategy of thermostatically controlled loads considering the energy efficiency ratio and measurement error correction

The elimination of traditional thermal generators and the increase of renewable energy source access reduced the inertia of the power system, and thermostatically controlled loads have the potential to provide ancillary services to the power system. This paper introduces a decentralized control strategy for thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), which focuses on assisting large-scale TCLs in providing frequency support to power systems while considering energy efficiency ratio and measurement error correction. Initially, the nonlinear relationship between heat flow and TCLs’ power is modeled using a polynomial relationship, and the coefficients are determined through a data-driven method to enhance accuracy in TCLs modeling and assess their regulation potential precisely. Subsequently, a decentralized control strategy tailored for power system frequency regulation is developed. To account for measurement errors in TCLs controllers, a measurement error back-correction method is proposed. Simulation examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in achieving accurate modeling and control of TCLs and reducing power system frequency fluctuations.

A control strategy for air-conditioning loads participating in frequency regulation based on model predictive control

Air-Conditioning Loads (ACLs) can participate in real time active power control and thus support power system Frequency Regulation (FR). However, the constraints by the thermal dynamics limits the frequency control performance. To fill this gap, a Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based control strategy is proposed in this paper to deal with thermodynamical restriction. By predicting the future state of the system and updates the control coefficients of ACLs control system accordingly, out of limit of the ACLs’ control capacity can be avoided, and the frequency control performance can be therefore improved. Simulation results indicate that compared to traditional methods, the proposed method can more effectively avoid the out of limit of ACLs’ capacity, reducing the maximum frequency deviation of the system by approximately 34%.

Frequency regulation of geothermal power plant-integrated realistic power system with 3DOFPID controller

Frequency regulation of geothermal power plant-integrated realistic power system with 3DOFPID controller

Design and implementation of controlled load damping factor controller in series connection for power systems with high penetration of renewable energy

As sustainable natural sources such as wind and solar are increasingly integrated into power grids, conventional fossil fuel-based generating units will be gradually replaced, resulting in enormous pressure on frequency regulation of the novel power systems. This paper proposes a method for implementing a cascaded load-damping factor controller based on the controlled load-damping factor controller. Series-type voltage regulators, namely, solid-state transformers or dynamic voltage restorers, can regulate the voltage of the 10 kV feeder within the allowed range. Therefore real-time control of composite load power is realized, which significantly improves the primary frequency regulation capability of novel power systems with renewable energy generation(REG). The effect of actuator regulation time constant is considered, The impact of dynamic loads on the primary frequency regulation of the controller, designed based on a static load model, is analyzed, The effectiveness of the controller on the primary frequency regulation under different renewable energy penetration rates is discussed, The effectiveness of the controller in smoothing short-term power fluctuations of REG is examined. Finally, the effectiveness of the series-connected controlled load-damping factor controller in primary frequency regulation is verified on the RTDS simulation experimental platform. The proposed control system is characterized by a simple structure, easy implementation, and convenient maintenance, which can realize the coordination and unification of reactive-voltage and active-frequency control of the novel power system in the 110 kV customer substation and is beneficial to practical application in engineering.

Frequency regulation of interconnected hybrid power system with Assimilation of electrical vehicles

Recent widespread connections of renewable energy resource (RESs) in place of fossil fuel supplies and the adoption of electrical vehicles in place of gasoline-powered vehicles have given birth to a number of new concerns. The control architecture of linked power networks now faces an increasingly pressing challenge: tie-line power fluctuations and reducing frequency deviations. Because of their nature and dependence on external circumstances, RESs are analogous to continually fluctuating power generators. Using a fractional order-based frequency regulator, this work presents a new method for improving the frequency regulation in a two-area interconnected power system. In order to deal with the frequency regulation difficulties of the hybrid system integrated with RES, the suggested controller utilizes the modified form of fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller known as FOI-PDN controller. The new proposed controllers are designed using the white shark optimizer (WSO), a current powerful bioinspired meta heuristic algorithm which has been motivated by the learning abilities of white sharks when actively hunting in the environment. The suggested FOI-PDN controller's performance was compared to that of various control methodologies such as FOPID, and PID. Furthermore, the WSO findings are compared to those of other techniques such as the salp swarm algorithm, sine cosine algorithm and fitness dependent optimizer. The recommended controller and design approach have been tested and validated at different loading conditions and different circumstances, as well as their robustness against system parameter suspicions. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the WSO-based tuned FOI-PDN controller successfully reduces peak overshoot by 73.33%, 91.03%, and 77.21% for region-2, region-1, and link power variation respectively, and delivers minimum undershoot of 89.12%, 83.11%, and 78.10% for both regions and tie-line. The obtained findings demonstrate the new proposed controller's stable function and frequency controlling performance with optimal controller parameters and without the requirement for a sophisticated design process.

Method of Multi-Energy Complementary System Participating in Auxiliary Frequency Regulation of Power Systems

This research investigates a grid with two areas interconnected by a high-voltage direct-current (DC) link. One of the areas, called the sending-end region, has intermittent renewable generation and frequency stability issues. To address the lack of frequency-regulation (FR) resources in the sending-end region of the interconnected grid, the participation of hydroelectricity–photovoltaics and pumped storage complementary systems (HPPCSs) in auxiliary frequency-regulation (AFR) services is studied in the context of the construction of the electricity market. Firstly, the HPPCS participating in AFR services considering DC modulation is modeled by combining the operational characteristics of the actual power station. Taking the purchase cost of auxiliary service as the objective function, the optimum allocation of FR scheduling demand is achieved by the proposed method. The simulations confirm that the proposed method of HPPCS participation in the AFR service of the sending-end grid can effectively maintain the frequency stability of the regional interconnected grid while ensuring optimal economic efficiency. The proposed method provides the optimal scheduling solution for multiple energy resources participating in the AFR service of the grid.

Demand Response of Industrial Boiler for Power System Frequency Regulation

Demand Response of Industrial Boiler for Power System Frequency Regulation

Coordinating Demand Response and Wind Turbine Controls for Alleviating the First and Second Frequency Dips in Wind-Integrated Power Grids

This paper introduces a method employing demand response (DR) and wind turbine (WT) to decrease the first and second frequency dips in power systems with the massive proliferation of wind resources. Inverter air conditioners (IACs) are utilized to participate in the DR program. The buildings' thermal model and the IACs' electrical model are integrated to characterize a relation between power system frequency and IACs regulation power. An adaptive delay controller (ADC) is presented to capture the command communication delays from the DR controller to IACs. In addition, a controller is suggested to adopt wind power plants in system frequency regulation. This controller rises the wind plant output power for some seconds and returns it, following frequency recovery, to the initial power. The recovery period causes the second frequency dip, in response to which, a method is introduced to identify the moment of the second dip and alleviate it via DR.

Control strategy and research on energy storage unit participation in power system frequency regulation based on VSG technology

When large-scale photovoltaic power plants are integrated into the grid, it will cause the grid-connected capacity to gradually expand, causing greater harm to the safe and stable operation of the power system, which will affect the FM characteristics of the power system. This requires the PV power plant to actively participate in power system frequency control. Through the PV virtual synchronous generator frequency control technology, coupled with the virtual synchronous PV power plant modeling, the PV new energy units can have the same frequency control characteristics as synchronous generator sets. In the virtual synchronous technology, due to the existence of damping windings, electromagnetic damping will be generated, and it is also due to virtual damping that the virtual synchronous technology has the ability to damp power oscillations. It is also because of the excellent virtual inertia and damping characteristics of the virtual synchronous generator in the grid that this FM technology helps to regulate the frequency fluctuations of the new energy grid, meet the requirements of the power system to maintain stable operation, and then realize the large-scale PV grid connection.

Voltage and frequency regulation in a hybrid power system operated by an ALO optimized non-linear cascaded controller

Voltage and frequency regulation in a hybrid power system operated by an ALO optimized non-linear cascaded controller

Assessment of High Wind Power Permeability Power System Frequency Regulation

Global wind power has expanded quickly in recent years to help with the energy issue and environmental degradation. The large-scale integration of wind power has become a hot topic for academic research in recent years due to the potential to improve the stability of the power system through the application of wind power participation in power grid frequency control. This study reviews the research on power system frequency regulation approach with high wind power permeability and classes the frequency control difficulties of wind power integration. A review and analysis are conducted on the energy storage system that is involved in the frequency management of the power system with high wind permeability.

Co-evaluation of power system frequency performance and operational reliability considering the frequency regulation capability of wind power

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy, the power system inertia decreases, and the operation uncertainty rises. It brings concerns about the system frequency and operational reliability. However, the impacts of the power system frequency performance on the reliability parameters of generation units have not been fully investigated. This paper studies the frequency performance and the operational reliability co-evaluation for power systems considering wind turbines. Firstly, a power system frequency regulation model is established considering the regulation capability of wind turbines. Then, the cluster of equivalent wind turbines is incorporated into the frequency regulation architecture of thermal power units, which accelerates the analysis of frequency performance. Then, the frequency performance of the power system with the participation of wind turbines under the operation uncertainty and the unit random faults is quantitatively analyzed. A frequency-dependent generator reliability parameter model is derived. Next, a multi-time scale co-evaluation framework is proposed to realize the co-evaluation of frequency performance and operational reliability. Case studies are carried out on the modified IEEE RTS-79 system and a provincial power system. Results show that compared with the existing research, the proposed method can obtain the frequency performance and reliability results efficiently.

Damping of Inter-Area Oscillations With Frequency Regulation in Power Systems Considering High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources

Damping of Inter-Area Oscillations With Frequency Regulation in Power Systems Considering High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources

Frequency Regulation in Interconnected Power System Through Enhanced Beluga Whale Optimized Flatness-Based Active Disturbance Rejection Control

Frequency Regulation in Interconnected Power System Through Enhanced Beluga Whale Optimized Flatness-Based Active Disturbance Rejection Control

Frequency Regulation of Time-delayed Power System utilizing Nonlinear Resilient Controller

Frequency Regulation of Time-delayed Power System utilizing Nonlinear Resilient Controller

Frequency regulation of a time-delayed power system utilising a nonlinear resilient controller

Frequency regulation of a time-delayed power system utilising a nonlinear resilient controller

Effect of Electric Vehicles and Renewable Sources on Frequency Regulation in Hybrid Power System Using QOAOA Optimized Type-2 Fuzzy Fractional Controller

Effect of Electric Vehicles and Renewable Sources on Frequency Regulation in Hybrid Power System Using QOAOA Optimized Type-2 Fuzzy Fractional Controller

Influence of Ultracapacitor and Plug-In Electric Vehicle for Frequency Regulation of Hybrid Power System Utilizing Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer Algorithm

The proposed research work considers the effect of ultracapacitor (UC) and plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) inside a distributed energy sources based on three-area hybrid power system. Recently developed artificial gorilla troops optimizer (GTO) algorithm-based fractional order tilt integral derivative (FOTID) controller is suggested for load frequency control (LFC) of a three-area hybrid power system. By setting up a TID controller for the hybrid system’s frequency regulation, the algorithms’ realistic use is attempted via showcasing its immense potential. The results of the GTO-based TID regulator are observed better over GTO-based PID. Next, by considering a modification of system settings and under existence of intermittent behavior of renewable energy sources, it is evident that the influence of UC and PEV is more ethical compared to the conventional regulator-based frequency control. Additionally, it is seen that the suggested GTO-based FOTID controller along with the UC and PEV outperforms GTO-based TID controller in terms of lesser overshoots/settling times and fast responses.

Optimized scheduling study of user side energy storage in cloud energy storage model.

With the new round of power system reform, energy storage, as a part of power system frequency regulation and peaking, is an indispensable part of the reform. Among them, user-side small energy storage devices have the advantages of small size, flexible use and convenient application, but present decentralized characteristics in space. Therefore, the optimal allocation of small energy storage resources and the reduction of operating costs are urgent problems to be solved. In this study, the author introduced the concept of cloud energy storage and proposed a system architecture and operational model based on the deployment characteristics of user-side energy storage devices. Additionally, a cluster scheduling matching strategy was designed for small energy storage devices in cloud energy storage mode, utilizing dynamic information of power demand, real-time quotations, and supply at the load side. Subsequently, numerical analysis was conducted to verify that the proposed operational mode and optimal scheduling scheme ensured the maximum absorption of renewable energy, improved the utilization rate of energy storage resources at the user side, and contributed to peak shaving and load leveling in the power grid. The model put forward in this study represents a valuable exploration for new scenarios in energy storage application.