Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Research Articles

Electronically Switchable Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Segmented Patch Antenna for Internet of Vehicles

Electronically Switchable Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Segmented Patch Antenna for Internet of Vehicles

Design and Development of Self-Complementary DNA Structure-based Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna

Design and Development of Self-Complementary DNA Structure-based Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna

Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna Using Double Layer Petal Shaped Parasitic Structure

Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna Using Double Layer Petal Shaped Parasitic Structure

Dual-band frequency reconfigurable metasurface antenna for millimeter wave joint communication and radar sensing systems

This paper introduces an innovative, compact, and high-gain metasurface antenna, covering both the 24 GHz millimeter wave (mmWave) radar band and the 5 G n257 and n258 bands. The proposed metasurface antenna consists of a wideband stacked patch antenna and a dual-layer metasurface to focus its radiation beams for multiple mmWave bands. The operating frequency can be slightly shifted by altering the distance between the feeder and the metasurface. The distribution of the metasurface unit cells is designed based on a simplified phase compensation formula. The dimension of the fabricated feeder is 6 mm × 6 mm, and the metasurface occupies a 65 mm × 65 mm radome area. Experimental results demonstrate a wide bandwidth from 23.5 GHz to 29.1 GHz for the feeder, and impressive maximum gains of 19.7 dBi and 19.5 dBi for the lower band and higher band of the metasurface antenna are achieved simultaneously. The frequency reconfiguration ability was characterized by a 750 MHz frequency shift with every 1 mm distance adjustment. The compact size and high gain performance of the proposed design underscore its potential for practical applications in millimeter wave joint communication and radar sensing systems.

Gain enhancement in octagonal shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna using metasurface superstrate

Abstract A novel, high-gain reconfigurable antenna with a metasurface (MS) superstrate-based configuration is proposed in this research article. The design utilizes a concentric octagonal-shaped patch as a base antenna. Four SMP1345-079LF PIN diode switches are incorporated in the base antenna to facilitate frequency reconfiguration. When all four of the diodes are in OFF condition, the designed antenna resonates at 5.8 GHz. Switching ON the diodes switches the resonating frequency to 5 GHz. A novel MS unit cell of shape like ‘8’ has been designed and analyzed. The designed unit cell exhibits properties of the metamaterial in the operating frequencies. An MS superstrate of a 5 × 5 array has been designed and connected to the base antenna through Teflon rods. Further, the proposed reconfigurable antenna with MS has been analyzed for air and foam medium (medium between antenna and superstrate). The proposed structure offers better performance for the air medium with a gain enhancement of 4.23 dBi and 1.55 dBi at 5 GHz and 5.8 GHz respectively. Fabrication and testing processes are undertaken to validate the proposed antenna’s performance.

A compact dual-band frequency reconfigurable antenna with pin diode integration for smartwatch application

ABSTRACT In this article, a novel frequency reconfigurable antenna for Wi-Fi and WiMAX applications is proposed. The antenna uses PIN diodes for frequency reconfigurability, allowing it to seamlessly switch between two distinct frequency bands centred around the resonant frequencies of 4.1 GHz in the ON state and 5.2 GHz in the OFF state. The input reflection coefficient obtained from the designed antenna is below −10 dB. The measured and simulated gain of the antenna is 4 dBi and 2.65 dBi at resonating frequencies 4.1 GHz and 5.2 GHz the measured and simulated gain is 3.2 dBi and 2.93 dBi, respectively. The radiation pattern exhibits the same for both states. Optimization of the antenna’s dimensional parameters is done with the help of CST simulation software and the electrical parameter such as input reflection coefficient is measured using a Vector Network Analyzer to validate the prototype. The proposed antenna is fabricated on FR-4 substrate material with a thickness of 1.6 mm and a relative permittivity of 4.4. The proposed antenna’s size is 30 × 30 × 1.6 mm3 which is compact and suitable for smartwatch applications. The proposed antenna is compact and remains a good candidate for integration with the smartwatch.

Frequency reconfigurable circular microstrip G-slotted antenna with DGS for various wireless applications

Frequency reconfigurable circular microstrip G-slotted antenna with DGS for various wireless applications

Impedance Regulation of Graphene-Loaded Branch for Frequency-Reconfigurable Antenna With Enhanced Radiation Efficiency

Impedance Regulation of Graphene-Loaded Branch for Frequency-Reconfigurable Antenna With Enhanced Radiation Efficiency

Additively Manufactured Stress-strain Dependant Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Pressure Sensor Applications

A novel additive-manufactured antenna for stretchable sensor application is designed, simulated and measured. The fully transparent antenna has air as a substrate and a conductive aluminium metal sheet as a patch. The layers are defined with thin Thermo Poly Urethane (TPU) material, as its flexible/stretchable property doesn't disturb the actual property of air. The air substrate is locked within the flexible TPU with a thickness of 200 microns, and the conducting patch is also dimensioned with the 3D printing method. The stretchable antenna is fabricated with 3D printing technology, considered a dielectric medium, and the conducting medium is a conducting aluminium sheet. Re-configurability is achieved with the pressure level applied over the air–substrate antenna. Hence, the minimal change in shape changes the dielectric constant, thus changing the antenna parameter and radiation pattern. The antenna achieves improved size and performance with a gain of 7.2 dB, a directivity of 7.574 dB, a radiation efficiency of 95.67 %, and a 12:509 front-to-back ratio. The fabricated antenna is tested for its resonant characteristics and radiation properties. This reconfigurable antenna can be used for various applications, including Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) communication.

Multi-objective hybrid split-ring resonator and electromagnetic bandgap structure-based fractal antennas using hybrid metaheuristic framework for wireless applications

Design closure and parameter optimisation are crucial in creating cutting-edge antennas. Antenna performance can be improved by fine-tuning preliminary designs created using theoretical considerations and rough dimension adjustment via supervised parameter sweeps. This paper introduces a frequency reconfigurable antenna design that can operate at 28/38 GHz frequencies to meet FCC and Ofcom standards for 5G applications and in the 18 GHz frequency band for K-band radar applications. A PIN diode is used in this design to configure multiple frequency bands. The antenna has a modified rectangular patch-like structure and two optimised plugins on either side. The study that is being presented focuses on maximising the parameters that are subject to optimisation, including length (Ls), width (Ws), strip line width (W1), and height (ht), where the antenna characteristic parameters such as directivity is tuned by a hybrid optimisation scheme called Elephant Clan Updated Grey Wolf Algorithm (ECU-GWA). Here, the performance of gain and directivity are optimally attained by considering parameters such as length, width, ground plane length, width, height, and feed offsets X and Y. The bandwidth of the proposed antenna at − 10 dB is 0.8 GHz, 1.94 GHz, and 7.92 GHz, respectively, at frequencies 18.5 GHz, 28.1 GHz, and 38.1 GHz. Also, according to the simulation results, in the 18 GHz, 28 GHz, and 38 GHz frequencies S11, the return loss is − 60.81 dB, − 56.31 dB, and − 14.19 dB, respectively. The proposed frequency reconfigurable antenna simulation results achieve gains of 4.41 dBi, 6.33 dBi, and 7.70 dBi at 18.5 GHz, 28.1 GHz, and 38.1 GHz, respectively. Also, a microstrip quarter-wave monopole antenna with an ellipsoidal-shaped complementary split-ring resonator-electromagnetic bandgap structure (ECSRR-EBG) structure has been designed based on a genetic algorithm having resonating at 2.9 GHz, 4.7 GHz, 6 GHz for WLAN applications. The gain of the suggested ECSRR metamaterial and EBG periodic structure, with and without the ECCSRR bow-tie antenna. This is done both in the lab and with numbers. The measured result shows that the ECSRR metamaterial boosts gain by 5.2 dBi at 5.9 GHz. At 5.57 GHz, the two-element MIMO antenna achieves its lowest ECC of 0.00081.

Frequency reconfigurable antenna array modelling based on MoM-GEC method for RFID, WiMax and WLAN applications

Frequency reconfigurable antenna array modelling based on MoM-GEC method for RFID, WiMax and WLAN applications

Design of multiband frequency reconfigurable antenna with switchable polarization states

AbstractThis paper presents the design of multiband frequency reconfigurable patch antenna with switchable radiation pattern and polarization states. The antenna design is based on a circular patch radiator with a pair of metallic strips placed on diametrically opposite sides of it. Circular polarization (CP) from the antenna is excited by etching a pair of slots with a coaxial feed. When the diodes are OFF, the antenna resonates at 4.2, 6.6 GHz, (C band) and 8.07 GHz (X band) and the main beam is located at 0⁰ with CP at X band. The resonance at 4.2 and 8.5 GHz are observed when one of the diode is ON. The main beam at X band is being shifted from −30⁰ to 0⁰ and +30⁰ in the elevation plane during the change in operating modes. Peak gain of the antenna is 6 dBi in all the operating modes.

Wideband frequency reconfigurable plasma antenna launched by surface wave coupler

A wideband reconfigurable plasma antenna excited by a surface wave coupler (SWC) operating at 13.56 MHz is presented in this study. The plasma antenna and SWC are designed and modeled in CST Studio. A detailed analysis of the SWC is carried out using CST Studio, and experimental measurements supplement the performance. This work explores the signal transmission capabilities of a plasma antenna excited at 13.56 MHz for the first time. A SWC is a two-port device that is modified for radiating electromagnetic waves through a plasma column produced at a frequency of 13.56 MHz with a coupling efficiency of 99%. The power port and signal port of the SWC are isolated for better coupling efficiency and to reduce interference. The return loss and isolation between the ports of the SWC at 13.56 MHz are −22 dB and −46.81 dB, respectively. The plasma antenna excited by a surface wave has a wider bandwidth than its metallic counterpart. It varies from 280 to 540 MHz for input plasma power ranging from 2 W to 10 W. In addition, a reconfigurability frequency span of 240 MHz for power ranging from 2 to 10 W is achieved experimentally. Moreover, we attained an enhanced peak gain of -5 dBi. The radiation efficiency of the plasma antenna is around 20%. The experimental results of the SWC and plasma antenna are in coherence with its simulations.

A Frequency Reconfigurable Graphene-Based Microstrip Antenna with Mushroom-Like EBG

The growing demand for wireless applications has led to network congestion issues. In response, network operators have recommended a transition to higher frequencies, particularly within the unlicensed millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectrum. This shift aims to fulfill users' desires for rapid data transmission within personal networks, whether at home or in the office, exemplified by technologies like WiGig technology and indoor applications. However, a significant challenge in achieving high data transfer speeds within this frequency range lies in the design of the antenna. These antennas must strike a balance between size and performance. Microstrip Patch (MP) antennas have gained recognition for their compact form and seamless integration into mobile communication systems. Nonetheless, they grapple with limitations such as poor gain and narrow bandwidth, largely attributable to surface waves negatively impacting antenna performance. In this study, we introduce, design, and optimize an MP antenna tailored for 60 GHz applications. To enhance the performance of the MP antenna, we introduce various mushroom-like Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structures. These structures address the propagation of the surface waves issue that affects the antenna performance. Additionally, to create a tunable frequency antenna the variable conductivity of the graphene material is used in the form of implanted slots on the patch and tuned by applied DC voltage on the slots. Finally, the parameters of the MP antenna undergo enhancement based on simulation results obtained through CST software.

A Polarization and Frequency Reconfigurable Transparent Liquid Antenna

A Polarization and Frequency Reconfigurable Transparent Liquid Antenna

Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Design and Analysis with White LED Lamp, Red and Infra-red LEDs

Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Design and Analysis with White LED Lamp, Red and Infra-red LEDs

Intelligent Frequency, Radiation Pattern and Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G Applications

Intelligent Frequency, Radiation Pattern and Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G Applications

A novel PIN diode-based frequency reconfigurable patch antenna with switching between the mid-5G and high-5G frequency band

Abstract This research article represents the design of a simple, smaller, and novel frequency reconfigurable patch antenna for 5G communication using PIN diodes. This antenna operates in both mid-5G and high-5G bands. The antenna is intended to operate in eight distinct modes with three PIN diodes in 5G wireless communication covering 27.46–50 GHz of high-5G band (range n257/n258/n260/n261/n262) and frequencies of the 3–6 GHz of mid-5G band (range n77/n78/n79/n46). The antenna has an overall size of 20 mm × 25 mm × 1.6 mm and is placed upon a low-cost FR4 substrate. A higher radiation efficiency from 75% to 98% is achieved in all the different modes. The resonant frequencies are around 3.46, 4.43, 5.83, 31.8, 35.5, and 46 GHz in different modes of operation. Different switching statuses have been carried out in this research work and their performances have also been illustrated in the form of surface current distribution in different resonant frequencies. The simulated and measured results are compared to highlight its proposed design operation.

A new frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna based on implanting tuning capacitors

A new frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna based on implanting tuning capacitors

Miniaturized 3‐bit frequency‐reconfigurable monopole antenna with a meander line

AbstractA novel 3‐bit frequency‐reconfigurable antenna (FRA) with miniaturized dimensions is realized with a meander line. The frequency reconfiguration of the antenna is achieved by introducing N Radio Frequency (RF) PIN diodes into the meander line. The related parts of the meander line with different lengths are bypassed or included into the antenna by switching on or off the diodes, resulting in 2N switchable size lengths of the antenna and equally spaced operating frequencies. A 3‐bit reconfigurable meander‐line antenna (N = 3) is designed, and the simulated and measured results agree well. The antenna provides 8 (23) independent and switchable states, with the operating frequencies covering a wide switchable frequency range from 1.04 to 1.51 GHz and the working bandwidths varying from 80 to 150 MHz. The number of working bandwidth states is maximized, considering the number of switches used. Moreover, the results reveal an acceptable peak gain of 1.59 dBi in terms of the miniaturized total dimension of 0.17 λg × 0.07 λg (λg is the guided wavelength at the lowest working frequency), which is more compact than several published FRAs.